Stoma-izazov u abdominalnoj kirurgiji

Porastom životne dobi i patologije crijevnih bolesti, naročito karcinomskih, zahvati u svezi abdominalne stome su sve češća intervencija u abdominalnoj kirurgiji. Kreiranje abdominalne stome ne predstavlja težak operativni zahvat, no nerijetko nosi rizik od brojnih postoperacijskih komplikacija. Osim navedenog kreiranje abdominalne stome implicira brojne psihosocijalne poteškoće kod pacijenta i neizostavno smanjuje kvalitetu života. Pravilno kirurško kreiranje stome, minuciozna sestrinska njega stome i pacijenta sa stomom, nutricijski i psihosocijalni suport su sve podjednako važne sastavnice u cjelokupnoj medicinskoj skrbi u svezi abdominalne stome. Zbog specifičnosti skrbi u svezi sa stomom je sestrinska uloga za pacijenta sa stomom nezamjenjiva. U posljednjim godinama usavršena su i suvremena pomagala za skrb oko stome, poboljšano je znanje i pripremljenost pacijenta, ali i posthospitalna skrb u zajednici, a što sve zajedno većini pacijenata sa stomom olakšava socijalnu integraciju s minimalnim psihološkim i fizičkim manjkovima. Cilj ovog rada bio je napraviti sestrinski pregledan rad o abdominalnim stomama kao sinteza kliničke prakse, postojećih znanja i trenutačnih mogućnosti u zdravstvenom sustavu. Budući da je skrb o stomama jedan od važnih izazova u abdominalnoj kirurgiji, pretpostavlja se da će ovaj rad kao dodatan edukacijski materijal pomoći u edukaciji sestrinskog kadra. Ujedno će i rezultati skromnog istraživanja na odjelu abdominalne kirurgije ŽB Čakovec pomoći u daljnjem istraživanju ove problematike

Mangrove forests

Pojam mangrove odnosi se na kategoriju biljaka koji objedinjuje vrste prilagođene na slana staništa koja su periodički poplavljena. Šume mangrova rastu u tropskim i suptropskim područjima, a najobilnije su razvijene na obalama Azije, Afrike i Južne Amerike. U šumama mangrova dolazi velik broj biljnih i životinjskih vrsta. Šume im služe kao dom ili sklonište. Od biljnih vrsta samo se njih 54 iz 16 porodica smatra pravima mangrova vrstama koje se vrlo rijetko javljaju izvan tipičnih staništa mangrova. Pošto rastu na specifičnim staništima uz obale i estuarije, posjeduju mnoge prilagodbe na visoki salinitet, anoksiju, česta poplavljivanja što im omogućuju život u takvim ekstremnim uvjetima. Svaka vrsta prilagođena je u većoj ili manjoj mjeri na te uvjete, što uvjetuje zonaciju vrsta na obalama. Šume mangrova su izuzetno značajni ekosustavi. Visoko su produktivni, pružaju dom i zaštitu mnogim organizmima. Štite obalna područja od jakih vjetrova, utjecaja valova i poplavljivanja. Također sprječavaju eroziju sedimenta svojim složenim sustavom korijena i održavaju kakvoću vode. Šume mangrova su jedan od najugroženijih tropskih ekosistema. Više od 35% šuma je uništeno, a to je najviše izraženo uz razvijena obalna područja u Indiji, Vijetnamu i na Filipinima. Zbog sve većeg negativnog antropogenog utjecaja i iskorištavanja treba uložiti puno truda u očuvanje ovako vrijednog ekosistema.The term mangrove refers to a category of plants that are adapted to enviroments that have high salinity and are periodicly floaded. Mangrove forests grow in tropical and subtropical areas and they are most abundant on the coasts of Asia, Africa and South America. In the mangrove forests we find a great number of animal and plant species. The forests serve as a home or shelter. Out of plant species only 54 of them from 16 familys are considered true mangrove species that are rare outside of typical mangrove environments. Since they grow in specific environments by the coasts and estuaries, they have many adaptations to high salinity, anoxy and frequent floadings wich allows them to live in such extreme enviroments. Every species is adapted somewhat better or worse to that conditions, wich determins zonation of species on the coasts. Mangrove forests are extremly important environments. They are highly productive, they offer a home and protection to many organisms. They protect the coastal regions from strong winds, waves and floods. They also prevent erosion of sediments with their complex rooting system and they maintain the quality of watter. Mangrove forests are one of the most endangered tropical ecosystems. More than 35% of the forests is destroyed, wich is best seen on developed coastal regions of India, Vietnam and Phillipines. Due to increasingly negative antropogenic influence and exploitation, high efforts are needed to preserve this precious ecosystem

A Mathematical Model and Programme Support for Determination of the Values of the Marginal Reserve Requirement as Instrument of Monetary Policy

This paper studies the problem of interdependence between central bank and commercial bank goals. The basic central bank task is to achieve and to maintain price stability. Croatian external debt has been increasing for years and so the activities of the Croatian National Bank are designed to correct this situation. In order to stop the further increase of the external debt, the Croatian National Bank uses several monetary policy instruments, among which is the marginal reserve requirement. On the other hand, the goal of commercial banks is to maximise profits. Banks take loans from abroad at a lower interest rate and invest this money in Croatia at a higher interest rate, thus fulfilling their goal. In order to obtain the desired effects of the marginal reserve requirement, its optimal percentage value should be determined. This problem is modelled as a bi-level mixed 0-1 programming problem. The objective of the leader (Croatian National Bank) is to minimize the increase in household loans by setting different percentages of the reserve requirements for loans extended to households and for those granted to enterprises. The objective of the followers (banks) is to maximize profits. In order to solve this NP-hard problem a heuristic is proposed. In order to verify the model, the paper ends with simulations and the presentation of computational results.monetary policy instruments, commercial banks credit activity, marginal reserve requirement, bi-level mixed 0-1 programming problem, NP-hard problem, heuristic

EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF IPV4 AND IPV6 PROTOCOLS IN END USER ENVIRONMENT IN CROATIA

IPv6 is a protocol which is in implementation phase for many years now. Implementation progress varies from country to country, but in majority countries it still doesn’t surpass IPv4. Croatia is not an exception. This paper gives an analysis and comparison of IPv4 and IPv6 protocol performance in end user environment in Croatia. Testing is conducted with a series of ping tests on IPv4 and IPv6 enabled top 50 visited sites in Croatia as well as traceroute tests for both protocols. Tests targeted web sites with enabled IPv4 and IPv6 (dual stack)

The Development, (Non) Institutionalisation, and (Lost) Opportunities of Slovenian Environmental Diplomacy in the Last 25 Years

The article analyses the development of environmental diplomacy in Slovenia since 1991, when the country declared independence. The objective is to present the structural changes (and the lack thereof) in the development of Slovenian environmental diplomacy – from its blueprints (made in the first years of independence) to a more structural approach towards environmental diplomacy, and its regression. With respect to the development and regression of Slovenian environmental diplomacy, the article confirms the thesis that the formulation of Slovenian foreign policy is influenced by two factors: the role of the agent (i.e. the foreign minister and his or her interests) and the external variables, coming from a supranational or international environment

Asimetrija informacija i moralna opasnost u financijskoj ekonomiji

One of the most important neoclassical economic theory assumption is the perfect information. It assumes complete knowledge of required information for acting in the market, especially of other party\u27s motives. However, whenever two individuals interact in reality, complete knowledge of the other party’s motives and thoughts is simply impossible. Information asymmetry is an extremely important issue in the fields of consumer behavior, insurance, agency theory and bank loans. For the information to be of real value it must reduce the uncertainty of the parties involved. Adverse selection can emerge if the agent holds private information before the relationship is begun. Moral hazard occurs at a point in time later in the relationship where asymmetric information is due to the lack of verifiable action on the side of the agent or if he obtains new information. This paper shows models of adverse selection and moral hazard, with their application areas. One method that could reduce information asymmetry and, in this way, decrease the costs of bad decision making is the signaling, also shown in this paper.Jedna od najvažnijih neoklasičnih ekonomskih teoretskih pretpostavka je savršena informacija. Pretpostavlja potpuno vladanje potrebnim informacijama za sudjelovanje na tržištu, posebno o motivima drugih dionika. Ipak, kad god su dvoje pojedinaca u realnosti u kontaktu,nemoguće je u potpunosti znati motive i misli druge osobe. Asimetrija informacija veoma je važno pitanje na području ponašanja potrošača, osiguranja, teorije agenata i bankarskih kredita. Kako bi informacija imala pravu vrijednost, mora se smanjiti neizvjesnost dionika. Rizik pogrešnog izbora može nastati ukoliko agent zataška privatne informacije prije početka veze. Moralna opasnost nastaje u trenutku trajanja veze postoje asimetrične informacije zbog nepostojanja radnje od strane agenta koja se može potvrditi ili ako on dođe do novih informacija. Ovaj rad pokazuje modele rizika pogrešnog izbora i moralne opasnosti sa odgovarajućim područjima primjene. Jedna metoda koja bi mogla smanjiti asimetriju informacija i na taj način smanjiti trošak donošenja loših odluka, je signalizacija, koja je također prikazana u ovom radu

Klasifikacija i identifikacija glijalnih stanica središnjeg živčanog sustava

Glia is a very heterogeneous cell population comprised of very different cells that work together to maintain central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Long believed role of glia being the acellular connective tissue has been overturned, and they have become focus of intense research. Due to the technological advances, new functions are being discovered, as well as interactions of glia with neurons and the glia between themselves. During CNS development, radial glia guide neuronal migration, NG2 receive neuronal inputs and inhibit axonal growth, oligodendrocytes myelinate axons, astrocytes form the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and regulate optimal conditions, such as pH, ion gradient, neurotransmitter reuptake. Moreover, ependymal cells form cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and protect CNS, while microglia remove unwanted cells. In pathological conditions, glia interact with immune system and release neurotrophic factors. However, many issues remain to be addressed, because identification and characterization of glia still represents a challenge. Glia differ in morphology, biochemistry and functions. They are most commonly identified by expressed molecules on cell membrane, cytoskeletal proteins or signal molecules, such as growth factors, neurotrophic factors, hormones or cytokines they release. Identification presents a problem because there is an insufficient amount of markers that can specifically identify a particular glial (sub)type because the markers are often co-expressed by several cell types of the nervous system. Co-expression and heterogeneity of glial (sub)types often lead to assignment of the same category. The aim of this work is to bring together the research conducted on CNS glia and to compare different opinions and findings throughout the history, critically remarking the research. This work focuses on characterization and identification of neuroglia types and pointing out the similarities and differences among them. Most commonly used immunostaining markers, for example, GFAP, S100β, Nestin, NG2 and Iba1 are analyzed with their advantages and weaknesses regarding specificity. As the glia are vital part of CNS in both healthy and pathological conditions, more research should be directed to them. Research should also involve humans and depict unique primate glia, with still unknown functions.Glija je vrlo heterogena populacija sastavljena od vrlo različitih stanica koje zajedno sudjeluju u održavanju homeostaze središnjeg živčanog sustava (SŽS). Dugo se smatralo da se radi o acelularnom vezivnom tkivu, dok je danas to gledište u potpunosti odbačeno te je sve više istraživanja usmjereno prema glijalnim stanicama. Zahvaljujući tehnološkom napretku, otkrivaju se nove posebitosti u funkciji tih stanica te njihovoj interakciji kako s neuronima, tako i međusobno. Tijekom razvoja SŽS, radijalne glije vode migraciju neurona, NG2 stanice primaju informacije od neurona i inhibiraju aksonalni rast, oligodendrociti formiraju mijelin, astrociti formiraju krvno-moždanu barijeru (KMB) i reguliraju optimalne uvjete poput pH, ionskog gradijenta, reapsorpcije neurotransmitera. Nadalje, ependimalne stanice formiraju cerebrospinalni fluid (CSF) i štite SŽS, a mikroglija uklanjaju neželjene stanice. U patološkim uvjetima glijalne stanice djeluju s imunosnim sustavom i otpuštaju neurotrofičke faktore. Međutim, mnogo još preostaje neobjašnjeno, a već i sama identifikacija i karakterizacija glija predstavljaju izazov. Glijalne stanice se razlikuju po morfologiji, biokemiji i funkcijama. Za njihovu identifikaciju se najčešće koriste eksprimirane molekule na staničnoj membrani, proteini citoskeleta ili signalne molekule poput faktora rasta, neurotrofičkih faktora, hormona i citokina koje otpuštaju. Identifikacija nailazi na probleme jer ne postoji dovoljno markera koji mogu sa sigurnošću odrediti (pod)tipove glija zbog toga što mnoge markere ko-eksprimiraju različite stanice živčanog sustava. Ko-ekspresija i heterogenost često vodi prema svrstavanju (pod)tipova glija u istu kategoriju. Cilj ovog rada je sakupiti istraživanja provedena na glijalnim stanicama SŽS i usporediti različite stavove i pronalaske kroz povijest uz kritički osvrt. Ovaj rad se usredotočuje na karakterizaciju i identifikaciju tipova glijalnih stanica te usporedbi međusobnih sličnosti i razlika. Označavanje glijalnih stanica pomoću antitijela, kao najpopularnija metoda identifikacije je analizirana prema korištenim markerima poput GFAP, S100β, Nestin, NG2, Iba1 i sl. te su navedene njihove prednosti i nedostatci. Kako su glije ključan dio središnjeg živčanog sustava u zdravim i patološkim uvjetima, više istraživanja treba biti usmjereno prema njima. Istraživanja bi se trebala proširiti i na ljude i opisati posebne vrste glija primata, još nepoznatih funkcija

Klasifikacija i identifikacija glijalnih stanica središnjeg živčanog sustava

Glia is a very heterogeneous cell population comprised of very different cells that work together to maintain central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Long believed role of glia being the acellular connective tissue has been overturned, and they have become focus of intense research. Due to the technological advances, new functions are being discovered, as well as interactions of glia with neurons and the glia between themselves. During CNS development, radial glia guide neuronal migration, NG2 receive neuronal inputs and inhibit axonal growth, oligodendrocytes myelinate axons, astrocytes form the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and regulate optimal conditions, such as pH, ion gradient, neurotransmitter reuptake. Moreover, ependymal cells form cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and protect CNS, while microglia remove unwanted cells. In pathological conditions, glia interact with immune system and release neurotrophic factors. However, many issues remain to be addressed, because identification and characterization of glia still represents a challenge. Glia differ in morphology, biochemistry and functions. They are most commonly identified by expressed molecules on cell membrane, cytoskeletal proteins or signal molecules, such as growth factors, neurotrophic factors, hormones or cytokines they release. Identification presents a problem because there is an insufficient amount of markers that can specifically identify a particular glial (sub)type because the markers are often co-expressed by several cell types of the nervous system. Co-expression and heterogeneity of glial (sub)types often lead to assignment of the same category. The aim of this work is to bring together the research conducted on CNS glia and to compare different opinions and findings throughout the history, critically remarking the research. This work focuses on characterization and identification of neuroglia types and pointing out the similarities and differences among them. Most commonly used immunostaining markers, for example, GFAP, S100β, Nestin, NG2 and Iba1 are analyzed with their advantages and weaknesses regarding specificity. As the glia are vital part of CNS in both healthy and pathological conditions, more research should be directed to them. Research should also involve humans and depict unique primate glia, with still unknown functions.Glija je vrlo heterogena populacija sastavljena od vrlo različitih stanica koje zajedno sudjeluju u održavanju homeostaze središnjeg živčanog sustava (SŽS). Dugo se smatralo da se radi o acelularnom vezivnom tkivu, dok je danas to gledište u potpunosti odbačeno te je sve više istraživanja usmjereno prema glijalnim stanicama. Zahvaljujući tehnološkom napretku, otkrivaju se nove posebitosti u funkciji tih stanica te njihovoj interakciji kako s neuronima, tako i međusobno. Tijekom razvoja SŽS, radijalne glije vode migraciju neurona, NG2 stanice primaju informacije od neurona i inhibiraju aksonalni rast, oligodendrociti formiraju mijelin, astrociti formiraju krvno-moždanu barijeru (KMB) i reguliraju optimalne uvjete poput pH, ionskog gradijenta, reapsorpcije neurotransmitera. Nadalje, ependimalne stanice formiraju cerebrospinalni fluid (CSF) i štite SŽS, a mikroglija uklanjaju neželjene stanice. U patološkim uvjetima glijalne stanice djeluju s imunosnim sustavom i otpuštaju neurotrofičke faktore. Međutim, mnogo još preostaje neobjašnjeno, a već i sama identifikacija i karakterizacija glija predstavljaju izazov. Glijalne stanice se razlikuju po morfologiji, biokemiji i funkcijama. Za njihovu identifikaciju se najčešće koriste eksprimirane molekule na staničnoj membrani, proteini citoskeleta ili signalne molekule poput faktora rasta, neurotrofičkih faktora, hormona i citokina koje otpuštaju. Identifikacija nailazi na probleme jer ne postoji dovoljno markera koji mogu sa sigurnošću odrediti (pod)tipove glija zbog toga što mnoge markere ko-eksprimiraju različite stanice živčanog sustava. Ko-ekspresija i heterogenost često vodi prema svrstavanju (pod)tipova glija u istu kategoriju. Cilj ovog rada je sakupiti istraživanja provedena na glijalnim stanicama SŽS i usporediti različite stavove i pronalaske kroz povijest uz kritički osvrt. Ovaj rad se usredotočuje na karakterizaciju i identifikaciju tipova glijalnih stanica te usporedbi međusobnih sličnosti i razlika. Označavanje glijalnih stanica pomoću antitijela, kao najpopularnija metoda identifikacije je analizirana prema korištenim markerima poput GFAP, S100β, Nestin, NG2, Iba1 i sl. te su navedene njihove prednosti i nedostatci. Kako su glije ključan dio središnjeg živčanog sustava u zdravim i patološkim uvjetima, više istraživanja treba biti usmjereno prema njima. Istraživanja bi se trebala proširiti i na ljude i opisati posebne vrste glija primata, još nepoznatih funkcija

Teaching Quality Management at the Course Level

This paper presents quality assurance systems used in the countries of the world and presents processes for internal and external quality assurance in institutions of higher education. By analysis of existing systems for control of the quality of teaching, it has been found that all observed the quality of teaching only to the course level. The central part of this paper presents developed model for quality management at the course level that is based on continuous assessment during semester. Evaluation is conducted at the level of individual teaching topic using on-line questionnaire. The model presents a way of statistical analysis of the results obtained by evaluation of teaching quality. This has enabled improvement in teaching practices within each individual teaching topic, as well as the improvement of the entire course. Based on the model presented in this paper, researchers created on-line quality management system