3D GIS for building archeology – Combining old and new data in a three-dimensional information system in the case study of Lund Cathedral

Traditionally, building archeology is conducted by creating and interpreting 2D documentation, even though the spatial properties of a building are not fully expressed in 2D. The reason for neglecting the third dimension has been mostly due to technical limitations in data acquisition and creation, as well as visualization. The fast progress in 3D technology puts an end to those limitations even though its full potential is still yet to be explored. This study shows how a 3D GIS can be applied from the outset of a building archaeological study to create a three-dimensional information system connected to a geometrically accurate 3D model of a structure. The case study investigates Lund Cathedral (Sweden) and is linked to a larger research project launched in occasion of the cathedral’s 900th anniversary in 2023 (“Lund Cathedral 2023”). Within the framework of this project, the cathedral was acquired digitally through laser scanning and photogrammetry. The building is characterized by a complex building history with a multitude of changes and renovations. Gaining an understanding of all interventions, as well as managing the different types of datasets created during two centuries of study is a challenge. In order to overcome these difficulties, various datasets (from excavations, wall analyses, georadar, etc.) and their relevant metadata were imported into the ArcGIS software and linked to a geometrically accurate 3D model of the church, placing all pieces of information in their correct spatial position. Thus, data that was previously impossible to view simultaneously and in the same space can be displayed together, creating a unique holistic oversight of the available material. Through the flexibility and versatility of the system, information can be displayed and queried at will, as well as updated continuously, greatly facilitating interpretation and making it an important resource throughout the entire building archaeological stud

Vergleich der Plaque-Entfernung zweier elektrischer Zahnbürsten gegenüber einer Handzahnbürste

Es wurde die Effizienz der Plaquereduktion einer Handzahnbürste (Oral-B P 35) mit zwei elektrischen Zahnbürsten (Oral-B 3D Excel, Amden Corporation Cybersonic) über einen Zeitraum von 21 Tagen untersucht. Die Studie wurde in vivo, einfach blind im Cross-over Design über einen Zeitraum von 21 Tagen angelegt. Es konnten 33 Probanden mit einem durchschnittlichen Alter von 33,5 ± 12,5 Jahren, nach eingehendem Screening-Verfahren, gewonnen werden. Die Evaluation der Plaquereduktion erfolgte mittels der Modifikation des Navy-Plaque-Indexes nach Rustogi et al. (1992). Bürstläsionen wurden anhand der Methode nach Breitenmoser et al. (1979) ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Die rotierend-oszilliernde Oral-B 3D Excel entfernte im Mittel signifikant mehr Plaque (22,4 %) gegenüber Hand- (19,9 %) und Schallbürste Cybersonic (18,5 %). Bürstläsionen traten palatinal bei allen 3 Testbürsten signifikant häufiger auf als vestibulär oder lingual. Den größten Zuspruch bei den Probanden fand die 3D Excel Testbürste, was die objektiven Studienergebnisse reflektiert. Fazit: Auch weiterhin ist eine Handzahnbürste bei ausreichender Putzdauer und adäquater Putzsystematik zu empfehlen, da die Unterschiede, wenn auch signifikant, jedoch prozentual gering waren

Morphometric analysis of the canal system of cortical bone: an experimental study in the rabbit femur carried out with standard histology and micro-CT

The osteonal pattern of cortical bone is gradually built around the intracortical vessels by the progression of the cutting cones (secondary remodelling); therefore, the central canal size can be used as index of the remodelling activity. An experimental model in the rabbit femur was used to investigate, through central canal morphometry and frequency distribution analysis, the remodelling activity, comparing the middle of the diaphysis (mid-shaft) with the extremity (distal-shaft) and at the same level sectors and layers of the cortex in transversal sections. The study documented a higher density of canals in the mid-shaft than in the distal-shaft and a higher remodelling in the distal-shaft. There were no significant differences between dorsal, ventral, medial and lateral sectors at both midshaft and distal-shaft levels, while the number of canals was higher in the sub-periosteal layers than in the sub-endosteal. A lower threshold of 40 lm2 was observed in the central canal area. Sealed osteons in the midshaft were 22.43% of the total number of osteons of the central canal area between 40 and 200 lm2 and 0.44% of those of the distal-shaft. Micro-CT allowed a 3D reconstruction of the vascular canal system, which confirmed the branched network pattern rather than the trim architecture of the traditional representation. Some aspects like the lower threshold of the central canal size and the sealed osteons documented the plasticity of the system and its capacity for adaptation to changes in the haemodynamic conditions

Bone refilling in cortical bone multicellular units: Insights into tetracycline double labelling from a computational model

Bone remodelling is carried out by `bone multicellular units' (BMUs) in which active osteoclasts and active osteoblasts are spatially and temporally coupled. The refilling of new bone by osteoblasts towards the back of the BMU occurs at a rate that depends both on the number of osteoblasts and on their secretory activity. In cortical bone, a linear phenomenological relationship between matrix apposition rate (MAR) and BMU cavity radius is found experimentally. How this relationship emerges from the combination of complex, nonlinear regulations of osteoblast number and secretory activity is unknown. Here, we extend our previous mathematical model of cell development within a single BMU to investigate how osteoblast number and osteoblast secretory activity vary along the BMU's closing cone. MARs predicted by the model are compared with data from tetracycline double labelling experiments. We find that the linear phenomenological relationship observed in these experiments between MAR and BMU cavity radius holds for most of the refilling phase simulated by our model, but not near the start and end of refilling. This suggests that at a particular bone site undergoing remodelling, bone formation starts and ends rapidly. Our model also suggests that part of the observed cross-sectional variability in tetracycline data may be due to different bone sites being refilled by BMUs at different stages of their lifetime. The different stages of a BMU's lifetime depend on whether the cell populations within the BMU are still developing or have reached a quasi-steady state while travelling through bone. We find that due to their longer lifespan, active osteoblasts reach a quasi-steady distribution more slowly than active osteoclasts. We suggest that this fact may locally enlarge the Haversian canal diameter (due to a local lack of osteoblasts compared to osteoclasts) near the BMU's point of origin.Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables. V3: minor changes: added 2 paragraphs (BMU cavity in Section 2 and Model Robustness in Section 4), references [52,54

The pharmacokinetics of penicillamine in a female mongrel dog

The pharmacokinetic parameters of D-penicillamine were investigated by administering four intravenous bolus doses, four oral doses, and six constant rate intravenous infusions to a female mongrel dog at dosages comparable to 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg in man. The pharmacokinetics of D-penicillamine demonstrated nonlinearity in the dog. There was more than proportional increase in the area under the whole blood concentration curve for an increase in the bolus intravenous dose. The steady state whole blood, plasma, and packed cell levels of penicillamine were increased more than proportionately for an increase in the intravenous infusion rate. Total body clearance of penicillamine was decreased by increasing the dose or the infusion rate of penicillamine. Correspondingly, the estimated half-life of unchanged penicillamine in the whole blood was decreased for increased intravenous bolus doses. The renal clearance of penicillamine was nonlinear, decreasing with time during the bolus experiments and increasing at higher infusion rates. The nonrenal clearance was decreased at higher infusion rates, suggesting that a saturable nonrenal elimination process exists for penicillamine in the dog. The nonlinearities that were observed in the dog, if also present in man, may be responsible in part for the dose related side effects reported clinically for penicillamine .Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45080/1/10928_2005_Article_BF01061028.pd