The integration of new technologies : the stakes of knowledge

In order to remain competitive in an increasingly competitive international context, French companies are forced to follow one or more of various possible routes: relocating some of the activities, optimizing the design and / or production process, or innovate technologically. When they choose to develop new technologies, it is advisable to seek outside expertise in different areas. Thus they must exchange and create knowledge in partnership with other companies. But in order to control and integrate this future technology, we support that the acquisition and the capitalization of the technical training, during the process of innovation, are of primary importance. This article demonstrates that the construction of this knowledge base can be achieved only by formalizing close and rigorous collaboration. To do this, we propose a model of the collaborative process, meant for the leaders of innovative projects to support design.Cifr

Atomic layer deposition: Low temperature process well adapted to ULSI and TFT technologies

The high k dielectrics is an important materials to be integrate in future Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) and future TFT technology. Indeed, to keep on the Moore\u27s Law curve, the reduction of silicon oxide (SiO2) thickness still required, but this reduction is hindered by tunneling current leakage limit. Consequently, it is important to replace SiO2 by another materials with high dielectric constant. The use of this material in manufacturing of gate dielectric in Thin-film transistor (TFT) and in Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) will increase gate capacitance with maintaining a low leakage current. Titanium dioxide is a good candidate due to its high dielectric constant in its rutile crystalline phase (180).This rutile structure is obtained at low temperature (250°C) by ALD deposition when TiO2 is deposited on ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) layer thanks to the small lattice mismatch between these two materials

Recherche de coalescences binaires - Etalonnage du détecteur d'ondes gravitationnelles VIRGO

Ce compte-rendu présente la préparation en cours de l'analyse des données du détecteur d'ondes gravitationnelles VIRGO pour la recherche de coalescences binaires, et plus particulièrement de l'étalonnage du détecteur pour la reconstruction des données et de la recherche de signal

Proteinuria predicts relapse in adolescent and adult minimal change disease

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to outline the clinical and laboratory characteristics of minimal change disease in adolescents and adults and establish the clinical and laboratory characteristics of relapsing and non-relapsing patients. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated patients with confirmed diagnoses of minimal change disease by renal biopsy from 1979 to 2009; the patients were aged >;13 years and had minimum 1-year follow-ups. RESULTS: Sixty-three patients with a median age (at diagnosis) of 34 (23-49) years were studied, including 23 males and 40 females. At diagnosis, eight (12.7%) patients presented with microscopic hematuria, 17 (27%) with hypertension and 17 (27%) with acute kidney injury. After the initial treatment, 55 (87.3%) patients showed complete remission, six (9.5%) showed partial remission and two (3.1%) were nonresponders. Disease relapse was observed in 34 (54%) patients who were initial responders (n = 61). In a comparison between the relapsing patients (n = 34) and the non-relapsing patients (n = 27), only proteinuria at diagnosis showed any significant difference (8.8 (7.1-12.0) vs. 6.0 (3.6-7.3) g/day, respectively, p = 0.001). Proteinuria greater than 7 g/day at the initial screening was associated with relapsing disease. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, minimal change disease in adults may sometimes present concurrently with hematuria, hypertension, and acute kidney injury. The relapsing pattern in our patients was associated with basal proteinuria over 7 g/day

Un outil de desserte et de désenclavement : le téléphérique

L’étude attentive des téléphériques comme moyens de transport polyvalents est révélatrice des genres de vie des populations en montagne, mais aussi des politiques de développement et des grands chantiers nés après la révolution industrielle. L’invention du câble d’acier en 1834, en Allemagne, amplifie ce phénomène largement sous-estimé, apparu avec l’usage déjà fort ancien de cordes au travers de gorges. Ces téléphériques développés d’abord pour le transport de marchandises, puis celui de personnes, vont rendre d’inestimables services aux populations montagnardes, participant au désenclavement de villages en Suisse (Valais, Uri), partout en Europe, puis au Nouveau Monde ou en Asie. Bois, bidons de lait, fourrage, vendanges, mais aussi charges lourdes, ciment, charbon, minerais divers... La liste longue, voire surprenante, des usages rendus possibles par ces câbles de toutes dimensions n’a d’égale que la souplesse d’adaptation aux reliefs, aux contraintes locales, sous tous les climats