L'image de Troie et des Troyens dans le Rhésos

Le Rhèsos, contrairement aux autres pièces troyennes d'Euripide, se déroule dans le camp troyen en temps de guerre. Les plus grands guerriers y sont représentés vivants et emplis de l'espoir de la victoire. Le dramaturge offre ainsi une représentation symbolique de la cité et de son histoire à travers les trois piliers qu'en sont Hector, Paris et Énée. Même si ces héros sont dans cette pièce bien en vie, l'ombre de la mort plane sur eux, et le destin figuré par la tradition homérique affleure malgré eux dans le langage. On voit aussi que la représentation des "autres" que sont les Troyens se fait au miroir des Grecs : les Troyens, dans le Rhèsos, ne font que redoubler les actions de leurs ennemis. Or, le dramaturge conduit jusqu'au bout cette similitude entre les deux camps en recomposant le matériau épique de sorte à figurer ce que serait une épopée où les Troyens triompheraient.Plichon Caroline. L'image de Troie et des Troyens dans le Rhésos. In: Reconstruire Troie. Permanence et renaissances d'une cité emblématique. Besançon : Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité, 2009. pp. 229-240. (Collection « ISTA », 1147

Sous la peau de bête

Under the animal skin This article is interested in the animal skin and its various functions. The animal skin indeed can be at the same time spoils, proof of power, armor, part of a ritual or disguise. It is a fascinating object because it tells us about the links between the human world and the animal kingdom and about the relationship between the qualities awarded to the warrior – strength, guile, violence and savagery – and those lent by a whole symbolic system to the animal. The article focuses more particularly on the interpretation to give to the animal fineries at the same time in book X of the Iliad, the Doloneia, and in the Rhesus attributed to Euripides. From the epic to its dramaturgic transposition, the animal fi nery, which could appear as element of an initiatory rite, becomes that of a mimesis which sends back to the dramatic rite. Besides it is used by the playwright to question the heroism and its limits.Cet article s’intéresse à la dépouille animale et à ses différentes fonctions, à la fois butin, témoignage de puissance, armure, élément de rituel ou déguisement. La peau de bête est un objet fascinant pour ce qu’il dit des liens entre monde humain et monde animal, et du rapport entre les qualités attribuées au guerrier – force, ruse, violence et sauvagerie – et celles prêtées par tout un système symbolique à l’animal. L’article s’attarde plus particulièrement sur l’interprétation à donner aux parures animales à la fois dans le chant X de l’Iliade, la Dolonie, et dans le Rhésos attribué à Euripide. De l’épopée à sa transposition dramaturgique, la parure animale, qui pouvait apparaître comme élément d’un rituel initiatique devient celui d’une mimesis, qui renvoie au rituel dramatique. Elle est en outre utilisée par le dramaturge pour questionner l’héroïsme et ses limites.Plichon Caroline. Sous la peau de bête. In: Gaia : revue interdisciplinaire sur la Grèce Archaïque, numéro 16, 2013. pp. 155-170

Les usages de l’ambigüité par les managers en contexte de changement : une étude ethnographique

This dissertation studies how, in order to face an organizational change, managers produce and manage different types of ambiguities (by reducing, expanding or denying those ambiguities). It shows how these managers mobilize complementary capabilities, so-called positive and negative, according to their preferences, in order to face the uncertainties of the change, and thus become ambiguity tamers. Through a two-year ethnographic study, from the position of participant observer, we analyze seventeen managers, their subordinates and their directors. We show how these managers mobilize ambiguities and negative capability (i.e. the ability to remain in “uncertainties and doubts without reaching after fact and reason”, Keats, 1970; 43) as resources for change management.Cette thèse étudie comment, pour faire face à un changement organisationnel, des managers produisent et gèrent différents types d’ambigüités (en réduisant, niant ou augmentant ces ambigüités). Elle montre comment ces managers mobilisent des capabilités complémentaires, dites positive et négative, selon leurs préférences, pour faire face aux incertitudes du changement, et deviennent ainsi des dompteurs d’ambigüité. A travers une étude ethnographique de deux ans, et en tant qu’observatrice participante, nous analysons dix-sept managers, leurs subordonnés et leurs directeurs. Nous montrons comment ces managers sont amenés à mobiliser ambigüités et capabilité négative (ou capacité de demeurer dans les « incertitudes et les doutes sans chercher les faits ni la raison », Keats, 1970 ; 43) comme des ressources pour gérer le changement

Materiality of spatial strategies and spatial tactics: the shopfloor as a hybrid space

International audienc

Difficult tracheal intubation in neonates and infants. NEonate and Children audiT of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe (NECTARINE): a prospective European multicentre observational study

International audienceBackground: Neonates and infants are susceptible to hypoxaemia in the perioperative period. The aim of this study was to analyse interventions related to anaesthesia tracheal intubations in this European cohort and identify their clinical consequences.Methods: We performed a secondary analysis of tracheal intubations of the European multicentre observational trial (NEonate and Children audiT of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe [NECTARINE]) in neonates and small infants with difficult tracheal intubation. The primary endpoint was the incidence of difficult intubation and the related complications. The secondary endpoints were the risk factors for severe hypoxaemia attributed to difficult airway management, and 30 and 90 day outcomes.Results: Tracheal intubation was planned in 4683 procedures. Difficult tracheal intubation, defined as two failed attempts of direct laryngoscopy, occurred in 266 children (271 procedures) with an incidence (95% confidence interval [CI]) of 5.8% (95% CI, 5.1-6.5). Bradycardia occurred in 8% of the cases with difficult intubation, whereas a significant decrease in oxygen saturation (SpO2<90% for 60 s) was reported in 40%. No associated risk factors could be identified among co-morbidities, surgical, or anaesthesia management. Using propensity scoring to adjust for confounders, difficult anaesthesia tracheal intubation did not lead to an increase in 30 and 90 day morbidity or mortality.Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrate a high incidence of difficult tracheal intubation in children less than 60 weeks post-conceptual age commonly resulting in severe hypoxaemia. Reassuringly, the morbidity and mortality at 30 and 90 days was not increased by the occurrence of a difficult intubation event

Incidence of severe critical events in paediatric anaesthesia (APRICOT): a prospective multicentre observational study in 261 hospitals in Europe

Background Little is known about the incidence of severe critical events in children undergoing general anaesthesia in Europe. We aimed to identify the incidence, nature, and outcome of severe critical events in children undergoing anaesthesia, and the associated potential risk factors. Methods The APRICOT study was a prospective observational multicentre cohort study of children from birth to 15 years of age undergoing elective or urgent anaesthesia for diagnostic or surgical procedures. Children were eligible for inclusion during a 2-week period determined prospectively by each centre. There were 261 participating centres across 33 European countries. The primary endpoint was the occurence of perioperative severe critical events requiring immediate intervention. A severe critical event was defined as the occurrence of respiratory, cardiac, allergic, or neurological complications requiring immediate intervention and that led (or could have led) to major disability or death. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01878760. Findings Between April 1, 2014, and Jan 31, 2015, 31â127 anaesthetic procedures in 30â874 children with a mean age of 6·35 years (SD 4·50) were included. The incidence of perioperative severe critical events was 5·2% (95% CI 5·0â5·5) with an incidence of respiratory critical events of 3·1% (2·9â3·3). Cardiovascular instability occurred in 1·9% (1·7â2·1), with an immediate poor outcome in 5·4% (3·7â7·5) of these cases. The all-cause 30-day in-hospital mortality rate was 10 in 10â000. This was independent of type of anaesthesia. Age (relative risk 0·88, 95% CI 0·86â0·90; p<0·0001), medical history, and physical condition (1·60, 1·40â1·82; p<0·0001) were the major risk factors for a serious critical event. Multivariate analysis revealed evidence for the beneficial effect of years of experience of the most senior anaesthesia team member (0·99, 0·981â0·997; p<0·0048 for respiratory critical events, and 0·98, 0·97â0·99; p=0·0039 for cardiovascular critical events), rather than the type of health institution or providers. Interpretation This study highlights a relatively high rate of severe critical events during the anaesthesia management of children for surgical or diagnostic procedures in Europe, and a large variability in the practice of paediatric anaesthesia. These findings are substantial enough to warrant attention from national, regional, and specialist societies to target education of anaesthesiologists and their teams and implement strategies for quality improvement in paediatric anaesthesia. Funding European Society of Anaesthesiology

Incidence of severe critical events in paediatric anaesthesia (APRICOT): a prospective multicentre observational study in 261 hospitals in Europe

Background Little is known about the incidence of severe critical events in children undergoing general anaesthesia in Europe. We aimed to identify the incidence, nature, and outcome of severe critical events in children undergoing anaesthesia, and the associated potential risk factors. Methods The APRICOT study was a prospective observational multicentre cohort study of children from birth to 15 years of age undergoing elective or urgent anaesthesia for diagnostic or surgical procedures. Children were eligible for inclusion during a 2-week period determined prospectively by each centre. There were 261 participating centres across 33 European countries. The primary endpoint was the occurence of perioperative severe critical events requiring immediate intervention. A severe critical event was defined as the occurrence of respiratory, cardiac, allergic, or neurological complications requiring immediate intervention and that led (or could have led) to major disability or death. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01878760. Findings Between April 1, 2014, and Jan 31, 2015, 31 127 anaesthetic procedures in 30 874 children with a mean age of 6.35 years (SD 4.50) were included. The incidence of perioperative severe critical events was 5.2% (95% CI 5.0-5.5) with an incidence of respiratory critical events of 3.1% (2.9-3.3). Cardiovascular instability occurred in 1.9% (1.7-2.1), with an immediate poor outcome in 5.4% (3.7-7.5) of these cases. The all-cause 30-day in-hospital mortality rate was 10 in 10 000. This was independent of type of anaesthesia. Age (relative risk 0.88, 95% CI 0.86-0.90; p<0.0001), medical history, and physical condition (1.60, 1.40-1.82; p<0.0001) were the major risk factors for a serious critical event. Multivariate analysis revealed evidence for the beneficial effect of years of experience of the most senior anaesthesia team member (0.99, 0.981-0.997; p<0.0048 for respiratory critical events, and 0.98, 0.97-0.99; p=0.0039 for cardiovascular critical events), rather than the type of health institution or providers. Interpretation This study highlights a relatively high rate of severe critical events during the anaesthesia management of children for surgical or diagnostic procedures in Europe, and a large variability in the practice of paediatric anaesthesia. These findings are substantial enough to warrant attention from national, regional, and specialist societies to target education of anaesthesiologists and their teams and implement strategies for quality improvement in paediatric anaesthesia