Pays baltes : rêves, propagandes, malentendus

Durant les premières indépendances, les nations baltes, organisées sous forme d’ethno-nations, avaient bâti des États correspondant à ce modèle. Les décennies de soviétisme, l’arrivée de nombreux allogènes, les retours à l’indépendance et enfin, le rapprochement avec l’Union européenne ont récemment modifié la donne. La construction d’États-nations chargés de la gestion de sociétés pluriethniques soulève de nombreux défis. Confrontés à ces crises, les intellectuels et les médias de cette zone traversent aujourd’hui une phase difficile d’adaptation au nouveau contexte de sociétés civiques en transition.During the period of the first independences, the Baltic States, organized as « ethno-nations », had built-up states corresponding to this model. The soviet period, the arrival of numerous migrants, the return to independence, and finally the joining of the Baltic States to the EU, have deeply modified the situation. The creation of nation-states, entrusted with the management of multiethnic societies, raises numerous challenges. Confronted with these crises, the intellectuals and the media of this zone are currently going through a difficult phase of adaptation to the new context of civic societies in the making

Les Masques de la vanité. Kubrick, Schnitzler, Ophüls, Maupassant

Adaptation de La Nouvelle Rêvée d’Arthur Schnitzler, Eyes Wide Shut propose une bifurcation intertextuelle au cours de laquelle le film intègre au récit, qui dans l’ensemble suit plutôt fidèlement celui de la nouvelle, une référence au premier sketch du Plaisir de Max Ophüls. Cette référence est l’occasion d’une étude sur les jeux de renvois qu’opère Kubrick entre Schnitzler, Maupassant et Ophüls, qui oriente l’interprétation que l’on peut donner du film dans le sens d’une réflexion sur la vanité de l’existence, thème qui se trouve chez ces trois auteurs mais que Kubrick prolonge à sa manière.Adapted from Arthur Schnitzler’s “Dream Story”, “Eyes Wide Shut” offers an intertextual curve during which the film’s narrative –which overall follows the novella rather faithfully–integrates a reference to the first sketch of Max Ophüls’s “le Plaisir”. This reference allows for a study of the cross references between Schnitlzer, Maupassant and Ophüls, which calls for an interpretation of the film centred on the vanity of existence, a theme common to all three authors that Kubrick deals with his own way

Strasbourg-Riga : l’Art nouveau aux confins d’empires

Plusieurs ouvrages récents ont montré l’intérêt croissant que le public porte à cette Europe médiane qui a réintégré une Europe à laquelle elle n’avait jamais cessé d’appartenir intellectuellement. L’Art nouveau, qui s’est généralement épanoui dans des villes situées en périphérie d’Empires ou d’États, a fait de ces lieux, jusqu’alors situés à la marge des principales scènes culturelles, de brillants et influents centres artistiques. Malmené par le passé – les années 50 et 60 virent la destru..

Genetic admixture between captive-bred and wild individuals affects patterns of dispersal in a brown trout (Salmo trutta) population

Genetic admixture between captive-bred and wild individuals has been demonstrated to affect many individual traits, although little is known about its potential influence on dispersal, an important trait governing the eco-evolutionary dynamics of populations. Here, we quantified and described the spatial distribution of genetic admixture in a brown trout (Salmo trutta) population from a small watershed that was stocked until 1999, and then tested whether or not individual dispersal parameters were related to admixture between wild and captive-bred fish. We genotyped 715 fish at 17 microsatellite loci sampled from both the mainstream and all populated tributaries, as well as 48 fish from the hatchery used to stock the study area. First, we used Bayesian clustering to infer local genetic structure and to quantify genetic admixture. We inferred first generation migrants to identify dispersal events and test which features (genetic admixture, sex and body length) affected dispersal parameters (i.e. probability to disperse, distance of dispersal and direction of the dispersal event). We identified two genetic clusters in the river basin, corresponding to wild fish on the one hand and to fish derived from the captive strain on the other hand, allowing us to define an individual gradient of admixture. Individuals with a strong assignment to the captive strain occurred almost exclusively in some tributaries, and were more likely to disperse towards a tributary than towards a site of the mainstream. Furthermore, dispersal probability increased as the probability of assignment to the captive strain increased, and individuals with an intermediate level of admixture exhibited the lowest dispersal distances. These findings show that various dispersal parameters may be biased by admixture with captive-bred genotypes, and that management policies should take into account the differential spread of captive-bred individuals in wild populations

Environmental and economic assessment of the formic acid electrochemical manufacture using carbon dioxide: Influence of the electrode lifetime

This paper focuses on the study of the environmental and economic feasibility of the formic acid (FA) synthesis by means of electrochemical reduction (ER) of carbon dioxide (CO2) with special emphasis on the cathode lifetime. The study has used a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach in order to obtain the environmental indicators as Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Abiotic Depletion (ADP) (both elements and fossil resources ADPs). The values of the indicators obtained in the assessment were representative of the Carbon Footprint (CF) and resource savings of this fabrication process. The commercial/conventional process for FA production was used as benchmark. The novelty of the study is the incorporation into the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) of those materials and chemicals that are used in the fabrication of an ER cell, and in particular in the cathode. Hence, the lifetime of the cathode was used as a main parameter. The results obtained for a baseline case demonstrated that cathode lifetimes over 210 h would be enough to neglect the influence of the cathode fabrication from an environmental perspective. A first approach to the utility costs of CO2 ER process was also proposed in the study. Cost of utilities ranged between 0.16 € kg and 1.40 € kg-1 of FA in an ER process compared with 0.21 € kg-1 and 0.43 € kg-1 of FA in the conventional process depending on the market prices. This study demonstrated that the ER-based process could be competitive under future conditions if a reasonable electrocatalytic performance (in terms of cell voltage, current density, and faradaic efficiency) is achieved within a reasonable medium or long-term horizon. The results obtained aim to provide useful insights for decision-makers on the future developments within a decarbonized chemical industry.Authors thank to Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) for the financial support through the project CTQ2016-76231-C2-1-R. We would like also to thank MINECO for providing Marta Rumayor with a Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral contract (FJCI-2015-23658)

Design and development of 100% bio-based high-grade hemp/epoxy composites

In order to develop 100% bio-based high-grade epoxy composites, in this study, bio-based epoxy thermosets and hemp slivers are processed and characterized by different technologies. Epoxy resins are synthesized from the diglycidylether of Eugenol, extracted from cloves. They are cured with bio-based acid anhydrides. The physicochemical properties of the resulting epoxy resins are characterized using thermogravimetric analyses (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and nanoindentation. The mechanical properties of hemp fibres extracted from the slivers are also determined using tensile tests. After their processing and characterization, these bio-based constituents are then used to manufacture unidirectional composites by thermocompression. Composite specimens are tested under 3-points bending. Preliminary results show a stiffness of about 9 GPa and a strength of approximately 170 MPa for a fibres volume fraction of 22%. These mechanical properties are promising since they make this material competitive to substitute petroleum-based composites in secondary structural applications