Édition Place et rues de Paris

Suivre Jean-Michel Place dans son aventure d’éditeur, c’est traverser le siècle et Paris. Ici, l’espace,l’histoire, c’est tout un. Petite « géographie universelle » d’un flâneur des deux rives

Radiation effects on CMOS image sensors with sub-2µm pinned photodiodes

A group of four commercial sensors with pixel pitches below 2μm has been irradiated with 60Co source at several total ionizing dose levels related to space applications. A phenomenological approach is proposed through behavior analysis of multiple sensors embedding different technological choices (pitch, isolation or buried oxide). A complete characterization including dark current, activation energy and temporal noise analysis allows to discuss about a degradation scheme

Radiation Effects on CMOS Image Sensors With Sub-2 µm Pinned Photodiodes

CMOS image sensor hardness under irradiation is a key parameter for application fields such as space or medical. In this paper, four commercial sensors featuring different technological characteristics (pitch, isolation or buried oxide) have been irradiated with 60Co source. Based on dark current and temporal noise analysis, we develop and propose a phenomenological model to explain pixel performance degradation

Rad Tolerant CMOS Image Sensor Based on Hole Collection 4T Pixel Pinned Photodiode

1.4μm pixel pitch CMOS Image sensors based on hole collection pinned photodiode (HPD) have been irradiated with 60Co source. The HPD sensors exhibit much lower dark current degradation than equivalent commercial sensors using an Electron collection Pinned Photodiode (EPD). This hardness improvement is mainly attributed to carrier accumulation near the interfaces induced by the generated positive charges in dielectrics. The pre-eminence of this image sensor based on hole collection pinned photodiode architectures in ionizing environments is demonstrated

Postnatal Depression In Mexico: Healthcare Provider Conceptualizations and Policies In the Public Health Sector

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) highlight education and training for healthcare providers and the development of a policy framework as core strategies to address maternal mental health in low- and middle-income countries. This research critically examines these strategies with respect to postnatal depression in Mexico. The research 1) addresses how healthcare providers in Mexico conceptualize postnatal depression, and 2) assesses the policies that exist in Mexico regarding postnatal depression, which will inform the next steps for policy development. The research informs appropriate healthcare provider education and training, as well as the next steps for policy development. The research aims are 1) to understand the conceptualizations of postnatal depression among physicians, nurses, social workers, and psychologists in primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of care in public-sector healthcare facilities in Mexico City and Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico as well as to understand how healthcare providers apply their understanding of social and behavioral antecedents in their conceptualizations of postnatal depression; and 2) to ascertain whether and how postnatal depression is addressed in policies at federal, state, and local public-sector healthcare facility levels in Mexico. Key components of Kleinman\u27s (1980) Explanatory Framework of Illness, Entman\u27s (1993) functions of framing, the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen and Madden, 1986), and a typology of symbolic versus material policies elaborated by Howlett (2000) and Hood (1986) were used to examine healthcare providers\u27 conceptualizations of postnatal depression and whether and how postnatal depression is addressed in policies. Methods: In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with physicians (n=19), nurses (n=18), social workers (n=17), and psychologists (n=10) from five public-sector healthcare facilities in primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of care in Mexico City and Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico. Healthcare providers were also presented a reality-based vignette that was written based on data from semi-structured interviews with seven Mexican women from Mexico City and Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico who had experienced postnatal depressive symptoms identified based on a score of 12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Follow-up questions followed the presentation of the vignette. National health plans, national action plans, federal and state laws and regulations, clinical practice guidelines, and public-sector healthcare facility policies were collected and evaluated through qualitative content analysis according to whether they included a statement of intent and/or actions related to the care and management of women who experience or who are at risk of experiencing postnatal depression. Results: Results from the first aim revealed two frameworks that healthcare providers use to conceptualize postnatal depression: biochemical and adjustment. An emerging model illustrates how social and behavioral antecedents influence both frameworks, as well as how symptoms of distress represent a possible case of postnatal depression and how postnatal depression is perceived as affecting responsibilities associated with motherhood. In the second aim, six clinical practice guidelines out of 597 were relevant to postnatal depression and were included in the analysis. Laws (n=3), regulations (n=1), national health plans (n=1), national action plans (n=1), and public-sector healthcare facility policies (n=1) were also evaluated, for a total of 13 policies. Postnatal depression and other synonymous search terms were not mentioned in 38% (n=5) of policies. In the remaining 61% (n=8) of policies postnatal depression was mentioned in some way, but in only 46% (n=6) of policies was a statement of intent or actions included relating to the care and management of women who experience or who are at risk of experiencing postnatal depression. These policies are the mental health law of Mexico City and its regulation, the clinical practice guidelines on pre-eclampsia, HIV, and prenatal care, and a policy from a tertiary level, public-sector healthcare facility. Implications: The results of the first aim may also be useful in the development of training materials which build on providers\u27 existing conceptualizations of postnatal depression to enhance women\u27s quality of care. They also provide a foundation for future study of how healthcare providers\u27 conceptualizations of postnatal depression may affect detection and treatment practices. The results of the second aim identify possible areas to focus future policy development efforts. Policy makers should consider building on the mental health law of Mexico City by identifying specific actions to prioritize the care of women who experience postnatal depression, as well as establishing clinical practice guidelines that specifically address maternal mental health problems. Future research can examine the rationale behind policy-makers\u27 choice of the particular actions or lack of actions identified to address postnatal depression in Mexico

An Approach to Regular Separability in Vector Addition Systems

We study the problem of regular separability of languages of vector addition systems with states (VASS). It asks whether for two given VASS languages K and L, there exists a regular language R that includes K and is disjoint from L. While decidability of the problem in full generality remains an open question, there are several subclasses for which decidability has been shown: It is decidable for (i) one-dimensional VASS, (ii) VASS coverability languages, (iii) languages of integer VASS, and (iv) commutative VASS languages. We propose a general approach to deciding regular separability. We use it to decide regular separability of an arbitrary VASS language from any language in the classes (i), (ii), and (iii). This generalizes all previous results, including (iv)

3-D mapping of permeable structures affecting a deep granite basement using isotropic 3C VSP data

International audienceThis paper illustrates the efficiency of vertical seismic profiling (VSP) for the investigation of dipping and hydraulically conductive structures affecting a granitic basement covered by sediments. A three-component (3C) VSP data set has been acquired in the GPK1 and EPS1 wells of the Soultz-sous-Foreˆts enhanced geothermal system (EGS) located within the Upper Rhine Graben (URG). Our study focuses on the isotropic processing of profiles acquired with vertical vibrator P and their subsequent interpretation. Mainly P-S converted reflections are identified from the analysis of the 3C records. These P-S conversions occur on steep permeable faults that are positioned in space by traveltime modelling. These faults cut the granite basement in several hectometric-scale blocks, and represent the main fluid paths between the boreholes. These faults are thought to be inherited from late Variscan and Alpine deformation periods, reactivated by the current stress field. When properly processed and interpreted, VSP allow the scale gap between surface and borehole data to be bridged

Exploring opportunities around climate-smart breeding for future food and nutrition security

There is a 95% chance that warming will exceed 2°C by the end of the century (Raftery et al. 2017). Global crop productivity is projected to fall by 5-10 % per degree of warming (Challinor et al. 2014), with even greater losses likely for some crops in some areas. The challenge of meeting future food demand is increasing, and climate change is already diminishing our ability to adapt through crop breeding (Challinor et al. 2016; Aggarwal et al. 2019). Recent research is suggesting that increases in climate variability are already affecting the number of food-insecure people, and that increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations may affect the nutrient content of some food staples, with serious implications for food and nutrition security (Smith and Myers 2018). New crop varieties will be needed that can deliver higher yields as well as possessing the ability to withstand heat and greater tolerances for the secondary effects of a warmer world, such as increased pressures from drought, water-logging, pests and diseases, and reduced nutritional quality due to higher levels of CO2. The systems for accelerated delivery of climate-resilient varieties into food producers’ hands need to be massively upgraded (Cramer 2018). Innovative holistic breeding strategies for multiple traits will be needed that embrace the full pipeline from trait discovery to varietal deployment and seed system development