Efficacy of two ethanol-based skin antiseptics on the forehead at shorter application times

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Recent research suggests that alcohol-based skin antiseptics exhibit their efficacy on the resident skin flora of the forehead in less than 10 minutes. That is why we have looked at the efficacy of two ethanol-based skin antiseptics applied for 10, 2.5 and 2 minutes on skin with a high density of sebaceous glands. Each experiment was performed in a reference-controlled cross-over design with at least 20 participants. Application of isopropanol (70%, v/v) for 10 minutes to the forehead served as the reference treatment. The clear (skin antiseptic A) and coloured preparations (skin antiseptic B) contain 85% ethanol (w/w). Pre-values and post-values (immediately after the application and after 30 min) were obtained by swabbing a marked area of 5 cm² for about 10 s. Swabs were vortexed in tryptic soy broth containing valid neutralizing agents. After serial dilution aliquots were spread on tryptic soy agar. Colonies were counted after incubation of plates at 36°C for 48 h. The mean log₁₀ reduction of bacteria was calculated. The Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test was used for a comparison of treatments.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Skin antiseptic A applied for 10 min was significantly more effective than the reference treatment. When applied for 2.5 min (three experiments) it was significantly more effective than the reference treatment immediately after application (2.7 versus 2.2 log₁₀ reduction; p < 0.001) and equally effective after 30 min (2.8 versus 2.6 log₁₀ reduction; p = 0.053). Skin antiseptic B applied for 2.5 min (three experiments) was significantly more effective than the reference treatment both immediately after application (2.3 versus 1.9 log₁₀ reduction; p < 0.001) and after 30 min (2.5 versus 2.1 log₁₀ reduction; p = 0.002).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The clear and coloured skin antiseptics applied for 2.5 min on the skin of the forehead fulfilled the efficacy requirements for skin antisepsis. The shorter application time on skin with a high density of sebaceous glands will allow to act more efficiently in clinical practice.</p

A outorga de efeitos a leis tributárias inconstitucionais: nociva prevalência dos interesses fazendários perante a Constituição

Artigo publicado no periódico jurídico Carta Forense, ed. n. 62, julho de 2008, p. 20

Ação consignatória e prestações periódicas : a problemática da consignação em pagamento no âmbito do SFH

Compreende o entendimento doutrinário e jurisprudencial acerca de questões centrais ao deslinde das consignatórias no âmbito do SFH, de forma a indicar possíveis soluções para uma eficaz prestação jurisdicional. Analisa as hipóteses mais freqüentes caracterizadas pela ação de consignação em pagamento judicial, nas quais a controvérsia se centra no quantum das prestações, em decorrência de divergência quanto aos critérios de apuração

Governança corporativa e empresas familiares em processo sucessório: a visão de consultores e de famílias empresárias

The studies on family companies have significantly increased in the past years, indicating the succession relevance for the longevity of these companies to future generations. Corporate governance has been presented as a transparent monitoring alternative in the succession process. Its acceptance by members of family companies, however, is not easy due to the lack of information regarding its actual effectiveness. Aiming to describe and analyze corporate governance in family businesses from the point of view of consultants and members of the family businesses, an exploratory research was developed on a qualitative basis that highlighted the theory concerning corporate governance in relation to family businesses. The collection of data was through individual semi-structured interviews with corporate governance consultants and members from the second and third generation of the entrepreneurial families. The data analyzed with the aid of a consistent literature indicate that both consultants and members of entrepreneurial families share a favorable view of the relevance of corporate governance to the families in a succession process. Besides, they share a view that even though the succession process is tough, long and requiring highly emotional involvement, the action of corporative governance fortifies the family business to grow and to develop, to perpetuate and also to become more attractive to the market through some rules, defined structures of roles and the possibilities of minimizing the latent conflicts in the relationships.Keywords: family business, succession process, corporate governance.Estudos sobre empresas familiares mostram-se crescentes nos últimos anos e indicam a relevância da questão sucessória à continuidade das empresas para futuras gerações. A governança corporativa apresenta-se como alternativa de monitoramento e transparência à boa resolução do processo sucessório. Sua aceitação pelos membros de empresas familiares, entretanto, ainda esbarra na carência de conhecimento de experiências acerca de sua real eficácia. Diante disso, com o objetivo de descrever e analisar a governança corporativa na empresa familiar na visão de consultores e de membros de famílias empresárias, desenvolveu-se pesquisa exploratória de orientação qualitativa que congregou a base teórica relativa à governança corporativa em empresas familiares. A coleta de dados deu-se por meio de entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas com consultores em governança corporativa e membros da segunda e da terceira geração de famílias empresárias. Analisados à luz da literatura pertinente, os resultados apontam que ambos compartilham visão favorável à relevância da governança corporativa às empresas familiares em processo sucessório. Compartilham, também, a visão de que, apesar de o processo sucessório ser árduo, longo e de envolvimento emocional expressivo – por meio de regras, estruturas definidas de papéis, e possibilidade de minimizar os conflitos latentes nas relações existentes –, a ação da governança corporativa fortalece a empresa familiar para crescer e se desenvolver, perpetuar-se, e, inclusive, tornar-se mais atrativa ao mercado.Palavras-chave: empresa familiar, processo sucessório, governança corporativa

Sistema constitucional tributário: dos fundamentos teóricos aos hard cases tributários: estudos em homenagem ao Ministro Luiz Fux

- Divulgação dos SUMÁRIOS das obras recentemente incorporadas ao acervo da Biblioteca Ministro Oscar Saraiva do STJ. Em respeito à Lei de Direitos Autorais, não disponibilizamos a obra na íntegra.- Localização na estante: 336.2:342.4 S623

Efficacy of five ‘sporicidal’ surface disinfectants against Clostridioides difficile spores in suspension tests and 4-field tests

Background: A sporicidal surface disinfection is recommended both for the outbreak and the endemic setting but a comparative evaluation on the efficacy of ‘sporicidal’ surface disinfectants using suspension tests and 4-field tests has not been performed. Aim: To determine the efficacy of five ‘sporicidal’ surface disinfectants (three ready-to-use wipes (A, B, E), two concentrates (C, D) based on peroxides or aldehydes against C. difficile spores. Methods: The efficacy was determined under clean conditions using a suspension test and the 4-field test. Each test was performed in duplicate in two separate laboratories. Wipes were wrung to collect the solution for the suspension tests. Results: Product A (peracetic acid; 5 min), product C (peracetic acid; 2% solution in 15 min or 1% solution in 30 min) and product D (peracetic acid; only 2% solution in 15 min) were effective with at least a 4 log10-reduction of C. difficile spores in suspension and on surfaces. Product B (hydrogen peroxide) was not effective in suspension (0.9 log10 after 15 min; 3.2 log10 after 1 h) and on surfaces (2.8 log10 after 15 and 60 min). Product E based on glutaraldehyde, (ethylendioxy)dimethanol and DDAC demonstrated 0.9 log10 after 4 h in suspension and 4.5 log10 after 4 h on surfaces. Conclusions: Not all surface disinfectants with a sporicidal claim were effective against C. difficile spores in standardized suspension tests and in the 4-field test. In clinical practice preference should be given to products that reliably pass the efficacy criteria of both types of tests.Peer Reviewe

Bacterial migration through punctured surgical gloves under real surgical conditions

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The aim of this study was to confirm recent results from a previous study focussing on the development of a method to measure the bacterial translocation through puncture holes in surgical gloves under real surgical conditions.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>An established method was applied to detect bacterial migration from the operating site through the punctured glove. Biogel™ double-gloving surgical gloves were used during visceral surgeries over a 6-month period. A modified Gaschen-bag method was used to retrieve organisms from the inner glove, and thus-obtained bacteria were compared with micro-organisms detected by an intra-operative swab.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In 20 consecutive procedures, 194 gloves (98 outer gloves, 96 inner gloves) were examined. The rate of micro-perforations of the outer surgical glove was 10% with a median wearing time of 100 minutes (range: 20-175 minutes). Perforations occurred in 81% on the non-dominant hand, with the index finger most frequently (25%) punctured. In six cases, bacterial migration could be demonstrated microbiologically. In 5% (5/98) of outer gloves and in 1% (1/96) of the inner gloves, bacterial migration through micro-perforations was observed. For gloves with detected micro-perforations (n = 10 outer layers), the calculated migration was 50% (n = 5). The minimum wearing time was 62 minutes, with a calculated median wearing time of 71 minutes.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study confirms previous results that bacterial migration through unnoticed micro-perforations in surgical gloves does occur under real practical surgical conditions. Undetected perforation of surgical gloves occurs frequently. Bacterial migration from the patient through micro-perforations on the hand of surgeons was confirmed, limiting the protective barrier function of gloves if worn over longer periods.</p