Między samotnością a samotnością. Bohaterowie "Skrzydeł ołtarza" Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzińskiego

The four words in which Gustaw Herling-Grudziński’s short stories can be summed up are: loneliness, suffering, mystery, evil. Grudziński shows a solitary and suffering hero, placed in a world that offers no hope for a change of destiny. This trait is to be found even in his earliest works, among them the two stories that make up the dilogy Skrzydła ołtarza (The Wings of the Altar). The characters in these stories are in different ways stigmatized by solitude: some are doomed to it, others seem to make it their choice (though such a choice is, according to Herling, an illusion); some seek comfort in solitude, others expiation, while still others – an escape from it. All of them are cut off from people, God and even themselves. At times the writer sharpens the limits between various forms of solitude, on other occasions blurring them to bring out the ambiguity of their forms and the tensions that emerge between them. Hence, he does not differentiate between solitude and desolation. But he asks about their relation to unhappiness (ubiquitous in his works).Cztery słowa, w których można by zamknąć opowiadania Gustawa Herlinga- Grudzińskiego, to: samotność, cierpienie, tajemnica, zło. Bohater Grudzińskiego to człowiek samotny i cierpiący, umieszczony w świecie, w którym nie ma nadziei na odmianę losu. Znamię to noszą już najwcześniejsze utwory tego autora, wśród nich dwa opowiadania składające się na dylogię Skrzydła ołtarza. Bohaterowie tych opowiadań zostają samotnością naznaczeni w różny sposób: jedni są na nią skazani, inni wydają się ją wybierać (choć wybór ten jest, zdaniem Herlinga, złudzeniem); jedni szukają w niej pocieszenia, inni ekspiacji, jeszcze inni – ucieczki od niej. Są odcięci od ludzi, od Boga, a nawet od siebie. Pisarz zaś raz wyostrza granice pomiędzy różnymi formami samotności, to znów je zaciera, pokazując niejednoznaczność tych form i tworzące się między nimi napięcia. Dlatego też nie różnicuje on samotności i osamotnienia. I pyta o ich relację do (wszechobecnego w tej twórczości) nieszczęścia

Determinants of parental satisfaction with nursing care in paediatric wards : a preliminary report

Background: The quality of medical services for a child and their parents are tantamount to a sense of satisfaction with care. Purpose: The assessment of determinants of parental satisfaction with nursing care in paediatric wards. Methods: The study covered 336 parents of children hospitalised in paediatric departments and was based on the “EMPHATIC” questionnaire, standardized and adapted to Polish conditions. Results: The mean score of the overall parental satisfaction was high, amounting to 4.19 points. The lower level of satisfaction with nursing care was reported in parents of children under the age of 6 years, admitted in an emergency mode with a diagnosed post-trauma condition and those with higher education. The duration of hospitalisation, sex and age of parents did not have an influence on the satisfaction with care. Conclusions: The age of the child, admission mode and education of respondents are determinants of parental satisfaction with nursing care

Selected predictors of parental satisfaction with child nursing care in paediatric wards in Poland-Cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND: Assessment of parental satisfaction with child nursing is the key issue in evaluation of the care quality, enabling the adjustment of the services provided to the needs and expectations of recipients, and thus ensuring safety and achieving better long-term health effects. AIM: Assessment of parental satisfaction with child nursing in paediatric wards including its determinants. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study covered 1030 parents of children hospitalised in paediatric and surgical wards of seven hospitals of different levels of health security in Poland. The Polish adaptation of the Empathic standardised questionnaire for assessment of the level of parents’ satisfaction with nursing care, developed by Latour et al. and the self-constructed summary of socio-demographic data were applied in the study. RESULTS: More than 90% of respondents expressed high level of satisfaction with nurses’ Availability, the lowest, but still high score of respondents’ satisfaction was observed for Parental Participation. The highest satisfaction was observed among the parents of children at the preschool, early school and puberty stage, admitted to the hospital on the elective basis, referred for diagnostic assessment and with the length of hospital stay less than 7 and longer than 28 days. Achieving preschool age was the strongest factor which increased assessment of satisfaction in most domains. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for optimising nursing care especially in the area of parental participation. The nursing care’ quality improvement plan in paediatric departments should focus particularly on early childhood patients and their parents who are the most critical in satisfaction’ assessment

Long-term safety and efficacy of benralizumab in patients with severe, uncontrolled asthma: 1-year results from the BORA phase 3 extension trial

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