Innovation in aquaculture teaching and learning

This report has been prepared by the Workpackage 5 working group on innovation in learning. It aims to summarise the main findings of the group, and serve as an introduction to the topic for teachers and learners in aquaculture and aquatic resources management. The main focus of the group is the use of Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) in teaching and learning. The increasing power of computers and particularly their interconnections through the Internet, is changing the social and economic landscape and presenting new opportunities and challenges for learners, educators and academic institutions. This document has been developed from presentations and discussions between the group members. It aims to identify the key technologies and trends affecting higher education in Europe and potential responses by the aquaculture and aquatic resource community. The aim is to briefly introduce key themes, technologies and state of the art. Most of the topics can be explored in much greater detail through the Internet links that are provided at the end of each section

Lack of RsmA-Mediated Control Results in Constant Hypervirulence, Cell 655 Elongation, and Hyperflagellation in Pectobacterium wasabiae

Peer reviewe

Some effects of cultivation on the smolting of two forms of brown trout (Salmo trutta)

Effects of feed restriction and stress on smolting of hatchery reared Salmo trutta were studied under experimental conditions. The handling periods in these two experiments took place over the summer and autumn, which is believed to be the sensitive period for the physiological decision of smolting. Possible changes in physiology and behaviour were observed during the following spring and summer. Smolting was not significantly affected by these handling procedures. However, drastic changes in movement behaviour of individually tagged trout during May and June were observed. Before mid-May downward migration suddenly increased, peaked at the end of May and beginning of June, and abruptly ceased in the mid-June when the temperature rose above 10°C. The behavioural pattern of both sea trout and brown trout was similar. The speed of the migration during the most intense period was almost equal to the speed of water, and most movement took place during daylight irrespective of the water temperature. This result was supported by the observation that both 1+ and 2+ brown trout feed most avidly during the daylight hours. During the smolting period also typical changes in gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATP-ase activities were observed. Highest gill Na⁺, K⁺-ATP-ase activities were measured at the end of May, when those were significantly higher in brown trout than in sea trout

Effects of weekend starvation and the duration of daily feeding on production parameters of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

It would often be practical to starve the cultivated fishes over the weekends, e.g. to save in labour costs. We evaluated the possibility that domesticated juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) could compensate for the lost growth of the 2-day weekend starvation by either hyperphagic response and/or by lower feed conversion ratio, compared to the fish fed every day in an 8-week experiment. Rainbow trout (initial weight c. 30 g, temperature 16 °C) starved during the weekends were able to increase feed intake during the weekdays clearly above the intake of the control fish after the first two weekends, also seen as an increase of the compensation coefficients over the last four weeks of the experiment. However, the control fish had significantly greater total absolute feed intake than the fish in the treatment group inducing significantly higher specific growth rate and final weight (176.7 ± 4.7 g) compared to the treatment group (153.1 ± 8.4 g) at the end of the experiment. The coefficient of variation of weight did not differ between the two groups, but the feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in the 2-day starving group (0.93 ± 0.03) than in the control group (0.88 ± 0.01). Growth compensation was only partial, and our data indicated clear differences in the capacity for compensation between the tanks. The tank-wise compensation capacity appears to be rather persistent, seen as a significant positive correlation in the compensation coefficients between the first and last four weeks of the experiment. Body moisture and hepatosomatic index were significantly higher in the 2-day starving groups than in the control group, but there were no treatment differences in stomach capacity (weight or volume), liver weight or in the relative amount of visceral fat. The lack of the increase in stomach capacity in the treatment group fish was hypothesized to be a consequence of selective breeding for several decades and being an unnecessary trait in farmed fishes supplied feed constantly. We conducted also a 3-week follow-up experiment to test the effects of feeding frequency (continuous feeding vs. feeding twice per day) on growth responses in rainbow trout experiencing the weekend starvation, and these results confirmed that the lack of full growth compensation in the first experiment was not due to feeding frequency. Our results suggest that weekend starvation cannot be recommended for domesticated rainbow trout without negatively affecting their growth.peerReviewe

Effects of weekend starvation and the duration of daily feeding on production parameters of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Highlights•Weekend starvation reduced the total feed intake and growth of juvenile rainbow trout.•Partial compensatory growth was observed during the latter half of the experiment.•Persistent differences in compensatory growth between tanks were evident.•Daily feeding frequency (twice vs. continuous) did not affect feed intake and growth.AbstractIt would often be practical to starve the cultivated fishes over the weekends, e.g. to save in labour costs. We evaluated the possibility that domesticated juvenilerainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) could compensate for the lost growth of the 2-day weekend starvation by either hyperphagic response and/or by lowerfeed conversion ratio, compared to the fish fed every day in an 8-week experiment. Rainbow trout (initial weight c. 30g, temperature 16°C) starved during the weekends were able to increase feed intake during the weekdays clearly above the intake of the control fish after the first two weekends, also seen as an increase of the compensation coefficients over the last four weeks of the experiment. However, the control fish had significantly greater total absolute feed intake than the fish in the treatment group inducing significantly higher specific growth rate and final weight (176.7±4.7g) compared to the treatment group (153.1±8.4g) at the end of the experiment. The coefficient of variation of weight did not differ between the two groups, but the feed conversion ratio was significantly higher in the 2-day starving group (0.93±0.03) than in the control group (0.88±0.01). Growth compensation was only partial, and our data indicated clear differences in the capacity for compensation between the tanks. The tank-wise compensation capacity appears to be rather persistent, seen as a significant positive correlation in the compensation coefficients between the first and last four weeks of the experiment. Body moisture andhepatosomatic indexwere significantly higher in the 2-day starving groups than in the control group, but there were no treatment differences in stomach capacity (weight or volume), liver weight or in the relative amount ofvisceral fat. The lack of the increase in stomach capacity in the treatment group fish was hypothesized to be a consequence of selective breeding for several decades and being an unnecessary trait in farmed fishes supplied feed constantly. We conducted also a 3-week follow-up experiment to test the effects of feeding frequency (continuous feeding vs. feeding twice per day) on growth responses in rainbow trout experiencing the weekend starvation, and these results confirmed that the lack of full growth compensation in the first experiment was not due to feeding frequency. Our results suggest that weekend starvation cannot be recommended for domesticated rainbow trout without negatively affecting their growth

Student-generated instructional videos facilitate learning through positive emotions

The central focus of this study is a learning method in which university students produce instructional videos about the content matter as part of their learning process, combined with other learning assignments. The rationale for this is to promote a more multimodal pedagogy, and to provide students opportunities for a more learner-centred, motivating, active, engaging and productive role in their learning process. As such we designed a ‘video course’ where the students needed to produce an instructional video which could be used for university teaching. In addition to producing the video, the students needed to write a literature review of the topic of the video and a learning journal. At the end of the course the students filled a questionnaire regarding their learning and emotions during the project. Based on the students’ subjective answers, it appeared that producing a video, combined with writing the literature review can be an efficient way of learning. Most students found the project emotionally very positive and regarded it motivating to work on a video which they knew will have use in the future. This research suggests that a multimodal video project in a higher education setting enhances learning through increased motivation and positive emotions.peerReviewe

Replacement of fishmeal with corn gluten meal in feeds for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) does not affect oxygen consumption during forced swimming

We compared oxygen consumption (MO2, mg/kg/h) of c. 80 g rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in an intermittent-flow swim respirometer at 15 °C. Before the tests the fish were grown in flow through tanks (15 °C) with either fishmeal (FM) or corn gluten meal (CGM) based diets (c. 52% protein) for a period of 3–4.5 months. Ten individuals from both treatment groups were fasted for 48 h before the swim test, which consisted of 18 loops of 210 s over three different periods: acclimation period (6 loops at 0.5 body lengths per s, BL/s), exercise period (8 loops at increased speed from 1 to 2.5 BL/s with recovery loops at 0.5 BL/s), and a recovery period (four loops at 0.5 BL/s). We did not observe significant differences in MO2 between the two groups at any of the three measurement periods (repeated measures-Anova). The maximum (mean ± SE) MO2 values, measured during the last exercise period at 2.5 BL/s, did not differ significantly between the treatments: 404 ± 18.7 mg/kg/h and 427 ± 50.6 mg/kg/h in FM and CGM groups, respectively. Our result supports an earlier finding that origin of the protein does not affect MO2 during swimming in salmonids. This is the first report of the effect of a plant protein on MO2 of a carnivorous fish during forced swimming, and these data lend support to further development of sustainable diets to replace fishmeal with plant proteins. Abbreviations: BLbody lengths CFcondition factor CGMcorn gluten meal FMfishmeal MO2oxygen consumption (mg/kg/h)peerReviewe

Keski- ja Itä-Euroopan siirtymätalousmaiden metsäteollisuus

Taitto: Sari ElomaaRaportissa tutkitaan Keski- ja Itä-Euroopan siirtymätalouksien raakapuun, puutuoteteollisuuden tuotteiden sekä massa- ja paperiteollisuuden tuotteiden tuotantoa ja kulutusta. Tutkimusalueeseen kuuluvat Latvia, Liettua, Puola, Romania, Slovakia, T ekki, Ukraina, Valko-Venäjä ja Viro.Alueiden maiden välillä on suuria eroja metsäsektorin tuotannon rakenteessa ja tuotteiden kulutuksessa. Alue on kokonaisuudessaan raakapuun nettoviejä. Etenkin puutuoteteollisuuden monilla toimialoilla alue on nettoviejä, mutta massa- ja paperiteollisuuden tuotteiden osalta maat ovat pääosin nettotuojia. Metsäsektorin useimmilla toimialoilla eri puutuotteiden kulutus asukasta kohti on merkittävästi alhaisempi kuin EU-27:n alueella. Erityisesti Ukrainan ja Valko-Venäjän tuotanto ja kulutus on vähäistä.Kokonaisuudessaan Baltian maat muodostavat tärkeän puunjalostuksen keskittymän. Absoluuttisesti Puola on selvästi merkittävin maa alueella tuotannon ja kulutuksen määrän perusteella.Koko tutkimusalueen alueen suurehko väestöpohja ja pääosin nopeasti kasvava talous tarjonnevat tulevaisuudessa uusia liiketoimintamahdollisuuksia yritysyhteistyössä ja viennissä. Mikäli bioenergian käyttö, huonekaluteollisuus ja puurakentaminen kehittyvät alueella suotuisasti, tällä on välillisesti vaikutusta myös raakapuun ulkomaankauppaan sekä ensimmäisen ja toisen asteen jalosteiden tuotantoon ja kulutukseen

Effect of Feed Protein : Lipid Ratio on Growth Parameters of African Catfish Clarias gariepinus after Fish Meal Substitution in the Diet with Bambaranut (Voandzeia subterranea) Meal and Soybean (Glycine max) Meal

Fishmeal (FM) was substituted with soybean meal (Glycine max) (SBM) and bambaranut meal (Voandzeia subterranea) (BNM) in 10 experimental African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, diets. Feed formulation was designed using mixture model. The inclusion level of the three protein ingredients varied between 0% and 60%. Remaining 40% comprised of basal ingredients kept constant for all 10 feeds. African catfish of average initial weight 35.2 ± 0.9 g were fed with one of the treatment diets for 28 days. The protein:lipid ratios of the diets (range 1.5–3.4:1) were used in evaluating the feed utilization and growth of the fish. We found that catfish performances were mainly depending on ingredients and not the ratio itself. The protein:lipid ratios in the diets made of plant ingredients were high but SGR was low. Specific growth rate (SGR) increased with the increase of feed FM content, being ca. 5% day−1 with 60% FM diet but ca. 2% day−1 at both 60% BNM and 60% SBM diets. SGR was similar (3.5% day−1) with diets of 30% BNM or SBM inclusion with 30% FM. Feed conversion ratio increased from below 0.6 of the 60% FM diet up to 1.5 (60% SBM) and 1.7 (60% BNM). Protein efficiency ratio decreased linearly with increasing FM substitution, but protein productive value (PPV) was similar for catfish fed 60% FM diet and its 50% substitution with BNM or SBM. These results suggest that protein:lipid ratio cannot be used in assessing nutritional performance if the source of feed ingredient vary widely. However, these results suggest that BNM can partly substitute FM and completely replace SBM in the diets of African catfish.peerReviewe