Custos e benefícios da não participação do Reino Unido no sistema euro

Mestrado em Economia e Estudos EuropeusEste trabalho tem por objectivo principal compreender a razão de o Reino Unido não ter adoptado o euro. Seguimos dois objectivos secundários: perceber a atitude dos governos britânicos face à União Económica e Monetária e os efeitos das políticas da União Europeia sobre a convergência/divergência das economias inglesa e da Zona Euro. A metodologia usada para avaliar o objectivo principal consistiu na análise da intensidade comercial do Reino Unido com a Dinamarca, Suécia, Estados Unidos e Zona Euro no período 1988-2007. Concluímos que a intensidade comercial do Reino Unido é mais forte com a Zona Euro do que com os outros parceiros escolhidos, apesar de existir grande sincronia do ciclo económico britânico com o do Estados Unidos. Dado que a intensidade comercial do Reino Unido já é mais forte com a Zona Euro, a adesão do Reino Unido ao euro não suscita a expectativa de criação adicional de comércio e, nesse aspecto, a Zona Euro parece não satisfazer este critério da Teoria das Zonas Monetárias Óptimas. Neste contexto, as autoridades britânicas não têm motivação económica e é frágil a vontade política de se submeterem ao regime de funcionamento do Banco Central Europeu, que consideram lento e pouco transparente.This work’s main goal is the understanding of why the United Kingdom has not changed to the Euro. Secondarily, we addressed the British governments’ attitude towards the Economic and Monetary Union and the European Union politics’ effects on convergence/divergence of the British and Euro zone economies. The methodology used to fulfil the main goal consisted in an analysis of the commercial intensity between the United Kingdom and each of the following countries — Denmark, Sweden, United States of America and the Euro zone — from 1988 to 2007. We concluded that the commercial intensity is higher between the United Kingdom and the Euro zone than with the other chosen countries, even though the British and U.S. economical cycles are in synchrony. Given the actual strong commercial intensity between England and the Euro zone, a possible membership of the United Kingdom to the Euro zone would not create the expectation for additional commerce. Thus, the Euro zone seems not to be an Optimal Currency Area. In this context, the British authorities have neither economical motivation nor political willingness to accept the European Central Bank governance, which they consider inefficient

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Educação para a sensibilização ambiental: Uma construção de toda a sociedade

The Environmental Awareness Project (PROSA) was created to link environmental education to university extension projects at Pernambuco University. It also aims at increasing the environmental awareness of people that take part of the community of that region. This paper aims to report the experiences and actions of PROSA, which has an interdisciplinary and interagency character, promoting discussions about global degradation and ways to contribute to minimize the negative impacts. Actions are carried out through lectures and photographic exhibitions; recreational activities and workshops with recycled materials; participation in cultural, thematic and scientific events; initiatives related to International Coastal Cleanup Day. So far, the results achieved have been contributing to the training of students committed to its social and environmental mission. Besides that, it seeks to raise critical interest of the community on the environment situation of the place where they live.O PROSA – Projeto de Sensibilização Ambiental, da Universidade de Pernambuco, foi formado com o objetivo de aliar a educação ambiental com o papel da extensão universitária, junto à comunidade na qual está inserida, com o intuito de contribuir para a sensibilização e uma nova consciência ecológica. Este artigo visa relatar as experiências e ações do PROSA, que possuem um caráter interdisciplinar e interinstitucional, promovendo discussões sobre a degradação planetária e formas de contribuir para a minimização dos impactos negativos. As ações são compostas por palestras e exposições fotográficas; atividades lúdicas e/ou artísticas e oficinas com materiais recicláveis; participação em eventos culturais, temáticos e científicos; movimentos em alusão ao Dia Mundial de Limpeza dos Rios e Praias. Os resultados alcançados até o presente momento vêm contribuindo para a formação de discentes comprometidos com sua missão social e ambiental, além de despertar na comunidade um olhar crítico acerca da situação do meio ambiente onde estão inseridos

ATLANTIC ANTS: a data set of ants in Atlantic Forests of South America

International audienc

Effect of lung recruitment and titrated Positive End-Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) vs low PEEP on mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome - A randomized clinical trial

IMPORTANCE: The effects of recruitment maneuvers and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration on clinical outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To determine if lung recruitment associated with PEEP titration according to the best respiratory-system compliance decreases 28-day mortality of patients with moderate to severe ARDS compared with a conventional low-PEEP strategy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Multicenter, randomized trial conducted at 120 intensive care units (ICUs) from 9 countries from November 17, 2011, through April 25, 2017, enrolling adults with moderate to severe ARDS. INTERVENTIONS: An experimental strategy with a lung recruitment maneuver and PEEP titration according to the best respiratory-system compliance (n = 501; experimental group) or a control strategy of low PEEP (n = 509). All patients received volume-assist control mode until weaning. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was all-cause mortality until 28 days. Secondary outcomes were length of ICU and hospital stay; ventilator-free days through day 28; pneumothorax requiring drainage within 7 days; barotrauma within 7 days; and ICU, in-hospital, and 6-month mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1010 patients (37.5% female; mean [SD] age, 50.9 [17.4] years) were enrolled and followed up. At 28 days, 277 of 501 patients (55.3%) in the experimental group and 251 of 509 patients (49.3%) in the control group had died (hazard ratio [HR], 1.20; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.42; P = .041). Compared with the control group, the experimental group strategy increased 6-month mortality (65.3% vs 59.9%; HR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.38; P = .04), decreased the number of mean ventilator-free days (5.3 vs 6.4; difference, −1.1; 95% CI, −2.1 to −0.1; P = .03), increased the risk of pneumothorax requiring drainage (3.2% vs 1.2%; difference, 2.0%; 95% CI, 0.0% to 4.0%; P = .03), and the risk of barotrauma (5.6% vs 1.6%; difference, 4.0%; 95% CI, 1.5% to 6.5%; P = .001). There were no significant differences in the length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay, ICU mortality, and in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In patients with moderate to severe ARDS, a strategy with lung recruitment and titrated PEEP compared with low PEEP increased 28-day all-cause mortality. These findings do not support the routine use of lung recruitment maneuver and PEEP titration in these patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01374022