Servant Leadership, Organizational Commitment, and Perceived Organizational Support in the Restaurant Industry

The high employee turnover rate in the U.S. restaurant industry constitutes a major expense for restaurants. The research problem for this study was to determine if restaurant employees\u27 perceptions of their supervisor\u27s servant leadership practices were associated with the employees\u27 organizational commitment and perceived organizational support, which have been shown to reduce turnover. Greenleaf\u27s servant leadership theory provided the theoretical framework. The research question for this study was whether restaurant employees\u27 perceptions of their supervisor\u27s servant leadership practices were associated with the employees\u27 organizational commitment and perceived organizational support, thereby potentially reducing employees\u27 turnover rate. A purposive sample of 88 nonsupervisory employees of several South Florida casual dining restaurants completed a demographic questionnaire, short forms of the Servant Leadership Scale and Survey of Perceived Organizational Support, and the Organizational Commitment Scale. Correlation analysis was used to determine any significant (p \u3c 0.5) relationships between the independent and dependent variables. The study correlation results suggested that instituting a servant leadership approach may enable casual dining restaurants to raise their nonsupervisory employees\u27 organizational commitment and perceived perception of organizational support, thereby possibly retaining them longer. The findings have implications for social change because they may motivate casual dining restaurants to institute servant leadership, thereby potentially increasing the well-being and job satisfaction of their employees and the service experience of their customers

Laju Disolusi Suppositoria Asetosal Basis PEG 400 dan PEG 4000

Suppositoria adalah sediaan padat dalam berbagai ukuran, bobot dan bentuk, yang digunakan dengan cara diselipkan di rektal, vagina atau uretra. Bentuk sediaan suppositoria dibuat sebagai salah satu rute pemberian altematifuntuk menghindari hepatic first pass effect. Polietilen glikol sebagai salah satu basis suppositoria yang memiliki daya serap air tinggi, melarut pada cairan rektal, mudah bercampur dengan bahan obat. Asetosal adalah analgesik, antipiretik dan anti inflamasi yang sangat luas digunakan. Disolusi memegang peranan penting dalam absorpsi obat, oleh karena itu profil disolusi suatu sediaan obat sangat penting. Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mendapatkan profil disolusi suppositoria asetosal dengan penambahan crospovidone 2% dan suhu pendinginan I 0°C. Sebagai data pendukung, juga dilakukan uji karakteristik fisik suppositoria asetosal yang meliputi uji organoleptis, keseragaman bobot, kekerasan, waktu lebur dan keseragaman kadar. Dan semua uji ini dilakukan dengan mengacu pada persyaratan yang ditetapkan Farmakope Indonesia edisi IV tahun I995. Uji disolusi dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat uji disolusi tipe I (rotating basket) HANSON Dissolution Tester dalam larutan dapar fosfat pH 6,8 sebanyak 900 ml pada suhu 37°C dengan putaran 100 rpm. AUC rata-rata dari ketiga replikasi suppositoria asetosal adalah 4358,0383 dengan efisiensi disolusi rata-rata dari ketiga replikasi adalah 71,82%. Serta rata-rata o/oQ pada waktu 30 menit dari ketiga replikasi adalah 89,45%

Does sex matter? The influence of gender on gastrointestinal physiology and drug delivery.

We all respond differently to drugs. Personalised medicine aims to improve efficacy and reduce side effects, and efforts are being made to understand the physiological differences that underlie responses to drugs. Genetics, diet and disease state can be key; however, gender also plays an important role in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and drug toxicity. Differences in metabolism and clearance of drugs as a consequence of distinct hepatic and renal processes in males and females are now much better understood but little is known about gender differences in the gastrointestinal tract. As the recipient of all orally administered medications, differences at this level can have a major impact on drug delivery and bioavailability; yet these continue to be ignored and insufficiently studied in the context of drug disposition. The aim of this review is to highlight the known gender differences in gut physiology. Clinical case studies are presented, where possible, to illustrate the influence of these differences on drug disposition and gaps in current knowledge are highlighted to encourage further research in this area

Effect of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) particle size on cellulase production by Botryosphaeria sp. in solid state fermentation.

Locally isolated Botryosphaeria sp. showed the ablity to produce cellulases (FPase, CMCase and β-glucosidase) from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) as substrate. Different particle sizes (0.25-0.3 mm, 0.42-0.6 mm, 0.84-1.0 mm and 5.0-10 mm) of OPEFB were investigated under solid state fermentation on the cellulase production. The highest production of FPase and β-glucosidase were obtained from OPEFB particle size of 0.42 - 0.60 mm with 3.261 ± 0.011 U/g and 0.115 ± 0.008 U/g, respectively. It was found that among the four different OPEFB particle sizes studied, particle size of 0.84 - 1.0 mm gave the highest activity of CMCase (8.134 ± 0.071 U/g). Highest concentration of reducing sugars produced in this experiment was 4.303 ± 0.095 mg/ml

An investigation into the dispositions of Malaysian private college students towards web-based learning : attitude and contextual factors

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

The evaluation of two eleventh-grade senior high school textbooks

The objectives of this research are to (1) describe the appropriateness of two English textbooks for the eleventh graders of senior high school based on Mukundan’s criteria, and (2) describe the strengths and weaknesses of the textbooks. This research is categorized as evaluation research as it aims at evaluating the appropriateness of two English textbooks. The data were collected through document analysis and to make sure the validity and readability of the research, therefore the researcher includes one of senior high school English teachers as the interrater reliability. The objects of the research are two English textbooks; Pathway to English and Talk Active for the eleventh graders of senior high school. The research found out that both textbooks Pathway to English and Talk Active meet the criteria of a good textbook. PTE textbook fully meets 11 criteria out of 14 criteria based on Mukundan’s criteria; the book in relation to syllabus and curriculum, methodology, supplementary materials, general content, listening, speaking, reading, writing, vocabulary, grammar, and exercises. Meanwhile, TA textbook successfully fulfils 6 criteria out of 14 criteria based on Mukundan’s criteria; the book in relation to syllabus and curriculum, methodology, general content, writing, pronunciation and exercises. The results also reveal the strengths and weaknesses of each textbook. First, the PTE textbook has the strengths in the specification of the syllabus, various teaching-learning activities, activities address learning targets, supplementary material like a workbook and audio recording, teacher’s guide, simplicity and complexity of the tasks, tasks are supportive, appropriate listening tasks, the language use is authentic, speaking activities are designed to initiate students’ communicative practice and varied exercises. The weaknesses of PTE are the textbook does not provide pronunciation activity, the layout is less attractive, the price is expensive, it does not include various listening contexts such formal and informal contexts and also it has no a ready-made CD as support for listening skill. Meanwhile, the strengths of TA are the textbook is relevant to syllabus and curriculum, it provides workable activities which work well in most classroom situations, varied tasks which move from simple to complex, speaking activities are developed to improve students’ meaningful communication, reading texts are appropriate in length, writing tasks have achievable goals of improving students writing skills and the tasks are interesting, there is a number of new words across in each lesson, the textbook provides students with a glossary at the back of the textbook, pronunciation tasks are useful and interesting, exercises are adequate and they have clear instructions to understand. The main weakness of TA is that the textbook does not have an authentic audio recording or CD for listening skills, the listening activities are less appropriate and various listening contexts are not considered, individual, pairs and group work are not given in the same way in speaking practice, the price of the textbook is too expensive, it does not indicate efficient use of texts and visuals and overall, the textbook is less appropriate for the background knowledge and levels of students since it is provided balanced four basic language skills in it

First Order Analysis (FOA) Using Microsoft Excel Link to ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL)

The purpose of this paper is to define the alternative method of designing stage by applying First Order Analysis method of structure to obtain close to right design quickly to provide an overview of structure performance of general mechanical system, utilizing the Microsoft Excel as the interface of structure which conclude macro language and illusion of structure vehicle part to be change , link to ANSYS Parametric Design Language (APDL) software as macro language allowing the structure to generate as request designer of the structure.Involved in this study is the structure of vehicle four by four-part variable change as command

Fear is a Habit: Self-censorship of Chinese-language Newspapers in Malaysia

馬來西亞華文報自我審查問題前人雖有研究，但不系統，本文深度訪談四家報社新聞工作者及獨立媒體人共22位，從法政、所有權、廣告及華社等四大因素檢視華文報的自我審查。 馬來西亞獨立後，殖民時期即已存在的箝制媒體之法規干預更為明顯，至馬哈迪時期達到高峰。至阿都拉及納吉時期，媒體法令並無根本性鬆綁，但網路新聞媒體的崛起、傳統媒體政治管制的「不經意」放寬，加之2008年大選在野黨勢力崛起與民心思變，「反政府」風潮乍起，華文報遂回應社會壓力而開放言論尺度，同時仍以淡化或偏頗手法遂行自我審查。政治新聞雖有最大鬆綁，華文報在關鍵面向卻優先凸顯官方論調、唱和官方思維，藉此「市場」、「當權者」兩不得罪。作者指認這是華文報自我審查的鬆綁底線，且隨議題不同而見底線差異。在華社議題方面，不破壞華團形象的傳統立場明顯鬆動；廣告方面，卻仍嚴格維護特定大廣告主的形象。至於種族、宗教與王室三大敏感議題，以及報老闆商業利益則鬆綁幅度似乎最小。There were studies mentioning self-censorship of Chinese-language newspapers in Malaysia, but no systematic study has been conducted. This study reviews self-censorship of Chinese-language newspapers on four major factors of politics, ownership, advertising and the Chinese community, through in-depth interviews with a total of 22 journalists of four newspapers and independent media practitioners. Media control through regulatory intervention, which already existed during the colonial period, became more apparent after Malaysia achieved independence and reached its peak during Mahathir's times. During Abdullah's and Najib's eras, media law fundamentally did not deregulate, but the rise of news media on the Internet, "casual" relaxation of political control on traditional media, coupled with the rise of opposition forces during the 2008 election and the change in public thinking, gave way to "anti government" sentiment, Chinese-language newspapers opened up in terms of freedom of speech in response to social pressure, and yet still carried out self-censorship by practicing dilution or bias. Although political news reporting experienced the maximum relaxation of self-censorship, Chinese-language newspapers still preferred highlighting official rhetoric and echoing official thinking, thereby not offending both the "market" and the "authority." The author identifies this as the bottom line of self-censorship relaxation of Chinese-language newspapers, and the bottom line varies among different topics. In terms of Chinese community's social issues, the traditional position of not undermining the image of Chinese associations was apparently loosened; in terms of advertising, Chinese-language newspapers still found to be strictly maintaining image of particular major advertisers. Relaxation of self-censorship seemed to be least on the three sensitive issues of race, religion and the royal family, as well as the interests of its owner