Measuring Electric Charge and Molecular Coverage on Electrode Surface from Transient Induced Molecular Electronic Signal (TIMES).

Charge density and molecular coverage on the surface of electrode play major roles in the science and technology of surface chemistry and biochemical sensing. However, there has been no easy and direct method to characterize these quantities. By extending the method of Transient Induced Molecular Electronic Signal (TIMES) which we have used to measure molecular interactions, we are able to quantify the amount of charge in the double layers at the solution/electrode interface for different buffer strengths, buffer types, and pH values. Most uniquely, such capabilities can be applied to study surface coverage of immobilized molecules. As an example, we have measured the surface coverage for thiol-modified single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA) as anchored probe and 6-Mercapto-1-hexanol (MCH) as blocking agent on the platinum surface. Through these experiments, we demonstrate that TIMES offers a simple and accurate method to quantify surface charge and coverage of molecules on a metal surface, as an enabling tool for studies of surface properties and surface functionalization for biochemical sensing and reactions

An Effective On-line Polymer Characterization Technique by Using SALS Image Processing Software and Wavelet Analysis

This paper describes an effective on-line polymer characterization technique by using small-angle light-scattering (SALS) image processing software and wavelet analysis. The phenomenon of small-angle light scattering has been applied to give information about transparent structures on morphology. Real-time visualization of various scattered light image and light intensity matrices is performed by the optical image real-time processing software for SALS. The software can measure the signal intensity of light scattering images, draw the frequency-intensity curves and the amplitude-intensity curves to indicate the variation of the intensity of scattered light in different processing conditions, and estimate the parameters. The current study utilizes a one-dimensional wavelet to delete noise from the original SALS signal and estimate the variation trend of maximum intensity area of the scattered light. So, the system brought the qualitative analysis of the structural information of transparent film success

The Dynamical Behaviors for a Class of Immunogenic Tumor Model with Delay

This paper aims at studying the model proposed by Kuznetsov and Taylor in 1994. Inspired by Mayer et al., time delay is introduced in the general model. The dynamic behaviors of this model are studied, which include the existence and stability of the equilibria and Hopf bifurcation of the model with discrete delays. The properties of the bifurcated periodic solutions are studied by using the normal form on the center manifold. Numerical examples and simulations are given to illustrate the bifurcation analysis and the obtained results

On Minimum Spanning Subgraphs of Graphs With Proper Connection Number 2

An edge coloring of a connected graph G is a proper-path coloring if every two vertices of G are connected by a properly colored path. The minimum number of colors required of a proper-path coloring of G is called the proper connection number pc(G) of G. For a connected graph G with proper connection number 2, the minimum size of a connected spanning subgraph H of G with pc(H) = 2 is denoted by μ(G). It is shown that if s and t are integers such that t ≥ s + 2 ≥ 5, then μ(K_{s,t} ) = 2t − 2. We also determine μ(G) for several classes of complete multipartite graphs G. In particular, it is shown that if G = K_{n_1, n_2, ..., n_k} is a complete k-partite graph, where k ≥ 3, r = \sum^{k−1}_{i=1} n_i ≥ 3 and t = n_k ≥ r^2 + r, then μ(G) = 2t − 2r + 2

Type IIs restriction based combinatory modulation technique for metabolic pathway optimization

Additional file 1: Table S1. Oligonucleotides used in this study

Efficient Implementation of the Invariant Imbedding T-Matrix Method and the Separation of Variables Method Applied to Large Nonspherical Inhomogeneous Particles

Three terms, ''Waterman's T-matrix method'', ''extended boundary condition method (EBCM)'', and ''null field method'', have been interchangeable in the literature to indicate a method based on surface integral equations to calculate the T-matrix. Unlike the previous method, the invariant imbedding method (IIM) calculates the T-matrix by the use of a volume integral equation. In addition, the standard separation of variables method (SOV) can be applied to compute the T-matrix of a sphere centered at the origin of the coordinate system and having a maximal radius such that the sphere remains inscribed within a nonspherical particle. This study explores the feasibility of a numerical combination of the IIM and the SOV, hereafter referred to as the IIMSOV method, for computing the single-scattering properties of nonspherical dielectric particles, which are, in general, inhomogeneous. The IIMSOV method is shown to be capable of solving light-scattering problems for large nonspherical particles where the standard EBCM fails to converge. The IIMSOV method is flexible and applicable to inhomogeneous particles and aggregated nonspherical particles (overlapped circumscribed spheres) representing a challenge to the standard superposition T-matrix method. The IIMSOV computational program, developed in this study, is validated against EBCM simulated spheroid and cylinder cases with excellent numerical agreement (up to four decimal places). In addition, solutions for cylinders with large aspect ratios, inhomogeneous particles, and two-particle systems are compared with results from discrete dipole approximation (DDA) computations, and comparisons with the improved geometric-optics method (IGOM) are found to be quite encouraging

High visibility on-chip quantum interference of single surface plasmons

Quantum photonic integrated circuits (QPICs) based on dielectric waveguides have been widely used in linear optical quantum computation. Recently, surface plasmons have been introduced to this application because they can confine and manipulate light beyond the diffraction limit. In this study, the on-chip quantum interference of two single surface plasmons was achieved using dielectric-loaded surface-plasmon-polariton waveguides. The high visibility (greater than 90%) proves the bosonic nature of single plasmons and emphasizes the feasibility of achieving basic quantum logic gates for linear optical quantum computation. The effect of intrinsic losses in plasmonic waveguides with regard to quantum information processing is also discussed. Although the influence of this effect was negligible in the current experiment, our studies reveal that such losses can dramatically reduce quantum interference visibility in certain cases; thus, quantum coherence must be carefully considered when designing QPIC devices.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure