Análise multitemporal do uso e ocupação do solo no município de Baianópolis (BA)

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Geografia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia, 2012.Conhecer as dinâmicas de uso e ocupação do solo permite a identificação de alterações no espaço ao longo de um determinado período de tempo. Esse conhecimento é de vital importância para a preservação ambiental. O uso das ferramentas de SIG permite o mapeamento do uso e cobertura da terra em escala temporal gerando, dessa forma, informações que auxiliam no planejamento de uso e ocupação da terra com o objetivo de prevenir possíveis desastres ambientais. Devido a fatores que incluem preços baixos da terra e políticas públicas agrícolas, a ocupação do agronegócio desconcentrou-se das regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil e passou a se desenvolver nas regiões Centro-Oeste e Nordeste a partir da década de 70, impulsionando dessa forma a produção de grãos no país. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a dinâmica da expansão agrícola no município de Baianópolis - BA, localizado na mesorregião do Extremo Oeste Baiano, no recorte temporal de 1988 a 2008, visando o monitoramento da expansão do uso da terra e seus impactos ambientais. Para compreender a dinâmica da ocupação da terra no município, foi construída uma série temporal de uso e cobertura do solo a partir de dados dos sensores PRISM/ALOS e TM/LANDSAT, utilizando o método de interpretação visual. Com essa técnica foi possível verificar o avanço do uso na cobertura da terra ao longo desse período estabelecido, permitindo a identificação de Áreas de Preservação Permanente que estão sendo ocupadas pelo uso antrópico, assim como áreas de vegetação natural fragmentadas. Essa forma de utilizar dados de sensores remotos orbitais mostrou-se satisfatória para o monitoramento e compreensão da dinâmica da expansão do uso da terra em Baianópolis, podendo servir como subsídio para um planejamento ambiental sustentável na região. __________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTTo know the dynamics of land use and occupation allows the identification of changes in the space over a given period of time. This knowledge is of vital importance for environmental preservation. The use of GIS tools allows the mapping of land use and cover in temporal scale generating this way, information that can assist in planning for the use and occupation of the land with the aim to prevent possible environmental disasters. Due to factors that include low prices of land and public agricultural policies, the occupation of agribusiness moved from the South and Southeast regions of Brazil and started to develop in the central-west and northeast regions from the decade of 70, boosting the production of grain in the country. The objective of this study was to analyze the dynamics of agricultural expansion in the municipality of Baianopolis - BA, located in the mesoregion of the West of Bahia, in the time frame from 1988 to 2008, aimed at monitoring the expansion of the use of the earth and its environmental impacts. To understand the dynamics of occupation of the land in the city, a series of use and land cover data from the sensors PRISM/ALOS and TM/Landsat were built using the method of visual interpretation. With this technique it was possible to check the advance of the use in land cover over the set period, allowing the identification of Permanent Preservation Areas that are being occupied by the man-made environment, as well as fragmented areas of natural vegetation. This form of use of orbital remote sensing data was satisfactory for the monitoring and understanding the dynamics of the expansion of land use in Baianopolis, and can serve as support for a sustainable environmental planning in the region

DINÂMICA DO USO E COBERTURA DA TERRA NO MUNICÍPIO DE BAIANÓPOLIS (BA) NO PERÍODO DE VINTE ANOS (1988-2008)

The land-use/land-cover dynamicsis a key input for territorial and environmental management. This paper aims to analyze the dynamics of agricultural expansion in the municipality of Baianópolis, located in Western Bahia region, during the period from 1988 to 2008. In the last two decades, the Western Bahia had a breakthrough linked to the agribusiness agriculture. Land-use changes were identifi ed by temporal images fromALOS/PRISM and TM/Landsat sensors. Visual interpretation performed the image classifi cation. The analyses focus on the identifi cation of change patterns, the conservation status of permanent preservation areas and temporal evolution of vegetation fragmentation. After twenty years, the municipality had about 20% of its natural vegetation converted to agriculture or altered vegetation. However, the municipality still has a high percentage of preserved areas with native vegetation.A dinâmica do uso e cobertura da terra é uma informação chave para a gestão territorial e ambiental. O presente artigo tem o objetivo de analisar a dinâmica a expansão agrícola no município de Baianópolis, localizado na região do Oeste da Bahia, durante o período 1988 a 2008. Nas duas últimas décadas, a região do Oeste da Bahia teve um grande avanço da agricultura vinculada ao agronegócio. As mudanças do uso da terra foram identifi cadas por imagens temporais dos sensores ALOS/PRISM e TM/ LANDSAT. A classifi cação das imagens foi realizada por interpretação visual. As análises focaram sobre a identifi cação dos padrões de mudanças, o estado de conservação das áreas de preservação permanente e a evolução temporal da fragmentação da vegetação. Nos vinte anos analisados, oMunicípio teve cerca de 20% de sua vegetação natural convertida para a agropecuária ou vegetação alterada. No entanto, o Município ainda possui um elevado percentual de áreas preservadas com vegetação natural

Hemoperitoneum in a Cow with Lumbar Muscle Hemangiosarcoma

Background: Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of endothelial cells with an infiltrative growth pattern. Hemangiosarcomas are frequently reported in canines and rare in felines, sheep, goats, swine, horses and cattle. Few cases of hemangiosarcoma were reported in cattle. In the present report, we describe the clinicopathological findings of a bovine muscle hemangiosarcoma.Case: A 6-year-old, Girolando cow from the Dairy Cattle Sector of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, presented sternal decubitus. Clinical signs were markedly pale mucous membranes, moderate dehydration, respiratory distress, and increased heart rate. The hematological examination revealed intense regenerative anemia. Due to the worsening of the clinical condition, the cow was submitted to euthanasia. The necropsy and collection of various fragments of organs were performed, which were sent to the “Setor de Anatomia Patológica” (SAP-UFRRJ). Tissues were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, routinely processed for histology and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). The external mucous membranes were markedly pale. Multifocal areas of 1.5 x 1.0 cm, irregular and dark red were observed dissecting the quadratus lumborum muscle (hemangiosarcoma) fibers. These neoplasms were associated with an extensive cruoric clot adhered to the muscle fibers. The extensive, red, friable mass measured approximately 76 x 55 x 20 cm on the serous surfaces of the organs of the peritoneal cavity (hemoperitoneum). The spleen was moderately reduced. The bone marrow was markedly pale. Histologically, it was observed that there was an extensive proliferation of endothelial cells in the quadratus lumbar muscle mass dissecting the epimysium and perimysium. Endothelial cells had moderate pleomorphism, organized in vascular channels and forming multifocally solid areas with a significant amount of eosinophilic fibrillar material (fibrin). Sections of muscle neoplasm were subjected to immunohistochemistry with anti-von Willebrand factor primary antibody, which showed a multifocal moderate cytoplasmic immunolabeling of neoplastic endothelial cells.Discussion: There are few reports of striated muscle hemangiosarcoma in cattle. Muscular hemangiosarcomas were reported in a 4-month-old calf in the left cervical trapezius muscle and a 6-year-old Holstein cow with left pelvic limb mass lateral and distal to the knee. Some reports presented hemangiosarcoma in the iliopsoas muscle, left cervical trapezius muscle, pelvic limb muscles and right cervical muscle of the bovine. In the presented report, hemoperitoneum occurred as a result of hemorrhages from muscle hemangiosarcoma. Other studies have demonstrated cavity hemorrhages in joint, pelvic, pleural and cranial cavities associated with hemangiosarcoma. Hemangiosarcoma with regenerative anemia must be distinguished from other diseases that cause anemia. The main differential diagnoses of bovine with anemia are vena cava syndrome, coumarin derivatives poisoning, acute poisoning by Pteridium spp., tick fever, anaplasmosis, babesiosis and trypanosomiasis. Hemangiosarcoma should be differentiated from other lesions as hemangioma, vascular tumor of lymphatic endothelium and perivascular wall tumors. Cases with poorly differentiated morphology should be submitted for immunohistochemistry. In the present hemangiosarcoma case, we have used the von Willebrand factor for immunohistochemistry diagnosis. Expression of angiogenic growth factors such as CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) have also been used in the diagnosis of vascular proliferation lesions. Hemangiosarcoma in cattle should be included mainly in the differential diagnosis of diseases that cause acute anemia in cattle.Keywords: cattle, neoplasia, hemangiosarcoma, hemoperitoneum, anemia

Optimal plot size for experimentation of common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the northern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil: Experimental plots

The objective was to evaluate the minimum size of experimental plots for the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) using the modified maximum curvature method. The experiment consisted of a uniformity trial with the cultivar BRSFC-402 sown at a spacing of 0.5 m between plant rows and 10 plants per meter within the row. 20 central rows measuring 20 m in length were considered for measurements, totaling 4,000 plants on an area of 200 m2. Final bean stand (FS), mean number of pods per plant (NPP), mean number of grain per pod (NGP), mean 100-grain weight (M100), and grain yield (kg ha-1) were evaluated. At evaluations, each row with 10 plants was considered a basic unit (0.5 m2), amounting to 400 basic units whose dimensions were combined into 14 plot shapes.  The methods of relative information and modified maximum curvature were used to obtain the best shape and the most appropriate plot size, respectively, for experimental evaluation with common bean. Using these methods, and considering that the optimum plot should enable an efficient evaluation of all evaluated characteristics, the appropriate plot size was five UB (25 plants) in the format with five rows x one UB per row. Highlights Support for experimental evaluation of common beans under edaphoclimatic conditions in the northern region of Minas Gerais Experimental plots with five basic units ensure maximum precision for joint evaluation of the main phenotypic descriptors of common beans. The characteristics mass of 100 grains and productivity were associated with the smallest and the largest plot sizes, respectively.The objective was to evaluate the minimum size of experimental plots for the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) using the modified maximum curvature method. The experiment consisted of a uniformity trial with the cultivar BRSFC-402 sown at a spacing of 0.5 m between plant rows and 10 plants per meter within the row. 20 central rows measuring 20 m in length were considered for measurements, totaling 4,000 plants on an area of 200 m2. Final bean stand (FS), mean number of pods per plant (NPP), mean number of grain per pod (NGP), mean 100-grain weight (M100), and grain yield (kg ha-1) were evaluated. At evaluations, each row with 10 plants was considered a basic unit (0.5 m2), amounting to 400 basic units whose dimensions were combined into 14 plot shapes.  The methods of relative information and modified maximum curvature were used to obtain the best shape and the most appropriate plot size, respectively, for experimental evaluation with common bean. Using these methods, and considering that the optimum plot should enable an efficient evaluation of all evaluated characteristics, the appropriate plot size was five UB (25 plants) in the format with five rows x one UB per row. Highlights Support for experimental evaluation of common beans under edaphoclimatic conditions in the northern region of Minas Gerais Experimental plots with five basic units ensure maximum precision for joint evaluation of the main phenotypic descriptors of common beans. The characteristics mass of 100 grains and productivity were associated with the smallest and the largest plot sizes, respectively

Hemoperitoneum in a Cow with Lumbar Muscle Hemangiosarcoma

Background: Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of endothelial cells with an infiltrative growth pattern. Hemangiosarcomas are frequently reported in canines and rare in felines, sheep, goats, swine, horses and cattle. Few cases of hemangiosarcoma were reported in cattle. In the present report, we describe the clinicopathological findings of a bovine muscle hemangiosarcoma.Case: A 6-year-old, Girolando cow from the Dairy Cattle Sector of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, presented sternal decubitus. Clinical signs were markedly pale mucous membranes, moderate dehydration, respiratory distress, and increased heart rate. The hematological examination revealed intense regenerative anemia. Due to the worsening of the clinical condition, the cow was submitted to euthanasia. The necropsy and collection of various fragments of organs were performed, which were sent to the “Setor de Anatomia Patológica” (SAP-UFRRJ). Tissues were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, routinely processed for histology and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). The external mucous membranes were markedly pale. Multifocal areas of 1.5 x 1.0 cm, irregular and dark red were observed dissecting the quadratus lumborum muscle (hemangiosarcoma) fibers. These neoplasms were associated with an extensive cruoric clot adhered to the muscle fibers. The extensive, red, friable mass measured approximately 76 x 55 x 20 cm on the serous surfaces of the organs of the peritoneal cavity (hemoperitoneum). The spleen was moderately reduced. The bone marrow was markedly pale. Histologically, it was observed that there was an extensive proliferation of endothelial cells in the quadratus lumbar muscle mass dissecting the epimysium and perimysium. Endothelial cells had moderate pleomorphism, organized in vascular channels and forming multifocally solid areas with a significant amount of eosinophilic fibrillar material (fibrin). Sections of muscle neoplasm were subjected to immunohistochemistry with anti-von Willebrand factor primary antibody, which showed a multifocal moderate cytoplasmic immunolabeling of neoplastic endothelial cells.Discussion: There are few reports of striated muscle hemangiosarcoma in cattle. Muscular hemangiosarcomas were reported in a 4-month-old calf in the left cervical trapezius muscle and a 6-year-old Holstein cow with left pelvic limb mass lateral and distal to the knee. Some reports presented hemangiosarcoma in the iliopsoas muscle, left cervical trapezius muscle, pelvic limb muscles and right cervical muscle of the bovine. In the presented report, hemoperitoneum occurred as a result of hemorrhages from muscle hemangiosarcoma. Other studies have demonstrated cavity hemorrhages in joint, pelvic, pleural and cranial cavities associated with hemangiosarcoma. Hemangiosarcoma with regenerative anemia must be distinguished from other diseases that cause anemia. The main differential diagnoses of bovine with anemia are vena cava syndrome, coumarin derivatives poisoning, acute poisoning by Pteridium spp., tick fever, anaplasmosis, babesiosis and trypanosomiasis. Hemangiosarcoma should be differentiated from other lesions as hemangioma, vascular tumor of lymphatic endothelium and perivascular wall tumors. Cases with poorly differentiated morphology should be submitted for immunohistochemistry. In the present hemangiosarcoma case, we have used the von Willebrand factor for immunohistochemistry diagnosis. Expression of angiogenic growth factors such as CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) have also been used in the diagnosis of vascular proliferation lesions. Hemangiosarcoma in cattle should be included mainly in the differential diagnosis of diseases that cause acute anemia in cattle.Keywords: cattle, neoplasia, hemangiosarcoma, hemoperitoneum, anemia

Occurrence of anti-Brucella abortus and anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in buffaloes from Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil

 O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a frequência de animais reagentes e os fatores de risco para brucelose e leptospirose em búfalos do Estado da Paraíba. Foram utilizados 136 búfalos oriundos de 14 propriedades. Para o diagnóstico da brucelose empregou-se como teste de triagem o antígeno acidificado tamponado (AAT) e o teste do 2-mercaptoetanol (2-ME) como prova confirmatória. Para leptospirose foi realizado o teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM), com ponto de corte 1:100. Dos 136 animais examinados dois (1,5%; IC 95% = 0,4% - 5,2%) foram positivos para brucelose e 38 (27,9%; IC 95% = 21,1% - 36,0%) para leptospirose. Os animais positivos para brucelose foram procedentes de duas (14,3%) propriedades, enquanto para leptospirose nove (64,3%) propriedades apresentaram animais soropositivos. Os sorovares de Leptospira spp. mais frequentes foram Bratislava, Pomona e Canicola. Conclui-se que a leptospirose encontra-se disseminada em búfalos do Estado da Paraíba, e sugere-se que a criação consorciada com equinos e suínos pode ser um fator importante na ocorrência de animais positivos. A presença de animais positivos para brucelose indica a possibilidade de impacto negativo nas ações de controle da doença em bovinos, e dessa forma recomenda-se que maior atenção seja dada a esses animais do ponto de vista do controle da brucelose.The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of animals that tested positive for brucellosis and leptospirosis and the risk factors for these diseases in the State of Paraíba. A total of 136 buffaloes from 14 herds were examined. For brucellosis, we used the buffered acidified plate antigen (BAPA) test as screening method and 2-mercaptoethanol as confirmatory test. For leptospirosis, we conducted a microscopic agglutination test (MAT), with a cut-off point of 1:100. Of the animals examined, two [1.5%; 95% CI = 0.4%–5.2%] were positive for brucellosis, and 38 (27.9%; 95% CI = 21.1%–36.0%) were positive for leptospirosis. The brucellosis-positive animals were from two (14.3%) herds, while nine (64.3%) herds had leptospirosis-seropositive animals. The more frequent Leptospira spp. serotypes were Bratislava, Pomona, and Canicola. We concluded that leptospirosis was widespread in buffaloes in the state of Paraíba and suggested that breeding alongside horses and pigs might be na important factor in the spread of leptospirosis-positive animals. The presence of brucellosispositive animals indicated the possibility of negative-impacting measures on disease control in bovines, and it is therefore recommended that greater attention be given to these animals for brucellosis control

What does not kill it makes it weaker: effects of sub-lethal concentrations of ivermectin on the locomotor activity of Anopheles aquasalis

Abstract Background Malaria remains a major public health concern. Vector control measures based solely on insecticide treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) have demonstrated not to be feasible for malaria elimination. It has been shown that ivermectin affects several aspects of Anopheles species biology. Along the Latin American seacoast, Anopheles aquasalis Curry plays an important role in malaria transmission. The observation of mosquitoes locomotor activity under laboratory conditions can reveal details of their daily activity rhythms, which is controlled by an endogenous circadian clock that seems to be influenced by external signals, such as light and temperature. In this study, we assessed basal locomotor activity and the effects of ivermectin on locomotor activity of the American malaria vector, An. aquasalis. Methods Adult females of Anopheles aquasalis used in experiments were three to five days post-emergence. Blood from one single subject was used to provide mosquito meals by membrane feeding assays. Powdered ivermectin compound was used to achieve different concentrations of drug as previously described. Fully engorged mosquitoes were individually placed into glass tubes and provided with 10% sucrose. Each tube was placed into a Locomotor Activity Monitor (LAM). The LAMs were kept inside an incubator under a constant temperature and a 12:12 h light:dark cycle. The average locomotor activity was calculated as the mean number of movements performed per mosquito in the period considered. Intervals of time assessed were adapted from a previous study. One-way ANOVA tests were performed in order to compare means between groups. Additionally, Dunnett’s method was used for post-hoc pairwise means comparisons between each group and control. Stata software version 13 was used for the analysis. Results Anopheles aquasalis showed a nocturnal and bimodal pattern for mosquitoes fed both control blood meals and sub-lethal concentrations of ivermectin. In this species, activity peaks occurred at the beginning of the photophase and scotophase in the control group. The nocturnal activity is evident and higher just after the evening peak and maintains basal levels of locomotion throughout the scotophase. In the entire group analysis, locomotor activity means of experimental sets were significantly lower than control for each period of time evaluated. In the survival group, the locomotor activity means of all treatment sets were lower than control mosquitoes for all intervals of time when both the whole period and scotophase were assessed. When the middle of scotophase was evaluated, means were significantly lower for LC15 and LC25, but not LC5. For the beginning of photophase period, significant differences were detected only between control and LC5. When both the photophase and scotophase were assessed alone, no significant differences were found. Mean locomotor activity was significantly lower for dead group when compared to survival group for all experimental sets when whole period, photophase, and scotophase were assessed. Conclusions Ivermectin seems to decrease locomotor activity of An. aquasalis at sub-lethal concentrations. The effects on locomotor activity increase according at higher ivermectin concentrations and are most evident during the whole scotophase as well as in the beginning and in the end of this phase, and sub-lethal effects may still be observed in the photophase. Findings presented in this study demonstrate that sub-lethal ivermectin effects reduce mosquito locomotor activity, which could diminish vectorial capacity and therefore the malaria transmission

Involvement of signaling molecules in the prediction of response to imatinib treatment in metastatic GIST patients

Imatinib therapy has undoubtedly contributed to the treatment of metastatic gastrointestinal stromal (GIST) tumors that were previously untreatable. However, disease progression during treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors remains an issue in clinical practice not fully explained by KIT and PDGFRA mutation status. We investigated the role of three important signaling molecules (insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor [IGF1R], protein kinase C-? [PKC?], and Raf kinase inhibitor protein [RKIP]) that have been implicated in GIST pathogenesis as potential biomarkers for prediction of response to imatinib treatment. We retrospectively reviewed 76 patients with metastatic GIST submitted to imatinib treatment between 2002 and 2007, and analyzed 63 of them. Insulin-like growth factor 1, total PKC?, phosphorylated PKC?, and RKIP immunohistochemical expression were correlated with objective response to imatinib treatment and progression-free and overall survival. Median follow-up was 31.2 mo (95% confidence interval, 26.3-36.1 mo). There was a statistically significant association between IGF1R expression and type of response to imatinib treatment (P = 0.05)-that is, higher IGF1R expression was related to lower objective response. However, IGF1R higher expression did not affect progression-free and overall survival. Insulin-like growth factor 1, but not PKC? and RKIP, emerges as a potential biomarker for prediction of response to imatinib treatment in metastatic GISTs. Validation studies are warranted.This work was supported by an unrestricted grant from Novartis Brazil. Financial support was also provided by Fundacao do Cancer and Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro-Brazil