Impact of IL-28B polymorphisms on pegylated interferon plus ribavirin treatment response in children and adolescents infected with HCV genotypes 1 and 4

IL-28B polymorphisms are predictors of response to therapy in adults infected with hepatitis C. We do not know whether they are markers of response to therapy in children and adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL-28B gene could influence the probability of response to therapy compared with other known baseline prognostic factors and correlate with clinical findings in pediatric patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes 1 or 4. We determined three SNPs of IL-28B (rs12979860, rs12980275, and rs8099917) in 82 patients with chronic HCV infection treated with pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin (peg-IFNα/RBV). Treatment response and clinical data were analyzed. Overall, sustained virological response (SVR) was achieved by 45 % of patients infected with difficult-to-treat HCV genotypes 1 and 4. Except for IL-28B polymorphisms, there was no association of SVR with any other clinical data. IL-28B rs12979860 CC [odds ratio (OR), 6.81; p = 0.001] and rs8099917 TT (OR, 3.14; p = 0.013) genotypes were associated with higher SVR rates. IL-28B rs12980275 was not significantly associated with SVR ( p = 0.058). Only the distribution between CC and CT-TT genotypes of rs12979860 significantly differentiated patients achieving early virological response (EVR) (OR, 10.0; p = 0.011). Children with the rs12979860 CC genotype had significantly higher baseline viral load compared with CT-TT patients ( p = 0.010). In children and adolescents chronically infected with HCV genotypes 1 and 4, IL-28B rs12979860 and rs8099917 polymorphisms were the only predictors of response to peg-IFN/RBV

Radioactivity control strategy for the JUNO detector

602siopenJUNO is a massive liquid scintillator detector with a primary scientific goal of determining the neutrino mass ordering by studying the oscillated anti-neutrino flux coming from two nuclear power plants at 53 km distance. The expected signal anti-neutrino interaction rate is only 60 counts per day (cpd), therefore a careful control of the background sources due to radioactivity is critical. In particular, natural radioactivity present in all materials and in the environment represents a serious issue that could impair the sensitivity of the experiment if appropriate countermeasures were not foreseen. In this paper we discuss the background reduction strategies undertaken by the JUNO collaboration to reduce at minimum the impact of natural radioactivity. We describe our efforts for an optimized experimental design, a careful material screening and accurate detector production handling, and a constant control of the expected results through a meticulous Monte Carlo simulation program. We show that all these actions should allow us to keep the background count rate safely below the target value of 10 Hz (i.e. ∼1 cpd accidental background) in the default fiducial volume, above an energy threshold of 0.7 MeV. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]openAbusleme A.; Adam T.; Ahmad S.; Ahmed R.; Aiello S.; Akram M.; An F.; An Q.; Andronico G.; Anfimov N.; Antonelli V.; Antoshkina T.; Asavapibhop B.; de Andre J.P.A.M.; Auguste D.; Babic A.; Baldini W.; Barresi A.; Basilico D.; Baussan E.; Bellato M.; Bergnoli A.; Birkenfeld T.; Blin S.; Blum D.; Blyth S.; Bolshakova A.; Bongrand M.; Bordereau C.; Breton D.; Brigatti A.; Brugnera R.; Bruno R.; Budano A.; Buscemi M.; Busto J.; Butorov I.; Cabrera A.; Cai H.; Cai X.; Cai Y.; Cai Z.; Cammi A.; Campeny A.; Cao C.; Cao G.; Cao J.; Caruso R.; Cerna C.; Chang J.; Chang Y.; Chen P.; Chen P.-A.; Chen S.; Chen X.; Chen Y.-W.; Chen Y.; Chen Y.; Chen Z.; Cheng J.; Cheng Y.; Chetverikov A.; Chiesa D.; Chimenti P.; Chukanov A.; Claverie G.; Clementi C.; Clerbaux B.; Conforti Di Lorenzo S.; Corti D.; Cremonesi O.; Dal Corso F.; Dalager O.; De La Taille C.; Deng J.; Deng Z.; Deng Z.; Depnering W.; Diaz M.; Ding X.; Ding Y.; Dirgantara B.; Dmitrievsky S.; Dohnal T.; Dolzhikov D.; Donchenko G.; Dong J.; Doroshkevich E.; Dracos M.; Druillole F.; Du S.; Dusini S.; Dvorak M.; Enqvist T.; Enzmann H.; Fabbri A.; Fajt L.; Fan D.; Fan L.; Fang J.; Fang W.; Fargetta M.; Fedoseev D.; Fekete V.; Feng L.-C.; Feng Q.; Ford R.; Formozov A.; Fournier A.; Gan H.; Gao F.; Garfagnini A.; Giammarchi M.; Giaz A.; Giudice N.; Gonchar M.; Gong G.; Gong H.; Gornushkin Y.; Gottel A.; Grassi M.; Grewing C.; Gromov V.; Gu M.; Gu X.; Gu Y.; Guan M.; Guardone N.; Gul M.; Guo C.; Guo J.; Guo W.; Guo X.; Guo Y.; Hackspacher P.; Hagner C.; Han R.; Han Y.; Hassan M.S.; He M.; He W.; Heinz T.; Hellmuth P.; Heng Y.; Herrera R.; Hor Y.K.; Hou S.; Hsiung Y.; Hu B.-Z.; Hu H.; Hu J.; Hu J.; Hu S.; Hu T.; Hu Z.; Huang C.; Huang G.; Huang H.; Huang W.; Huang X.; Huang X.; Huang Y.; Hui J.; Huo L.; Huo W.; Huss C.; Hussain S.; Ioannisian A.; Isocrate R.; Jelmini B.; Jen K.-L.; Jeria I.; Ji X.; Ji X.; Jia H.; Jia J.; Jian S.; Jiang D.; Jiang X.; Jin R.; Jing X.; Jollet C.; Joutsenvaara J.; Jungthawan S.; Kalousis L.; Kampmann P.; Kang L.; Karaparambil R.; Kazarian N.; Khan W.; Khosonthongkee K.; Korablev D.; Kouzakov K.; Krasnoperov A.; Kruth A.; Kutovskiy N.; Kuusiniemi P.; Lachenmaier T.; Landini C.; Leblanc S.; Lebrin V.; Lefevre F.; Lei R.; Leitner R.; Leung J.; Li D.; Li F.; Li F.; Li H.; Li H.; Li J.; Li M.; Li M.; Li N.; Li N.; Li Q.; Li R.; Li S.; Li T.; Li W.; Li W.; Li X.; Li X.; Li X.; Li Y.; Li Y.; Li Z.; Li Z.; Li Z.; Liang H.; Liang H.; Liao J.; Liebau D.; Limphirat A.; Limpijumnong S.; Lin G.-L.; Lin S.; Lin T.; Ling J.; Lippi I.; Liu F.; Liu H.; Liu H.; Liu H.; Liu H.; Liu H.; Liu J.; Liu J.; Liu M.; Liu Q.; Liu Q.; Liu R.; Liu S.; Liu S.; Liu S.; Liu X.; Liu X.; Liu Y.; Liu Y.; Lokhov A.; Lombardi P.; Lombardo C.; Loo K.; Lu C.; Lu H.; Lu J.; Lu J.; Lu S.; Lu X.; Lubsandorzhiev B.; Lubsandorzhiev S.; Ludhova L.; Luo F.; Luo G.; Luo P.; Luo S.; Luo W.; Lyashuk V.; Ma B.; Ma Q.; Ma S.; Ma X.; Ma X.; Maalmi J.; Malyshkin Y.; Mantovani F.; Manzali F.; Mao X.; Mao Y.; Mari S.M.; Marini F.; Marium S.; Martellini C.; Martin-Chassard G.; Martini A.; Mayer M.; Mayilyan D.; Mednieks I.; Meng Y.; Meregaglia A.; Meroni E.; Meyhofer D.; Mezzetto M.; Miller J.; Miramonti L.; Montini P.; Montuschi M.; Muller A.; Nastasi M.; Naumov D.V.; Naumova E.; Navas-Nicolas D.; Nemchenok I.; Nguyen Thi M.T.; Ning F.; Ning Z.; Nunokawa H.; Oberauer L.; Ochoa-Ricoux J.P.; Olshevskiy A.; Orestano D.; Ortica F.; Othegraven R.; Pan H.-R.; Paoloni A.; Parmeggiano S.; Pei Y.; Pelliccia N.; Peng A.; Peng H.; Perrot F.; Petitjean P.-A.; Petrucci F.; Pilarczyk O.; Pineres Rico L.F.; Popov A.; Poussot P.; Pratumwan W.; Previtali E.; Qi F.; Qi M.; Qian S.; Qian X.; Qian Z.; Qiao H.; Qin Z.; Qiu S.; Rajput M.U.; Ranucci G.; Raper N.; Re A.; Rebber H.; Rebii A.; Ren B.; Ren J.; Ricci B.; Robens M.; Roche M.; Rodphai N.; Romani A.; Roskovec B.; Roth C.; Ruan X.; Ruan X.; Rujirawat S.; Rybnikov A.; Sadovsky A.; Saggese P.; Sanfilippo S.; Sangka A.; Sanguansak N.; Sawangwit U.; Sawatzki J.; Sawy F.; Schever M.; Schwab C.; Schweizer K.; Selyunin A.; Serafini A.; Settanta G.; Settimo M.; Shao Z.; Sharov V.; Shaydurova A.; Shi J.; Shi Y.; Shutov V.; Sidorenkov A.; Simkovic F.; Sirignano C.; Siripak J.; Sisti M.; Slupecki M.; Smirnov M.; Smirnov O.; Sogo-Bezerra T.; Sokolov S.; Songwadhana J.; Soonthornthum B.; Sotnikov A.; Sramek O.; Sreethawong W.; Stahl A.; Stanco L.; Stankevich K.; Stefanik D.; Steiger H.; Steinmann J.; Sterr T.; Stock M.R.; Strati V.; Studenikin A.; Sun S.; Sun X.; Sun Y.; Sun Y.; Suwonjandee N.; Szelezniak M.; Tang J.; Tang Q.; Tang Q.; Tang X.; Tietzsch A.; Tkachev I.; Tmej T.; Treskov K.; Triossi A.; Troni G.; Trzaska W.; Tuve C.; Ushakov N.; van den Boom J.; van Waasen S.; Vanroyen G.; Vassilopoulos N.; Vedin V.; Verde G.; Vialkov M.; Viaud B.; Vollbrecht M.C.; Volpe C.; Vorobel V.; Voronin D.; Votano L.; Walker P.; Wang C.; Wang C.-H.; Wang E.; Wang G.; Wang J.; Wang J.; Wang K.; Wang L.; Wang M.; Wang M.; Wang M.; Wang R.; Wang S.; Wang W.; Wang W.; Wang W.; Wang X.; Wang X.; Wang Y.; Wang Y.; Wang Y.; Wang Y.; Wang Y.; Wang Y.; Wang Y.; Wang Z.; Wang Z.; Wang Z.; Wang Z.; Waqas M.; Watcharangkool A.; Wei L.; Wei W.; Wei W.; Wei Y.; Wen L.; Wiebusch C.; Wong S.C.-F.; Wonsak B.; Wu D.; Wu F.; Wu Q.; Wu Z.; Wurm M.; Wurtz J.; Wysotzki C.; Xi Y.; Xia D.; Xie X.; Xie Y.; Xie Z.; Xing Z.; Xu B.; Xu C.; Xu D.; Xu F.; Xu H.; Xu J.; Xu J.; Xu M.; Xu Y.; Xu Y.; Yan B.; Yan T.; Yan W.; Yan X.; Yan Y.; Yang A.; Yang C.; Yang C.; Yang H.; Yang J.; Yang L.; Yang X.; Yang Y.; Yang Y.; Yao H.; Yasin Z.; Ye J.; Ye M.; Ye Z.; Yegin U.; Yermia F.; Yi P.; Yin N.; Yin X.; You Z.; Yu B.; Yu C.; Yu C.; Yu H.; Yu M.; Yu X.; Yu Z.; Yu Z.; Yuan C.; Yuan Y.; Yuan Z.; Yuan Z.; Yue B.; Zafar N.; Zambanini A.; Zavadskyi V.; Zeng S.; Zeng T.; Zeng Y.; Zhan L.; Zhang A.; Zhang F.; Zhang G.; Zhang H.; Zhang H.; Zhang J.; Zhang J.; Zhang J.; Zhang J.; Zhang J.; Zhang P.; Zhang Q.; Zhang S.; Zhang S.; Zhang T.; Zhang X.; Zhang X.; Zhang X.; Zhang Y.; Zhang Y.; Zhang Y.; Zhang Y.; Zhang Y.; Zhang Y.; Zhang Z.; Zhang Z.; Zhao F.; Zhao J.; Zhao R.; Zhao S.; Zhao T.; Zheng D.; Zheng H.; Zheng M.; Zheng Y.; Zhong W.; Zhou J.; Zhou L.; Zhou N.; Zhou S.; Zhou T.; Zhou X.; Zhu J.; Zhu K.; Zhu K.; Zhu Z.; Zhuang B.; Zhuang H.; Zong L.; Zou J.Abusleme, A.; Adam, T.; Ahmad, S.; Ahmed, R.; Aiello, S.; Akram, M.; An, F.; An, Q.; Andronico, G.; Anfimov, N.; Antonelli, V.; Antoshkina, T.; Asavapibhop, B.; de Andre, J. P. A. M.; Auguste, D.; Babic, A.; Baldini, W.; Barresi, A.; Basilico, D.; Baussan, E.; Bellato, M.; Bergnoli, A.; Birkenfeld, T.; Blin, S.; Blum, D.; Blyth, S.; Bolshakova, A.; Bongrand, M.; Bordereau, C.; Breton, D.; Brigatti, A.; Brugnera, R.; Bruno, R.; Budano, A.; Buscemi, M.; Busto, J.; Butorov, I.; Cabrera, A.; Cai, H.; Cai, X.; Cai, Y.; Cai, Z.; Cammi, A.; Campeny, A.; Cao, C.; Cao, G.; Cao, J.; Caruso, R.; Cerna, C.; Chang, J.; Chang, Y.; Chen, P.; Chen, P. -A.; Chen, S.; Chen, X.; Chen, Y. -W.; Chen, Y.; Chen, Y.; Chen, Z.; Cheng, J.; Cheng, Y.; Chetverikov, A.; Chiesa, D.; Chimenti, P.; Chukanov, A.; Claverie, G.; Clementi, C.; Clerbaux, B.; Conforti Di Lorenzo, S.; Corti, D.; Cremonesi, O.; Dal Corso, F.; Dalager, O.; De La Taille, C.; Deng, J.; Deng, Z.; Deng, Z.; Depnering, W.; Diaz, M.; Ding, X.; Ding, Y.; Dirgantara, B.; Dmitrievsky, S.; Dohnal, T.; Dolzhikov, D.; Donchenko, G.; Dong, J.; Doroshkevich, E.; Dracos, M.; Druillole, F.; Du, S.; Dusini, S.; Dvorak, M.; Enqvist, T.; Enzmann, H.; Fabbri, A.; Fajt, L.; Fan, D.; Fan, L.; Fang, J.; Fang, W.; Fargetta, M.; Fedoseev, D.; Fekete, V.; Feng, L. -C.; Feng, Q.; Ford, R.; Formozov, A.; Fournier, A.; Gan, H.; Gao, F.; Garfagnini, A.; Giammarchi, M.; Giaz, A.; Giudice, N.; Gonchar, M.; Gong, G.; Gong, H.; Gornushkin, Y.; Gottel, A.; Grassi, M.; Grewing, C.; Gromov, V.; Gu, M.; Gu, X.; Gu, Y.; Guan, M.; Guardone, N.; Gul, M.; Guo, C.; Guo, J.; Guo, W.; Guo, X.; Guo, Y.; Hackspacher, P.; Hagner, C.; Han, R.; Han, Y.; Hassan, M. S.; He, M.; He, W.; Heinz, T.; Hellmuth, P.; Heng, Y.; Herrera, R.; Hor, Y. K.; Hou, S.; Hsiung, Y.; Hu, B. -Z.; Hu, H.; Hu, J.; Hu, J.; Hu, S.; Hu, T.; Hu, Z.; Huang, C.; Huang, G.; Huang, H.; Huang, W.; Huang, X.; Huang, X.; Huang, Y.; Hui, J.; Huo, L.; Huo, W.; Huss, C.; Hussain, S.; Ioannisian, A.; Isocrate, R.; Jelmini, B.; Jen, K. -L.; Jeria, I.; Ji, X.; Ji, X.; Jia, H.; Jia, J.; Jian, S.; Jiang, D.; Jiang, X.; Jin, R.; Jing, X.; Jollet, C.; Joutsenvaara, J.; Jungthawan, S.; Kalousis, L.; Kampmann, P.; Kang, L.; Karaparambil, R.; Kazarian, N.; Khan, W.; Khosonthongkee, K.; Korablev, D.; Kouzakov, K.; Krasnoperov, A.; Kruth, A.; Kutovskiy, N.; Kuusiniemi, P.; Lachenmaier, T.; Landini, C.; Leblanc, S.; Lebrin, V.; Lefevre, F.; Lei, R.; Leitner, R.; Leung, J.; Li, D.; Li, F.; Li, F.; Li, H.; Li, H.; Li, J.; Li, M.; Li, M.; Li, N.; Li, N.; Li, Q.; Li, R.; Li, S.; Li, T.; Li, W.; Li, W.; Li, X.; Li, X.; Li, X.; Li, Y.; Li, Y.; Li, Z.; Li, Z.; Li, Z.; Liang, H.; Liang, H.; Liao, J.; Liebau, D.; Limphirat, A.; Limpijumnong, S.; Lin, G. -L.; Lin, S.; Lin, T.; Ling, J.; Lippi, I.; Liu, F.; Liu, H.; Liu, H.; Liu, H.; Liu, H.; Liu, H.; Liu, J.; Liu, J.; Liu, M.; Liu, Q.; Liu, Q.; Liu, R.; Liu, S.; Liu, S.; Liu, S.; Liu, X.; Liu, X.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Y.; Lokhov, A.; Lombardi, P.; Lombardo, C.; Loo, K.; Lu, C.; Lu, H.; Lu, J.; Lu, J.; Lu, S.; Lu, X.; Lubsandorzhiev, B.; Lubsandorzhiev, S.; Ludhova, L.; Luo, F.; Luo, G.; Luo, P.; Luo, S.; Luo, W.; Lyashuk, V.; Ma, B.; Ma, Q.; Ma, S.; Ma, X.; Ma, X.; Maalmi, J.; Malyshkin, Y.; Mantovani, F.; Manzali, F.; Mao, X.; Mao, Y.; Mari, S. M.; Marini, F.; Marium, S.; Martellini, C.; Martin-Chassard, G.; Martini, A.; Mayer, M.; Mayilyan, D.; Mednieks, I.; Meng, Y.; Meregaglia, A.; Meroni, E.; Meyhofer, D.; Mezzetto, M.; Miller, J.; Miramonti, L.; Montini, P.; Montuschi, M.; Muller, A.; Nastasi, M.; Naumov, D. V.; Naumova, E.; Navas-Nicolas, D.; Nemchenok, I.; Nguyen Thi, M. T.; Ning, F.; Ning, Z.; Nunokawa, H.; Oberauer, L.; Ochoa-Ricoux, J. P.; Olshevskiy, A.; Orestano, D.; Ortica, F.; Othegraven, R.; Pan, H. -R.; Paoloni, A.; Parmeggiano, S.; Pei, Y.; Pelliccia, N.; Peng, A.; Peng, H.; Perrot, F.; Petitjean, P. -A.; Petrucci, F.; Pilarczyk, O.; Pineres Rico, L. F.; Popov, A.; Poussot, P.; Pratumwan, W.; Previtali, E.; Qi, F.; Qi, M.; Qian, S.; Qian, X.; Qian, Z.; Qiao, H.; Qin, Z.; Qiu, S.; Rajput, M. U.; Ranucci, G.; Raper, N.; Re, A.; Rebber, H.; Rebii, A.; Ren, B.; Ren, J.; Ricci, B.; Robens, M.; Roche, M.; Rodphai, N.; Romani, A.; Roskovec, B.; Roth, C.; Ruan, X.; Ruan, X.; Rujirawat, S.; Rybnikov, A.; Sadovsky, A.; Saggese, P.; Sanfilippo, S.; Sangka, A.; Sanguansak, N.; Sawangwit, U.; Sawatzki, J.; Sawy, F.; Schever, M.; Schwab, C.; Schweizer, K.; Selyunin, A.; Serafini, A.; Settanta, G.; Settimo, M.; Shao, Z.; Sharov, V.; Shaydurova, A.; Shi, J.; Shi, Y.; Shutov, V.; Sidorenkov, A.; Simkovic, F.; Sirignano, C.; Siripak, J.; Sisti, M.; Slupecki, M.; Smirnov, M.; Smirnov, O.; Sogo-Bezerra, T.; Sokolov, S.; Songwadhana, J.; Soonthornthum, B.; Sotnikov, A.; Sramek, O.; Sreethawong, W.; Stahl, A.; Stanco, L.; Stankevich, K.; Stefanik, D.; Steiger, H.; Steinmann, J.; Sterr, T.; Stock, M. R.; Strati, V.; Studenikin, A.; Sun, S.; Sun, X.; Sun, Y.; Sun, Y.; Suwonjandee, N.; Szelezniak, M.; Tang, J.; Tang, Q.; Tang, Q.; Tang, X.; Tietzsch, A.; Tkachev, I.; Tmej, T.; Treskov, K.; Triossi, A.; Troni, G.; Trzaska, W.; Tuve, C.; Ushakov, N.; van den Boom, J.; van Waasen, S.; Vanroyen, G.; Vassilopoulos, N.; Vedin, V.; Verde, G.; Vialkov, M.; Viaud, B.; Vollbrecht, M. C.; Volpe, C.; Vorobel, V.; Voronin, D.; Votano, L.; Walker, P.; Wang, C.; Wang, C. -H.; Wang, E.; Wang, G.; Wang, J.; Wang, J.; Wang, K.; Wang, L.; Wang, M.; Wang, M.; Wang, M.; Wang, R.; Wang, S.; Wang, W.; Wang, W.; Wang, W.; Wang, X.; Wang, X.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Z.; Wang, Z.; Waqas, M.; Watcharangkool, A.; Wei, L.; Wei, W.; Wei, W.; Wei, Y.; Wen, L.; Wiebusch, C.; Wong, S. C. -F.; Wonsak, B.; Wu, D.; Wu, F.; Wu, Q.; Wu, Z.; Wurm, M.; Wurtz, J.; Wysotzki, C.; Xi, Y.; Xia, D.; Xie, X.; Xie, Y.; Xie, Z.; Xing, Z.; Xu, B.; Xu, C.; Xu, D.; Xu, F.; Xu, H.; Xu, J.; Xu, J.; Xu, M.; Xu, Y.; Xu, Y.; Yan, B.; Yan, T.; Yan, W.; Yan, X.; Yan, Y.; Yang, A.; Yang, C.; Yang, C.; Yang, H.; Yang, J.; Yang, L.; Yang, X.; Yang, Y.; Yang, Y.; Yao, H.; Yasin, Z.; Ye, J.; Ye, M.; Ye, Z.; Yegin, U.; Yermia, F.; Yi, P.; Yin, N.; Yin, X.; You, Z.; Yu, B.; Yu, C.; Yu, C.; Yu, H.; Yu, M.; Yu, X.; Yu, Z.; Yu, Z.; Yuan, C.; Yuan, Y.; Yuan, Z.; Yuan, Z.; Yue, B.; Zafar, N.; Zambanini, A.; Zavadskyi, V.; Zeng, S.; Zeng, T.; Zeng, Y.; Zhan, L.; Zhang, A.; Zhang, F.; Zhang, G.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, P.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, T.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, Z.; Zhao, F.; Zhao, J.; Zhao, R.; Zhao, S.; Zhao, T.; Zheng, D.; Zheng, H.; Zheng, M.; Zheng, Y.; Zhong, W.; Zhou, J.; Zhou, L.; Zhou, N.; Zhou, S.; Zhou, T.; Zhou, X.; Zhu, J.; Zhu, K.; Zhu, K.; Zhu, Z.; Zhuang, B.; Zhuang, H.; Zong, L.; Zou, J

Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

Contains fulltext : 172380.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access

Trial setup and statistical analysis

The response from field trials is subject to random variation. This means that two neighbouring plots grown with the same variety and treated in the same way will always yield differently. This also applies to all other recordings made on a continuous scale. The size of the differences will depend on several circumstances such as the variability in the soil, variability in the applied fertilizer, historical events and uncertainty in the recording process. This means that a recorded difference between e.g. two varieties may be due to either a true difference in the response of the two varieties or may be due to random variations. In order to help decide whether the difference is caused by the different varieties or by random variation it is necessary to apply some statistical methods in order to estimate the actual size of the random variation in the field and compare the measured difference with the size of the random variation. In order to do that properly it is necessary to use properly designed trials and the correct way of analysing the recorded data

Analysis of downy mildew infection of field pea varieties using the logistic model

The logistic model is commonly used for analysis of discrete, multinomial data. Such a model was used for the statistical evaluation of data concerning infection of field pea varieties by downy mildew, in two series of field trials. Each series consisted of experiments performed in locations spread over the whole of Poland in the time period from 2002 to 2005. Varieties cultivated on light soils were compared in the first series, and varieties cultivated on rich soils in the second. The most resistant varieties were identified (Sokolik - light soils, Terno - rich soils) and significant differences among varieties were detected. Estimators of model parameters were found using the Fisher scoring method implemented in logistic glm procedure of the SAS system