Evolution of endosymbionts' genomes in phloemophagous insects : the case of Hamiltonella defensa in interaction with its different partners

Hamiltonella defensa est un endosymbiote secondaire ayant établi deux associations très distinctes chez les insectes phloémophages. Chez les pucerons, la bactérie protège l'hôte contre les parasitoïdes. Elle infecte de nombreux tissus dans l'hôte, et notamment l'hémolymphe, ce qui favoriserait le contact avec les oeufs de parasitoïdes. Malgré ce phénotype protecteur, les coûts importants que sa présence inflige à son hôte empêchent sa fixation dans les populations. Chez l'aleurode Bemisia tabaci, on ne retrouve la bactérie que dans des cellules spécialisées dans l'hébergement des endosymbiotes, les bactériocytes. Elle s'y trouve entre autres en présence du symbiote primaire, Portiera aleyrodidarum, des conditions de vie propices aux échanges entre les deux symbiotes. Elle est fixée dans les populations d'insectes, ce qui suggère un rôle important pour le consortium, qui serait nutritif. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux spécificités de chacun de ces systèmes. Nous nous sommes également attardés sur l'évolution génomique du genre Hamiltonella, en comparant des souches infectant B. tabaci à une souche de puceron. Pour finir, nous nous sommes intéressés aux phénomènes d'accélération des taux de mutations chez H. defensa, comparativement à son espèce-soeur Regiella insecticola, également endosymbiotique et protectrice du puceron. Après avoir éliminé l'hypothèse selon laquelle la transition vers la vie intracellulaire aurait eu lieu indépendamment dans les deux lignées, nous avons tenté d'établir un lien entre ces différentiels d'évolvabilité chez les endosymbiotes et leur contenu en gènes, notamment ceux impliqués dans l'écologie et la réparation de l'ADN. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus au cours de ce Doctorat ont permis de mieux comprendre l'évolution de l'espèce H. defensa, depuis le dernier ancêtre jusqu'aux espèces actuelles, en tâchant de faire le lien entre phénotype de la bactérie et évolution génomiqueHamiltonella defensa is a secondary endosymbiont that established two distinct associations with phloemophagous insects. In aphids, it protects the host against parasitoid attacks. Its ability to infect many host tissues, notably the hemolymph, could promote its contact with parasitoid eggs. Despite this protective phenotype, the high costs associated with its presence within the host prevent its fixation in the population. In the whitefly Bemisia tabaci however, this symbiont is found only in cells specialized in hosting endosymbionts, the bacteriocytes. In these cells, it cohabits with other symbiotic species, such as the primary symbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum, a proximity that favors potential exchanges between the two symbionts. It is fixed in populations of B. tabaci, which suggests an important role for the consortium, probably nutritious. As part of this PhD thesis, we studied the specificities of each of these systems. We also focused on the genomic evolution of the genus Hamiltonella, by comparing the strains infecting B. tabaci with a strain infecting the aphids. Finally, we studied the phenomenon of ‘accelerated mutation rate’ in H. defensa, compared to its sister species Regiella insecticola, which is also a clade of protective endosymbionts of aphids. After excluding the assumption that the transition to the intracellular life occurred independently in the two lineages, we tried to establish a link between these differences in terms of evolvability in the endosymbionts and of their gene contents, particularly for genes involved in ecology and DNA repair. All the results obtained during this PhD have provided insight into the evolution of the species H. defensa, since the last ancestor to the present species, by establishing a link between bacterial phenotype and genomic evolutio

Évolution des génomes des endosymbiotes chez les insectes phloémophages : le cas d'Hamiltonella defensa en interaction avec ses différents partenaires

Hamiltonella defensa is a secondary endosymbiont that established two distinct associations with phloemophagous insects. In aphids, it protects the host against parasitoid attacks. Its ability to infect many host tissues, notably the hemolymph, could promote its contact with parasitoid eggs. Despite this protective phenotype, the high costs associated with its presence within the host prevent its fixation in the population. In the whitefly Bemisia tabaci however, this symbiont is found only in cells specialized in hosting endosymbionts, the bacteriocytes. In these cells, it cohabits with other symbiotic species, such as the primary symbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum, a proximity that favors potential exchanges between the two symbionts. It is fixed in populations of B. tabaci, which suggests an important role for the consortium, probably nutritious. As part of this PhD thesis, we studied the specificities of each of these systems. We also focused on the genomic evolution of the genus Hamiltonella, by comparing the strains infecting B. tabaci with a strain infecting the aphids. Finally, we studied the phenomenon of ‘accelerated mutation rate’ in H. defensa, compared to its sister species Regiella insecticola, which is also a clade of protective endosymbionts of aphids. After excluding the assumption that the transition to the intracellular life occurred independently in the two lineages, we tried to establish a link between these differences in terms of evolvability in the endosymbionts and of their gene contents, particularly for genes involved in ecology and DNA repair. All the results obtained during this PhD have provided insight into the evolution of the species H. defensa, since the last ancestor to the present species, by establishing a link between bacterial phenotype and genomic evolutionHamiltonella defensa est un endosymbiote secondaire ayant établi deux associations très distinctes chez les insectes phloémophages. Chez les pucerons, la bactérie protège l'hôte contre les parasitoïdes. Elle infecte de nombreux tissus dans l'hôte, et notamment l'hémolymphe, ce qui favoriserait le contact avec les oeufs de parasitoïdes. Malgré ce phénotype protecteur, les coûts importants que sa présence inflige à son hôte empêchent sa fixation dans les populations. Chez l'aleurode Bemisia tabaci, on ne retrouve la bactérie que dans des cellules spécialisées dans l'hébergement des endosymbiotes, les bactériocytes. Elle s'y trouve entre autres en présence du symbiote primaire, Portiera aleyrodidarum, des conditions de vie propices aux échanges entre les deux symbiotes. Elle est fixée dans les populations d'insectes, ce qui suggère un rôle important pour le consortium, qui serait nutritif. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés aux spécificités de chacun de ces systèmes. Nous nous sommes également attardés sur l'évolution génomique du genre Hamiltonella, en comparant des souches infectant B. tabaci à une souche de puceron. Pour finir, nous nous sommes intéressés aux phénomènes d'accélération des taux de mutations chez H. defensa, comparativement à son espèce-soeur Regiella insecticola, également endosymbiotique et protectrice du puceron. Après avoir éliminé l'hypothèse selon laquelle la transition vers la vie intracellulaire aurait eu lieu indépendamment dans les deux lignées, nous avons tenté d'établir un lien entre ces différentiels d'évolvabilité chez les endosymbiotes et leur contenu en gènes, notamment ceux impliqués dans l'écologie et la réparation de l'ADN. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus au cours de ce Doctorat ont permis de mieux comprendre l'évolution de l'espèce H. defensa, depuis le dernier ancêtre jusqu'aux espèces actuelles, en tâchant de faire le lien entre phénotype de la bactérie et évolution génomiqu

Whole Sequencing of Most Prevalent Dilated Cardiomyopathy-Causing Genes as a Molecular Strategy to Improve Molecular Diagnosis Efficiency?

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The Genome of Cardinium cBtQ1 Provides Insights into Genome Reduction, Symbiont Motility, and Its Settlement in Bemisia tabaci

International audienceMany insects harbor inherited bacterial endosymbionts. Although some of them are not strictly essential and are considered facultative, they can be a key to host survival under specific environmental conditions, such as parasitoid attacks, climate changes, or insecticide pressures. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is at the top of the list of organisms inflicting agricultural damage and outbreaks, and changes in its distribution may be associated to global warming. In this work, we have sequenced and analyzed the genome of Cardinium cBtQ1, a facultative bacterial endosymbiont of B. tabaci and propose that it belongs to a new taxonomic family, which also includes Candidatus Amoebophilus asiaticus and Cardinium cEper1, endosymbionts of amoeba and wasps, respectively. Reconstruction of their last common ancestors' gene contents revealed an initial massive gene loss from the free-living ancestor. This was followed in Cardinium by smaller losses, associated with settlement in arthropods. Some of these losses, affecting cofactor and amino acid biosynthetic encoding genes, took place in Cardinium cBtQ1 after its divergence from the Cardinium cEper1 lineage and were related to its settlement in the whitefly and its endosymbionts. Furthermore, the Cardinium cBtQ1 genome displays a large proportion of transposable elements, which have recently inactivated genes and produced chromosomal rearrangements. The genome also contains a chromosomal duplication and a multicopy plasmid, which harbors several genes putatively associated with gliding motility, as well as two other genes encoding proteins with potential insecticidal activity. As gene amplification is very rare in endosymbionts, an important function of these genes cannot be ruled out

A 14q distal chromoanagenesis elucidated by whole genome sequencing

International audienceChromoanagenesis represents an extreme form of genomic rearrangements involving multiple breaks occurring on a single or multiple chromosomes. It has been recently described in both acquired and rare constitutional genetic disorders. Constitutional chromoanagenesis events could lead to abnormal phenotypes including developmental delay and congenital anomalies, and have also been implicated in some specific syndromic disorders. We report the case of a girl presenting with growth retardation, hypotonia, microcephaly, dysmorphic features, coloboma, and hypoplastic corpus callosum. Karyotype showed a de novo structurally abnormal chromosome 14q31qter region. Molecular characterization using SNP-array revealed a complex unbalanced rearrangement in 14q31.1-q32.2, on the paternal chromosome 14, including thirteen interstitial deletions ranging from 33 kb to 1.56 Mb in size, with a total of 4.1 Mb in size, thus suggesting that a single event like chromoanagenesis occurred. To our knowledge, this is one of the first case of 14q distal deletion due to a germline chromoanagenesis. Genome sequencing allowed the characterization of 50 breakpoints, leading to interruption of 10 genes including YY1 which fit with the patient's phenotype. This precise genotyping of breaking junction allowed better definition of genotype-phenotype correlations

A genetic landscape of familial predisposition to sarcoidosis identified by whole exome sequencing

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Complete characterisation of two new large Xq28 duplications involving F8 using whole genome sequencing in patients without haemophilia A

International audienceAbstract Introduction Depending on the location of insertion of the gained region, F8 duplications can have variable clinical impacts from benign impact to severe haemophilia A phenotype. Aim To characterize two large Xq28 duplications involving F8 incidentally detected by chromosome microarray analysis (CMA) in two patients presenting severe intellectual disability but no history of bleeding disorder. Methods Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed in order to characterize the two large Xq28 duplications at nucleotide level. Results In patient 1, a 60–73 kb gained region encompassing the exons 23–26 of F8 and SMIM9 was inserted at the int22h‐2 locus following a non‐homologous recombination between int22h‐1 and int22h‐2. We hypothesized that two independent events, micro‐homology‐mediated break‐induced replication (MMBIR) and break‐induced replication (BIR), could be involved in this rearrangement. In patient 2, the CMA found duplication from 101 to 116‐kb long encompassing the exons 16–26 of F8 and SMIM9 . The WGS analysis identified a more complex rearrangement with the presence of three genomic junctions. Due to the multiple micro‐homologies observed at breakpoints, a replication‐based mechanism such as fork stalling and template switching (FoSTeS) was greatly suspected. In both cases, these complex rearrangements preserved an intact copy of the F8 . Conclusion This study highlights the value of WGS to characterize the genomic junction at the nucleotide level and ultimately better describe the molecular mechanisms involved in Xq28 structural variations. It also emphasizes the importance of specifying the structure of the genomic gain in order to improve genotype‐phenotype correlation and genetic counselling

Whole MYBPC3 NGS sequencing as a molecular strategy to improve the efficiency of molecular diagnosis of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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A new 165-SNP low-density lipoprotein cholesterol polygenic risk score based on next generation sequencing outperforms previously published scores in routine diagnostics of familial hypercholesterolemia

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