Race, Menopause, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Psychological Well-Being in Obese Women

Race, menopause, health-related quality of life, and psychological well-being in obese women. Obes Res. 2002;10:1270 –1275. Objective: To investigate the health-related quality of life (HR-QOL) in African-American (AA) and white (W) obese women. Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 145 obese women (80 AA and 65 W; 87 premenopausal and 58 postmenopausal) who completed the Medical Outcomes Study short form, the Brief Symptom Inventory, the Life Distress Inventory, the Satisfaction With Life Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale before entering a weight-loss study. The mean age of the subjects was 46.3   11.1 years and the mean body mass index was 35.2   4.2 kg/m2. Results: Although AA women were slightly heavier (95.3   10.3 kg vs. 91.5   11.6 kg, p   0.05) and less educated (14.2   3.7 years vs. 15.7   3.7 years, p   0.05) than the W women in the sample, there was no difference between the two ethnic groups in any of the reported HR-QOL variables. Menopausal status had a significant effect on HR-QOL, with premenopausal women being more distressed (p   0.002), having more limitations in social activity (p   0.007), and having less vitality (p   0.001) than the postmenopausal women. This was especially true in the AA women. Discussion: These data show no difference in HR-QOL between AA and W obese women and suggest that menopausal status may have an impact on HR-QOL, especially in AA women

Metabolic syndrome components and their response to lifestyle and metformin interventions are associated with differences in diabetes risk in persons with impaired glucose tolerance

AIMS: To determine the association of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components with diabetes risk in participants with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and whether intervention-related changes in MetS lead to differences in diabetes incidence. METHODS: We used the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP/ATP III) revised MetS definition at baseline and intervention-related changes of its components to predict incident diabetes using Cox models in 3234 Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) participants with IGT over an average follow-up of 3.2 years. RESULTS: In an intention-to-treat analysis, the demographic-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for diabetes in those with MetS (vs. no MetS) at baseline were 1.7 (1.3-2.3), 1.7 (1.2-2.3) and 2.0 (1.3-3.0) for placebo, metformin and lifestyle groups, respectively. Higher levels of fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides at baseline were independently associated with increased risk of diabetes. Greater waist circumference (WC) was associated with higher risk in placebo and lifestyle groups, but not in the metformin group. In a multivariate model, favourable changes in WC (placebo and lifestyle) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (placebo and metformin) contributed to reduced diabetes risk. CONCLUSIONS: MetS and some of its components are associated with increased diabetes incidence in persons with IGT in a manner that differed according to DPP intervention. After hyperglycaemia, the most predictive factors for diabetes were baseline hypertriglyceridaemia and both baseline and lifestyle-associated changes in WC. Targeting these cardiometabolic risk factors may help to assess the benefits of interventions that reduce diabetes incidence

A Secondary Analysis of Maternal Ultra-Processed Food Intake in Women with Overweight or Obesity and Associations with Gestational Weight Gain and Neonatal Body Composition Outcomes

This study is an observational secondary analysis of the Lifestyle Intervention for Two (LIFT) randomised controlled trial data. There is a paucity of data related to mechanisms of health effects and dietary intake of ultra-processed foods (UPF). Earlier studies demonstrate associations between greater UPF intake and weight gain. The purpose of the study was to describe associations among maternal UPF intake with gestational weight gain (GWG) and neonatal body composition. Women with overweight or obesity (n=156) and offspring (n=126) with complete energy intake, anthropometrics and body composition measures were selected. Maternal weights and diet recalls (Automated Self-Administered 24) were measured at weeks 14 and 35 gestational age (GA). Body composition was assessed by infant quantitative magnetic resonance (infant-QMR) and air displacement plethysmography (ADP) at birth. Dependent variables were GWG and neonatal fat mass, fat-free mass, and lean mass at birth; covariates were dietary, socioeconomic and biological. Stepwise linear regressions were used to test associations. Highest quartile of percentage of energy intake from UPF (PEI-UPF) was not significantly correlated with maternal GWG (p=0.215), infant QMR fat (p=0.816) and lean mass (p=0.423) or ADP fat (p=0.482) or fat-free mass (p=0.835). While no significant associations with UPF were observed in this smaller size cohort, further investigations would be justified in larger cohorts on the relationships of maternal UPF intake and GWG and offspring outcomes. Clinical Trial NCT0161614

Body size and shape changes and the risk of diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program

Prezentowane badanie przeprowadzono w celu sprawdzenia hipotezy, zgodnie z którą ryzyko rozwoju cukrzycy typu 2 zmniejsza się wraz z redukcją masy ciała i otyłości brzusznej. Do badania Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) włączono osoby, u których rozpoznawano upośledzoną tolerancję glukozy, i zakwalifikowano je do grup otrzymujących placebo lub metforminę albo wprowadzono tylko modyfikację stylu życia. U uczestników badania określono wzrost, masę ciała oraz zmierzono tkankę tłuszczową na poziomie L2-L3 i L4-L5 za pomocą tomografii komputerowej na początku badania oraz po roku. Zastosowano modele proporcjonalnego ryzyka Coxa w celu oceny, zależnie od płci, wpływu zmiany tych parametrów w ciągu roku na rozwój cukrzycy w okresie dalszej obserwacji, którą prowadzono u 758 osób. Modyfikacja stylu życia doprowadziła do redukcji trzewnej tkanki tłuszczowej na poziomie L2-L3 (mężczyźni: -24,3%; kobiety: -18,2%) oraz na poziomie L4-L5 (mężczyźni: -22,4%, kobiety: -17,8%), tkanki tłuszczowej podskórnej na poziomie L2-L3 (mężczyźni: -15,7%, kobiety: -11,4%) i L4-L5 (mężczyźni: -16,7%, kobiety: -11,9%), do zmniejszenia masy ciała (mężczyźni: -8,2%, kobiety: -7,8%), wskaźnika masy ciała (mężczyźni: -8,2%, kobiety: -7,8%) oraz obwodu talii (mężczyźni: -7,5%, kobiety -6,1%). W grupie otrzymującej metforminę zaobserwowano redukcję masy ciała (-2,9%) i obniżenie wskaźnika masy ciała (-2,9%) u mężczyzn oraz zmniejszenie ilości podskórnej tkanki tłuszczowej (-3,6% na poziomie L2-L3 i -4,7% na poziomie L4-L5), masy ciała (-3,3%), wskaźnika masy ciała (-3,3%) oraz obwodu talii (-2,8%) u kobiet. Zmniejszenie ryzyka rozwoju cukrzycy poprzez zmianę stylu życia wiązało się z redukcją masy ciała, wskaźnika masy ciała oraz rozkładu tkanki tłuszczowej po skorygowaniu względem wieku oraz pochodzenia etnicznego (ustalano je na podstawie informacji uzyskanej od uczestników). Zmniejszenie ryzyka rozwoju cukrzycy poprzez zmianę stylu życia może nastąpić zarówno poprzez wpływ na całą tkankę tłuszczową, jak i brzuszną tkankę tłuszczową; wpływ metforminy wydawał się niezależny od zmian tkanki tłuszczowej.The researchers conducted this study to test the hypothesis that risk of type 2 diabetes is less following reductions in body size and central adiposity. The Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) recruited and randomized individuals with impaired glucose tolerance to treatment with placebo, metformin, or lifestyle modification. Height, weight, waist circumference, and subcutaneous and visceral fat at L2-L3 and L4-L5 by computed tomography were measured at baseline and at 1 year. Cox proportional hazards models assessed by sex the effect of change in these variables over the 1st year of intervention upon development of diabetes over subsequent follow- up in a subset of 758 participants. Lifestyle reduced visceral fat at L2-L3 (men -24.3%, women -18.2%) and at L4-L5 (men -22.4%, women -17.8%), subcutaneous fat at L2-L3 (men -15.7%, women -11.4%) and at L4-L5 (men -16.7%, women -11.9%), weight (men –8.2%, women –7.8%), BMI (men -8.2%, women -7.8%), and waist circumference (men -7.5%, women -6.1%). Metformin reduced weight (-2.9%) and BMI (-2.9%) in men and subcutaneous fat (-3.6% at L2-L3 and -4.7% at L4-L5), weight (-3.3%), BMI (-3.3%), and waist circumference (-2.8%) in women. Decreased diabetes risk by lifestyle intervention was associated with reductions of body weight, BMI, and central body fat distribution after adjustment for age and self-reported ethnicity. Reduced diabetes risk with lifestyle intervention may have been through effects upon both overall body fat and central body fat but with metformin appeared to be independent of body fat

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status, Depression, and Health Status in the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) Study

Depression and diminished health status are common in adults with diabetes, but few studies have investigated associations with socio-economic environment. The objective of this manuscript was to evaluate the relationship between neighborhood-level SES and health status and depression. Individual-level data on 1010 participants at baseline in Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes), a trial of long-term weight loss among adults with type 2 diabetes, were linked to neighborhood-level SES (% living below poverty) from the 2000 US Census (tracts). Dependent variables included depression (Beck Inventory), and health status (Medical Outcomes Study (SF-36) scale). Multi-level regression models were used to account simultaneously for individual-level age, sex, race, education, personal yearly income and neighborhood-level SES. Overall, the % living in poverty in the participants' neighborhoods varied, mean = 11% (range 0-67%). Compared to their counterparts in the lowest tertile of neighborhood poverty (least poverty), those in the highest tertile (most poverty) had significantly lower scores on the role-limitations(physical), role limitations(emotional), physical functioning, social functioning, mental health, and vitality sub-scales of the SF-36 scale. When evaluating SF-36 composite scores, those living in neighborhoods with more poverty had significantly lower scores on the physical health (β-coefficient [β] = -1.90 units, 95% CI: -3.40,-0.039), mental health (β = -2.92 units, -4.31,-1.53) and global health (β = -2.77 units, -4.21,-1.33) composite scores. In this selected group of weight loss trial participants, lower neighborhood SES was significantly associated with poorer health status. Whether these associations might influence response to the Look AHEAD weight loss intervention requires further investigation

Metabolic changes following a 1-year diet and exercise intervention in patients with type 2 diabetes

WSTĘP. Celem pracy było określenie związku między długotrwałą poprawą wskaźników obwodowej wrażliwości na insulinę [wskaźnik zużycia glukozy (GDR, glucose disposal rate)], stężenia glukozy na czczo i wolnych kwasów tłuszczowych (FFA, free fatty acids) a towarzyszącymi zmianami wagi, masy i dystrybucji tkanki tłuszczowej w wyniku wprowadzenia modyfikacji stylu życia u otyłych chorych na cukrzycę typu 2. MATERIAŁ I METODY. Zmierzono GDR, stężenie glukozy na czczo i FFA metodą klamry normoglikemicznej, a także masę i dystrybucję tkanki tłuszczowej, tłuszcz narządowy, rozmiar adipocytów za pomocą absorpcjometrii podwójnej energii promieniowania rentgenowskiego, tomografii komputerowej i biopsji tkanki tłuszczowej u 26 mężczyzn i 32 kobiet w próbie Look-AHEAD przed stosowaniem rocznej diety i ćwiczeń fizycznych, ukierunkowanych na utratę masy ciała, oraz po ich stosowaniu. WYNIKI. Masa ciała i stężenie glukozy na czczo znacznie się zmniejszyły (p < 0,0001), bardziej znamiennie u mężczyzn niż u kobiet (odpowiednio: -12% do -8% i -16% do -7%; p < 0,05), podczas gdy FFA zredukowano w czasie hiperinsulinemii, a GDR znamiennie wzrósł (p < 0,00001) u osób obojga płci (odpowiednio: -53% do -41% i 63% do 43%; p = NS). U mężczyzn stwierdzono korzystniejszą zmianę rozkładu tkanki tłuszczowej poprzez redukcję w większym stopniu górnych niż dolnych i głębszych niż płytszych magazynów tkanki tłuszczowej (p < 0,01). Spadki masy ciała i masy tkanki tłuszczowej poprzedzały poprawę GDR, ale nie stężenia glukozy na czczo lub FFA na czczo; jednak zmniejszenie FFA podczas hiperinsulinemii znacząco wpłynęło na polepszenie GDR. Tłuszcz wątrobowy był jedyną lokalizacją narządową, której zmiana wpływała niezależnie na zmianę wskaźników metabolicznych. WNIOSKI. U chorych na cukrzycę typu 2 poddanych rocznej zmianie stylu życia stwierdzono znaczącą poprawę GDR, stężenia glukozy na czczo, FFA i dystrybucji tkanki tłuszczowej. Natomiast najważniejszymi determinantami poprawy metabolizmu były ogólne zmiany masy ciała (masy tkanki tłuszczowej) i tłuszczu wątrobowego. (Diabet. Prakt. 2011; 11, 4: 142-152)OBJECTIVE. To characterize the relationships among long-term improvements in peripheral insulin sensitivity (glucose disposal rate, GDR), fasting glucose, and free fatty acids (FFA) and concomitant changes in weight and adipose tissue mass and distribution induced by lifestyle intervention in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS. We measured GDR, fasting glucose, and FFAs during a euglycemic clamp and adipose tissue mass and distribution, organ fat, and adipocyte size by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, CT scan, and adipose tissue biopsy in 26 men and 32 women in the Look-AHEAD trial before and after 1 year of diet and exercise aimed at weight loss. RESULTS. Weight and fasting glucose decreased significantly (p < 0.0001) and significantly more in men than in women (-12 vs. -8% and -16 vs. -7%, respectively; p < 0.05), while FFAs during hyperinsulinemia decreased and GDR increased significantly (p < 0.00001) and similarly in both sexes (-53 vs. -41% and 63 vs. 43%; p = NS). Men achieved a more favorable fat distribution by losing more from upper compared with lower and from deeper compared with superficial adipose tissue depots (p < 0.01). Decreases in weight and adipose tissue mass predicted improvements in GDR but not in fasting glucose or fasting FFAs; however, decreases in FFAs during hyperinsulinemia significantly determined GDR improvements. Hepatic fat was the only regional fat measure whose change contributed independently to changes in metabolic variables. CONCLUSIONS. Patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing a 1-year lifestyle intervention had significant improvements in GDR, fasting glucose, FFAs and adipose tissue distribution. However, changes in overall weight (adipose tissue mass) and hepatic fat were the most important determinants of metabolic improvements. (Diabet. Prakt. 2011; 11, 4: 142-152

3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial

Background Liraglutide 3·0 mg was shown to reduce bodyweight and improve glucose metabolism after the 56-week period of this trial, one of four trials in the SCALE programme. In the 3-year assessment of the SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes trial we aimed to evaluate the proportion of individuals with prediabetes who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Methods In this randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, adults with prediabetes and a body-mass index of at least 30 kg/m 2, or at least 27 kg/m 2 with comorbidities, were randomised 2:1, using a telephone or web-based system, to once-daily subcutaneous liraglutide 3·0 mg or matched placebo, as an adjunct to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity. Time to diabetes onset by 160 weeks was the primary outcome, evaluated in all randomised treated individuals with at least one post-baseline assessment. The trial was conducted at 191 clinical research sites in 27 countries and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01272219. Findings The study ran between June 1, 2011, and March 2, 2015. We randomly assigned 2254 patients to receive liraglutide (n=1505) or placebo (n=749). 1128 (50%) participants completed the study up to week 160, after withdrawal of 714 (47%) participants in the liraglutide group and 412 (55%) participants in the placebo group. By week 160, 26 (2%) of 1472 individuals in the liraglutide group versus 46 (6%) of 738 in the placebo group were diagnosed with diabetes while on treatment. The mean time from randomisation to diagnosis was 99 (SD 47) weeks for the 26 individuals in the liraglutide group versus 87 (47) weeks for the 46 individuals in the placebo group. Taking the different diagnosis frequencies between the treatment groups into account, the time to onset of diabetes over 160 weeks among all randomised individuals was 2·7 times longer with liraglutide than with placebo (95% CI 1·9 to 3·9, p<0·0001), corresponding with a hazard ratio of 0·21 (95% CI 0·13–0·34). Liraglutide induced greater weight loss than placebo at week 160 (–6·1 [SD 7·3] vs −1·9% [6·3]; estimated treatment difference −4·3%, 95% CI −4·9 to −3·7, p<0·0001). Serious adverse events were reported by 227 (15%) of 1501 randomised treated individuals in the liraglutide group versus 96 (13%) of 747 individuals in the placebo group. Interpretation In this trial, we provide results for 3 years of treatment, with the limitation that withdrawn individuals were not followed up after discontinuation. Liraglutide 3·0 mg might provide health benefits in terms of reduced risk of diabetes in individuals with obesity and prediabetes