The Aguablanca Ni–(Cu) sulfide deposit, SW Spain: geologic and geochemical controls and the relationship with a midcrustal layered mafic complex

The Aguablanca Ni–(Cu) sulfide deposit is hosted by a breccia pipe within a gabbro–diorite pluton. The deposit probably formed due to the disruption of a partially crystallized layered mafic complex at about 12– 19 km depth and the subsequent emplacement of melts and breccias at shallow levels (<2 km). The ore-hosting breccias are interpreted as fragments of an ultramafic cumulate, which were transported to the near surface along with a molten sulfide melt. Phlogopite Ar–Ar ages are 341– 332 Ma in the breccia pipe, and 338–334 Ma in the layered mafic complex, and are similar to recently reported U–Pb ages of the host Aguablanca Stock and other nearby calcalkaline metaluminous intrusions (ca. 350–330 Ma). Ore deposition resulted from the combination of two critical factors, the emplacement of a layered mafic complex deep in the continental crust and the development of small dilational structures along transcrustal strike-slip faults that triggered the forceful intrusion of magmas to shallow levels. The emplacement of basaltic magmas in the lower middle crust was accompanied by major interaction with the host rocks, immiscibility of a sulfide melt, and the formation of a magma chamber with ultramafic cumulates and sulfide melt at the bottom and a vertically zoned mafic to intermediate magmas above. Dismembered bodies of mafic/ultramafic rocks thought to be parts of the complex crop out about 50 km southwest of the deposit in a tectonically uplifted block (Cortegana Igneous Complex, Aracena Massif). Reactivation of Variscan structures that merged at the depth of the mafic complex led to sequential extraction of melts, cumulates, and sulfide magma. Lithogeochemistry and Sr and Nd isotope data of the Aguablanca Stock reflect the mixing from two distinct reservoirs, i.e., an evolved siliciclastic middle-upper continental crust and a primitive tholeiitic melt. Crustal contamination in the deep magma chamber was so intense that orthopyroxene replaced olivine as the main mineral phase controlling the early fractional crystallization of the melt. Geochemical evidence includes enrichment in SiO2 and incompatible elements, and Sr and Nd isotope compositions (87Sr/86Sri 0.708–0.710; 143Nd/144Ndi 0.512–0.513). However, rocks of the Cortegana Igneous Complex have low initial 87Sr/86Sr and high initial 143Nd/144Nd values suggesting contamination by lower crustal rocks. Comparison of the geochemical and geological features of igneous rocks in the Aguablanca deposit and the Cortegana Igneous Complex indicates that, although probably part of the same magmatic system, they are rather different and the rocks of the Cortegana Igneous Complex were not the direct source of the Aguablanca deposit. Crust–magma interaction was a complex process, and the generation of orebodies was controlled by local but highly variable factors. The model for the formation of the Aguablanca deposit presented in this study implies that dense sulfide melts can effectively travel long distances through the continental crust and that dilational zones within compressional belts can effectively focus such melt transport into shallow environments

Standard plan nursing care in hip arthroplasty

Los problemas derivados de una intervención de artroplastia de cadera afectan a prácticamente todos los patrones funcionales del paciente (Marjory Gordon), de ahí la importancia de que el personal sanitario implicado en el tratamiento y recuperación del paciente desarrolle su trabajo según un PLAN claramente definido, estándar y evaluable. Éste ha sido el objetivo principal del equipo de trabajo, sistematizar los cuidados para que al paciente no le afecten los problemas derivados de la variabilidad en su atención, recupere su movilidad e independencia lo antes posible y se eviten complicaciones postoperatorias, para lo cual se ha prestado especial atención en la implicación del propio paciente en su recuperación. Administrativamente, con un Plan de Cuidados se mejora el registro de todas las actividades de enfermería y se clarifican las responsabilidades de los miembros del equipo sanitario. En lo que respecta a la atención de enfermería, esta regulación en los cuidados se ha realizado siguiendo la taxonomía NANDA-NOC-NIC, resultando un plan estándar de cuidados basado en los Patrones funcionales de Marjory Gordon, ya que los autores del presente Plan de atención creemos que éste es método muy fiable para realizar la valoración de un paciente, de la cual se derivarían los diagnósticos de enfermería adecuados y la evaluación continua del paciente. Concluimos que la aplicación de este Plan de Cuidados implicaría una mejora en la atención al paciente y en la organización del trabajo en la unidad de hospitalización de cirugía ortopédica y traumatológica. La validez del presente plan sería de tres años.ABSTRACT The problems resulting from an intervention in hip, affect practically all functional patterns of the patient (Marjory Gordon), hence the importance of health personnel involved in treatment and recovery of the patient performing their work to a clearly defined standard and graded plan. This has been the main objective of the team work, to systematize care for the patient so that it does not affect the problems of variability in their care, recover their mobility and independence as soon as possible and to avoid postoperative complications, for which special attention is paid to involving patients in their own recovery. Administratively, a Care Plan will improve the registration of all nursing activities and clarify the responsibilities of health team members. With regard to nursing care, this care regulation has been made following the NANDA-NOC-NIC taxonomy, resulting in a standard plan of care based on Marjory Gordon's functional patterns, since the authors believe this is a very reliable method for conducting an assessment of the state of the patient, which would derive in the appropriate nursing diagnosis and ongoing evaluation of the patient. We conclude that the application of the Care Plan would mean an improvement in patient care and organization of work in the hospital units of trauma and orthopaedic surgery. The validity of this plan would be three years

Mortality after surgery in Europe: a 7 day cohort study

Background: Clinical outcomes after major surgery are poorly described at the national level. Evidence of heterogeneity between hospitals and health-care systems suggests potential to improve care for patients but this potential remains unconfirmed. The European Surgical Outcomes Study was an international study designed to assess outcomes after non-cardiac surgery in Europe.Methods: We did this 7 day cohort study between April 4 and April 11, 2011. We collected data describing consecutive patients aged 16 years and older undergoing inpatient non-cardiac surgery in 498 hospitals across 28 European nations. Patients were followed up for a maximum of 60 days. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcome measures were duration of hospital stay and admission to critical care. We used χ² and Fisher’s exact tests to compare categorical variables and the t test or the Mann-Whitney U test to compare continuous variables. Significance was set at p&lt;0·05. We constructed multilevel logistic regression models to adjust for the differences in mortality rates between countries.Findings: We included 46 539 patients, of whom 1855 (4%) died before hospital discharge. 3599 (8%) patients were admitted to critical care after surgery with a median length of stay of 1·2 days (IQR 0·9–3·6). 1358 (73%) patients who died were not admitted to critical care at any stage after surgery. Crude mortality rates varied widely between countries (from 1·2% [95% CI 0·0–3·0] for Iceland to 21·5% [16·9–26·2] for Latvia). After adjustment for confounding variables, important differences remained between countries when compared with the UK, the country with the largest dataset (OR range from 0·44 [95% CI 0·19 1·05; p=0·06] for Finland to 6·92 [2·37–20·27; p=0·0004] for Poland).Interpretation: The mortality rate for patients undergoing inpatient non-cardiac surgery was higher than anticipated. Variations in mortality between countries suggest the need for national and international strategies to improve care for this group of patients.Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Society of Anaesthesiology