Antibiotic use and prescription and its effects on Enterobacteriaceae in the gut in children with mild respiratory infections in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. A prospective observational outpatient study.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Treatment guidelines do not recommend antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections (ARI), except for streptococcal pharyngitis/tonsillitis and pneumonia. However, antibiotics are prescribed frequently for children with ARI, often in absence of evidence for bacterial infection. The objectives of this study were 1) to assess the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions for mild ARI in paediatric outpatients in relation to available guidelines and detected pathogens, 2) to assess antibiotic use on presentation using questionnaires and detection in urine 3) to assess the carriage rates and proportions of resistant intestinal Enterobacteriaceae before, during and after consultation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients were prospectively enrolled in Children's Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam and diagnoses, prescribed therapy and outcome were recorded on first visit and on follow-up after 7 days. Respiratory bacterial and viral pathogens were detected using molecular assays. Antibiotic use before presentation was assessed using questionnaires and urine HPLC. The impact of antibiotic usage on intestinal Enterobacteriaceae was assessed with semi-quantitative culture on agar with and without antibiotics on presentation and after 7 and 28 days. RESULTS: A total of 563 patients were enrolled between February 2009 and February 2010. Antibiotics were prescribed for all except 2 of 563 patients. The majority were 2nd and 3rd generation oral cephalosporins and amoxicillin with or without clavulanic acid. Respiratory viruses were detected in respiratory specimens of 72.5% of patients. Antibiotic use was considered inappropriate in 90.1% and 67.5%, based on guidelines and detected pathogens, respectively. On presentation parents reported antibiotic use for 22% of patients, 41% of parents did not know and 37% denied antibiotic use. Among these three groups, six commonly used antibiotics were detected with HPLC in patients' urine in 49%, 40% and 14%, respectively. Temporary selection of 3rd generation cephalosporin resistant intestinal Enterobacteriaceae during antibiotic use was observed, with co-selection of resistance to aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones. CONCLUSIONS: We report overuse and overprescription of antibiotics for uncomplicated ARI with selection of resistant intestinal Enterobacteriaceae, posing a risk for community transmission and persistence in a setting of a highly granular healthcare system and unrestricted access to antibiotics through private pharmacies. REGISTRATION: This study was registered at the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Number registry under number ISRCTN32862422: http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN32862422

Excess body weight and age associated with the carriage of fluoroquinolone and third-generation cephalosporin resistance genes in commensal Escherichia coli from a cohort of urban Vietnamese children.

PURPOSE: Antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are a well-established global health issue. We aimed to assess the prevalence of and epidemiological factors associated with the carriage of ciprofloxacin- and ceftriaxone-resistant Escherichia coli and associated resistance genes in a cohort of 498 healthy children residing in urban Vietnam. METHODOLOGY: We cultured rectal swabs onto MacConkey agar supplemented with resistant concentrations of ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Additionally, we screened meta-E. coli populations by conventional PCR to detect plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR)- and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-encoding genes. We measured the associations between phenotypic/genotypic resistance and demographic characteristics using logistic regression.Results/Key findings. Ciprofloxacin- and ceftriaxone-resistant E. coli were cultured from the faecal samples of 67.7 % (337/498) and 80.3 % (400/498) of children, respectively. The prevalence of any associated resistance marker in the individual samples was 86.7 % (432/498) for PMQR genes and 90.6 % (451/498) for β-lactamase genes. Overweight children were significantly more likely to carry qnr genes than children with lower weight-for-height z-scores [odds ratios (OR): 1.24; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 10.5-1.48 for each unit increase in weight for height; P=0.01]. Additionally, younger children were significantly more likely to carry ESBL CTX-M genes than older children (OR: 0.97, 95 % CI: 0.94-0.99 for each additional year, P=0.01). CONCLUSION: The carriage of genotypic and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance is highly prevalent among E. coli in healthy children in the community in Vietnam. Future investigations on the carriage of antimicrobial resistant organisms in LMICs should focus on the progression of carriage from birth and structure of the microbiome in obesity

Métabolisme de l'ARN chez les archées : identification et caractérisation du complexe ribonucléase β-CASP/hélicase Ski2-like de Pyrococcus abyssi

Ribonucleases and RNA helicases are the main actors of RNA processing and have a critical role in gene expression regulation. Little is known about this process in Archaea. Our group focuses in RNA metabolism in Archaea involving ß-CASP ribonucleases. Recently, we published phylogenomic and experimental work demonstrating that archaeal ß-CASP proteins, aCFSF1 and aRNase J, are highly conserved ribonucleases in Archaea. Archaeal aCPSF1, an ortholog of the eukaryal transcription termination factor CPSF73, is ubiquitous in Archaea suggesting an essential conserved function. Archaeal aRNase J, an ortholog of the bacterial ribonuclease RNase J, is conserved through a major phylum of the Archaea, the Euryarchaeota. These findings suggest that the role of these enzymes in RNA processing can be reminiscent of ancient functions that had arisen early in evolution. We now want to focus on understanding the physiological role of aCPSF1 and aRNase J with the hyperthermophilic euryarchaeal Pyrococcus abyssi as model. By analogy to eukaryal CPSF73 and bacterial RNase J, which are part of multiprotein complexes, clues to the function of the archaeal ß-CASP homologs might come from the identification of archaeal multiprotein complex(es) containing aCPSF1 and aRNase J orthologs. Using P. abyssi cell extracts and recombinant aCPSF1 or aRNase J as bait, we have found that aRNase J is a part of protein interaction networks that include Ski2-like RNA helicase (ASH-Ski2). In parallel, fractionation of P. abyssi whole cell extracts in sucrose gradient by ultracentrifugation shows that aRNase J and ASH-Ski2 are present in high sedimentation fractions with ribosomal and exosome sub-units. We also demonstrate a direct interaction of aRNase J with ASH-Ski2 by co-purification affinity chromatography experiments and identify motifs that potentially involve in this interaction. Biochemical characterization of ASH-Ski2 demonstrates a nucleic dependant ATPase activity. ASH-Ski2 also possesses annealing and unwinding activities in presence of ATP. To our knowledge, our results are the first experimental indications of interacting of a complex containing ribonuclease and RNA helicase-like proteins in Archaea. Remarkably, aRNase J is an orthologue of the bacterial RNase J and ASH-Ski2 is an orthologue of the eukaryotic Ski2-like family proteins. This shows that Archaea might possess a composite RNA processing system sharing both eukaryal and bacterial features. This highlights the advantage of an archaeal model to gain further mechanistic and evolutionary information of fundamental processes across the three domains of life.Les ribonucléases et les hélicases à ARN sont des acteurs clé du métabolisme des ARN et jouent donc des rôles cruciaux pour la régulation de l'expression des gènes. Peu de données sont connues concernant ce métabolisme chez les Archées, le troisième domaine du vivant. L'équipe dans laquelle j'ai effectué mes travaux de thèse s'intéresse au métabolisme de l'ARN chez les archées et plus particulièrement aux ribonucléases ß-CASP. Dans ce contexte, nous focalisons nos études sur la compréhension physiologique que pourrait jouer les ribonucléases ß-CASP aCPSF1 et aRNase J, orthologue respectivement du facteur de terminaison de la transcription eucaryotes CPSF-73 et RNase J bactérienne. Par analogie avec CPSF-73 et RNase J, qui font partie de complexes multi-protéiques, des indices sur les fonctions des homologues archéens de ces ribonucléases pourraient provenir de l'identification des complexes autour de aCPSF1 et aRNase J. Utilisant des extraits de Pyrococcus abyssi et les protéines recombinantes aCPSF1 et aRNase J comme appâts, nous avons identifié que aRNase J fait partie d'un réseau d'interaction incluant une hélicase de la famille des Ski2-like (ASH-Ski2). En parallèle, des fractionnements d'extrait de P. abyssi sur gradient de saccharose par ultracentrifugation indiquent que aRNase J et ASH-Ski2 sont présentes toutes deux dans les fractions de haut poids moléculaires avec les sous-unités du ribosome et ceux de l'exosome. Nous avons aussi démontré une interaction stable entre aRNase J et ASH-Ski2 ainsi que des motifs impliquées dans cette interaction par des expériences de co- purification par chromatographie d'affinité. De plus, les caractérisations biochimiques de ASH-Ski2 indiquent que cette protéine possède une activité d'hydrolyse de l'ATP dépendant de la présence d'acides nucléiques. ASH-Ski2 possède de plus la capacité d'hybridation et de déroulement de deux brins d'acides nucléiques en présence d'ATP. A notre connaissance, nos résultats sont les premiers à indiquer un complexe contenant une ribonucléase et d'une hélicase à ARN Ski2-like chez les archées. De manière intriguent, aRNase J est orthologue de la RNase J bactérienne et ASH-Ski2 des hélicases Ski2-like des eucaryotes. Cela démontre que les Archées pourraient posséder un système composite impliqué dans le métabolisme des ARN partageant des caractéristiques bactériens et eucaryotes. Ces résultats mettent en lumière l'avantage de l'étude des Archées pour la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires et évolutives des processus fondamentaux des trois domaines du vivant

RNA metabolism in archea : identification and characterization of beta-casp ribonuclease/ski2-like helicase complex in pyrococcus abyssi

Les ribonucléases et les hélicases à ARN sont des acteurs clé du métabolisme des ARN et jouent donc des rôles cruciaux pour la régulation de l'expression des gènes. Peu de données sont connues concernant ce métabolisme chez les Archées, le troisième domaine du vivant. L'équipe dans laquelle j'ai effectué mes travaux de thèse s'intéresse au métabolisme de l'ARN chez les archées et plus particulièrement aux ribonucléases ß-CASP. Dans ce contexte, nous focalisons nos études sur la compréhension physiologique que pourrait jouer les ribonucléases ß-CASP aCPSF1 et aRNase J, orthologue respectivement du facteur de terminaison de la transcription eucaryotes CPSF-73 et RNase J bactérienne. Par analogie avec CPSF-73 et RNase J, qui font partie de complexes multi-protéiques, des indices sur les fonctions des homologues archéens de ces ribonucléases pourraient provenir de l'identification des complexes autour de aCPSF1 et aRNase J. Utilisant des extraits de Pyrococcus abyssi et les protéines recombinantes aCPSF1 et aRNase J comme appâts, nous avons identifié que aRNase J fait partie d'un réseau d'interaction incluant une hélicase de la famille des Ski2-like (ASH-Ski2). En parallèle, des fractionnements d'extrait de P. abyssi sur gradient de saccharose par ultracentrifugation indiquent que aRNase J et ASH-Ski2 sont présentes toutes deux dans les fractions de haut poids moléculaires avec les sous-unités du ribosome et ceux de l'exosome. Nous avons aussi démontré une interaction stable entre aRNase J et ASH-Ski2 ainsi que des motifs impliquées dans cette interaction par des expériences de co- purification par chromatographie d'affinité. De plus, les caractérisations biochimiques de ASH-Ski2 indiquent que cette protéine possède une activité d'hydrolyse de l'ATP dépendant de la présence d'acides nucléiques. ASH-Ski2 possède de plus la capacité d'hybridation et de déroulement de deux brins d'acides nucléiques en présence d'ATP. A notre connaissance, nos résultats sont les premiers à indiquer un complexe contenant une ribonucléase et d'une hélicase à ARN Ski2-like chez les archées. De manière intriguent, aRNase J est orthologue de la RNase J bactérienne et ASH-Ski2 des hélicases Ski2-like des eucaryotes. Cela démontre que les Archées pourraient posséder un système composite impliqué dans le métabolisme des ARN partageant des caractéristiques bactériens et eucaryotes. Ces résultats mettent en lumière l'avantage de l'étude des Archées pour la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires et évolutives des processus fondamentaux des trois domaines du vivant.Ribonucleases and RNA helicases are the main actors of RNA processing and have a critical role in gene expression regulation. Little is known about this process in Archaea. Our group focuses in RNA metabolism in Archaea involving ß-CASP ribonucleases. Recently, we published phylogenomic and experimental work demonstrating that archaeal ß-CASP proteins, aCFSF1 and aRNase J, are highly conserved ribonucleases in Archaea. Archaeal aCPSF1, an ortholog of the eukaryal transcription termination factor CPSF73, is ubiquitous in Archaea suggesting an essential conserved function. Archaeal aRNase J, an ortholog of the bacterial ribonuclease RNase J, is conserved through a major phylum of the Archaea, the Euryarchaeota. These findings suggest that the role of these enzymes in RNA processing can be reminiscent of ancient functions that had arisen early in evolution. We now want to focus on understanding the physiological role of aCPSF1 and aRNase J with the hyperthermophilic euryarchaeal Pyrococcus abyssi as model. By analogy to eukaryal CPSF73 and bacterial RNase J, which are part of multiprotein complexes, clues to the function of the archaeal ß-CASP homologs might come from the identification of archaeal multiprotein complex(es) containing aCPSF1 and aRNase J orthologs. Using P. abyssi cell extracts and recombinant aCPSF1 or aRNase J as bait, we have found that aRNase J is a part of protein interaction networks that include Ski2-like RNA helicase (ASH-Ski2). In parallel, fractionation of P. abyssi whole cell extracts in sucrose gradient by ultracentrifugation shows that aRNase J and ASH-Ski2 are present in high sedimentation fractions with ribosomal and exosome sub-units. We also demonstrate a direct interaction of aRNase J with ASH-Ski2 by co-purification affinity chromatography experiments and identify motifs that potentially involve in this interaction. Biochemical characterization of ASH-Ski2 demonstrates a nucleic dependant ATPase activity. ASH-Ski2 also possesses annealing and unwinding activities in presence of ATP. To our knowledge, our results are the first experimental indications of interacting of a complex containing ribonuclease and RNA helicase-like proteins in Archaea. Remarkably, aRNase J is an orthologue of the bacterial RNase J and ASH-Ski2 is an orthologue of the eukaryotic Ski2-like family proteins. This shows that Archaea might possess a composite RNA processing system sharing both eukaryal and bacterial features. This highlights the advantage of an archaeal model to gain further mechanistic and evolutionary information of fundamental processes across the three domains of life

Cbp1 and Cren7 form chromatin-like structures that ensure efficient transcription of long CRISPR arrays

Abstract CRISPR arrays form the physical memory of CRISPR adaptive immune systems by incorporating foreign DNA as spacers that are often AT-rich and derived from viruses. As promoter elements such as the TATA-box are AT-rich, CRISPR arrays are prone to harbouring cryptic promoters. Sulfolobales harbour extremely long CRISPR arrays spanning several kilobases, a feature that is accompanied by the CRISPR-specific transcription factor Cbp1. Aberrant Cbp1 expression modulates CRISPR array transcription, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation are unknown. Here, we characterise the genome-wide Cbp1 binding at nucleotide resolution and characterise the binding motifs on distinct CRISPR arrays, as well as on unexpected non-canonical binding sites associated with transposons. Cbp1 recruits Cren7 forming together ‘chimeric’ chromatin-like structures at CRISPR arrays. We dissect Cbp1 function in vitro and in vivo and show that the third helix-turn-helix domain is responsible for Cren7 recruitment, and that Cbp1-Cren7 chromatinization plays a dual role in the transcription of CRISPR arrays. It suppresses spurious transcription from cryptic promoters within CRISPR arrays but enhances CRISPR RNA transcription directed from their cognate promoters in their leader region. Our results show that Cbp1-Cren7 chromatinization drives the productive expression of long CRISPR arrays

Physical and functional interplay between PCNA DNA clamp and Mre11–Rad50 complex from the archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus

International audienceSeveral archaeal species prevalent in extreme environments are particularly exposed to factors likely to cause DNA damages. These include hyperthermophilic archaea (HA), living at temperatures >70 • C, which arguably have efficient strategies and robust genome guardians to repair DNA damage threatening their genome integrity. In contrast to Eukarya and other archaea, homologous recombination appears to be a vital pathway in HA, and the Mre11-Rad50 complex exerts a broad influence on the initiation of this DNA damage response process. In a previous study, we identified a physical association between the Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) and the Mre11-Rad50 (MR) complex. Here, by performing co-immunoprecipitation and SPR analyses, we identified a short motif in the C-terminal portion of Pyrococcus furiosus Mre11 involved in the interaction with PCNA. Through this work, we revealed a PCNA-interaction motif corresponding to a variation on the PIP motif theme which is conserved among Mre11 sequences of Thermococcale species. Additionally, we demonstrated functional interplay in vitro between P. furiosus PCNA and MR enzymatic functions in the DNA end resection process. At physiological ionic strength, PCNA stimulates MR nuclease activities for DNA end resection and promotes an endonucleolytic incision proximal to the 5 strand of double strand DNA break

Evolutionary and functional insights into the Ski2-like helicase family in Archaea: a comparison of Thermococcales ASH-Ski2 and Hel308 activities

RNA helicases perform essential housekeeping and regulatory functions in all domains of life by binding and unwinding RNA molecules. The Ski2-like proteins are primordial helicases that play an active role in eukaryotic RNA homeostasis pathways, with multiple homologs having specialized functions. The significance of the expansion and diversity of Ski2-like proteins in Archaea, the third domain of life, has not yet been established. Here, by studying the phylogenetic diversity of Ski2-like helicases among archaeal genomes and the enzymatic activities of those in Thermococcales, we provide further evidence of the function of this protein family in archaeal metabolism of nucleic acids. We show that, in the course of evolution, ASH-Ski2 and Hel308-Ski2, the two main groups of Ski2-like proteins, have diverged in their biological functions. Whereas Hel308 has been shown to mainly act on DNA, we show that ASH-Ski2, previously described to be associated with the 5′-3′ aRNase J exonuclease, acts on RNA by supporting an efficient annealing activity, but also an RNA unwinding with a 3′-5′ polarity. To gain insights into the function of Ski2, we also analyse the transcriptome of Thermococcus barophilus ΔASH-Ski2 mutant strain and provide evidence of the importance of ASH-Ski2 in cellular metabolism pathways related to translation

RNA processing machineries in Archaea: the 5′-3′ exoribonuclease aRNase J of the β-CASP family is engaged specifically with the helicase ASH-Ski2 and the 3′-5′ exoribonucleolytic RNA exosome machinery

A network of RNA helicases, endoribonucleases and exoribonucleases regulates the quantity and quality of cellular RNAs. To date, mechanistic studies focussed on bacterial and eukaryal systems due to the challenge of identifying the main drivers of RNA decay and processing in Archaea. Here, our data support that aRNase J, a 5′-3′ exoribonuclease of the β-CASP family conserved in Euryarchaeota, engages specifically with a Ski2-like helicase and the RNA exosome to potentially exert control over RNA surveillance, at the vicinity of the ribosome. Proteomic landscapes and direct protein–protein interaction analyses, strengthened by comprehensive phylogenomic studies demonstrated that aRNase J interplay with ASH-Ski2 and a cap exosome subunit. Finally, Thermococcus barophilus whole-cell extract fractionation experiments provide evidences that an aRNase J/ASH-Ski2 complex might exist in vivo and hint at an association of aRNase J with the ribosome that is emphasised in absence of ASH-Ski2. Whilst aRNase J homologues are found among bacteria, the RNA exosome and the Ski2-like RNA helicase have eukaryotic homologues, underlining the mosaic aspect of archaeal RNA machines. Altogether, these results suggest a fundamental role of β-CASP RNase/helicase complex in archaeal RNA metabolism

New naphthalene derivative from the leaves of <i>Cassia grandis</i> L.

<p><i>Cassia grandis</i> is used for the treatment of skin disorders, back pain, aches, etc. in Vietnamese traditional medicine. In this paper, phytochemicals of the leaves were investigated. A new naphthalene derivative (<b>1</b>, cassgranon D) and, seven known compounds rutin (<b>2</b>), afzelin (<b>3</b>), quercitrin (<b>4</b>), epicatechin (<b>5</b>), (-)-epiafzelechin (<b>6</b>), isoquercitrin (<b>7</b>) and aloe emodin (<b>8</b>) were isolated from the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Their structures were elucidated by spectral evidences (UV, IR, MS, ¹H, ¹³C, DEPT, HSQC and HMBC NMR), as well as by comparing with published data.</p