Longitudinal transformation of nitrogen and carbon in the hyporheic zone of an N-rich stream: A combined modelling and field study

A combined modelling and field study approach was used to examine biogeochemical functioning of the hyporheic zone in two gravel bars in an N-rich fourth-order stream (River Hers, south-west France). Surfacewater and interstitial water were sampledmonthly (August 1994–January 1995), the latter in a network of 29 piezometers in the first gravel bar and 17 in the second. In both gravel bars, the hyporheic zone was created only by advected channelwater without any connectionwith groundwater. Longitudinal chemical profiles of Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), nitrate (NO3–N), ammonium (NH4–N) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) were established for both gravel bars. Ambient and potential denitrification weremeasured in the laboratory during the same period using the acetylene inhibition technique. Factors limiting denitrification were also examined by testing the separate effects of nitrate or nitrate + carbon additions. A 1D reactive-transport model was used to simulate longitudinal transformation of nitrogen in the hyporheic zone, and to estimate the role of organic matter (DOC and POC) in the biogeochemical functioning of the hyporheic zone. Denitrification measurements with nitrate and nitrate + carbon additions both showed increased denitrification, suggesting that denitrification might not be C-limited at this site. Observations and model results showed the hyporheic zone to be a sink of DOC and nitrate, but DOC consumption appeared insufficient to explain nitrate depletion measured in the two gravel bars. Field data were better modelled when an additional DOC source from the POC fraction degraded by anaerobic respiration was included in the model

Electrochemical Boron-Doped Diamond Film Microcells Micromachined with Femtosecond Laser: Application to the Determination of Water Framework Directive Metals

Planar electrochemical microcells were micromachined in a microcrystalline boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin layer using a femtosecond laser (Photo 1). The electrochemical performances of the new laser-machined BDD microcell were assessed by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) determinations, at nM level, of the four heavy metal ions of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD): Cd(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Hg(II). The results are compared with those of previously published BDD electrodes [1]. The calculated detection limits are 0.4 nM, 6.8 nM and 5.5 nm 2.3 nM, and the linearities go up to 35nM, 97nM, 48nM and 5nM for respectively Cd(II), Ni(II) Pb(II) and Hg(II). The detection limits meet with the environmental quality standard of the WFD for three of the four metals. It was shown that the four heavy metals could be detected simultaneously, in the concentration ratio usually measured in sewage or runoff waters

Recent Trends in Monitoring of European Water Framework Directive Priority Substances Using Micro-Sensors: A 2007–2009 Review

This review discusses from a critical perspective the development of new sensors for the measurement of priority pollutants targeted in the E.U. Water Framework Directive. Significant advances are reported in the paper and their advantages and limitations are also discussed. Future perspectives in this area are also pointed out in the conclusions. This review covers publications appeared since December 2006 (the publication date of the Swift report). Among priority substances, sensors for monitoring the four WFD metals represent 81% of published papers. None of analyzed publications present a micro-sensor totally validated in laboratory, ready for tests under real conditions in the field. The researches are mainly focused on the sensing part of the micro-sensors. Nevertheless, the main factor limiting micro-sensor applications in the environment is the ruggedness of the receptor towards environmental conditions. This point constitutes the first technological obstacle to be overcome for any long-term field tests

Mise à jour de la veille bibliographique des capteurs en développement pour la mesure in situ et en continu des substances réglementées DCE et des composés majeurs permettant la caractérisation globale des eaux

Since 2000, the number of references on sensors in freshwater and wastewater has been constantly increasing. In order to have an overall view of the substances that may be easily analyzed by in situ and continuous systems in a near future, a bibliographic compilation of the sensors in development (i.e. not commercialized) for the analysis of chemical compounds in the environmental matrices has been carried out. This non-exhaustive panorama lists 281 articles published during 2017-2018. The chemical compounds selected are included in the different lists of the WFD (decree of 7 August 2015). From definitions and general information on the sensors, different criteria were used to describe the selected sensors: analyzed substance(s), type of sensor (chemical sensor, biosensor), analytical technique, type(s) of tested water, level of development progress, measuring range, limits of detection or quantification. The sensors are mainly based on electrochemistry (voltammetry, amperometry, potentiometry...) and optical techniques (colorimetry, fluorescence, resonance of surface plasmon...). A general synthesis of sensors by families of compounds is proposed for pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, phthalates and bisphenol A, metals and metalloids (Cd, Pb, Hg, Ni, Cu, As) as well as for major parameters (chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium). In general, the performances of the sensors are evaluated in synthetic waters and in real waters (surface water, tap water, wastewater....) which can be doped. Nearly all the sensors are not tested in field conditions or over long-term. The detection limits obtained can be very variable for the same family of compounds. For few compounds, the detection limits are too high to be considered as relevant sensors for the monitoring of surface waters (e.g. nickel or bisphenol A). However, some sensors having a high state of progress and detection limits well adapted to the concentrations in the environmental matrices would be instructive to test in field conditions. These sensors, covering a wide range of compounds, are listed in this report.Depuis les années 2000, le nombre de références bibliographiques sur les capteurs dans les eaux douces et les eaux résiduaires est en constante augmentation. Un travail de synthèse bibliographique des capteurs en développement (i.e. non commercialisés) pour l'analyse de composés chimiques dans les matrices environnementales avait été réalisé en 2017 afin d'avoir une vue d'ensemble sur les substances qui pourraient être analysées par des systèmes de mesures in situ et en continu dans un futur proche. Ce travail consiste en la mise à jour de la précédente veille avec 281 nouveaux articles recensés. Les composés chimiques retenus pour ce panorama font partie des listes des substances de l'état chimique des eaux de surface et des polluants spécifiques de l'état écologique des eaux de surface, de la liste des substances pertinentes à surveiller, et de la liste des paramètres physico-chimiques pour les cours d'eau de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau (Arrêté du 7 août 2015). Sur la base de définitions et généralités sur les capteurs, différents critères ont été retenus pour décrire chaque capteur retenu dans ce panorama : substance(s) analysée(s), type de capteur, type de transducteur, type(s) d'eau testé(s), gamme de concentration de mesure, limites de détection ou de quantification obtenues. Les capteurs recensés se basent principalement sur des techniques électrochimiques (voltammétrie, ampérométrie, potentiométrie...) et optiques (fluorescence, spetroscopie UV-visible, résonnance des plasmons de surface...). Une synthèse générale des capteurs par grandes familles de composés est proposée pour les pesticides, les hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, les phénols, les phtalates et le bisphénol A, les métaux et métalloïdes (Cd, Pb, Hg, Ni, Cu, As) ainsi que pour les paramètres majeurs (demande chimique en oxygène, demande biochimique en oxygène, nitrate, nitrite et ammonium). De façon générale, les performances des capteurs sont évaluées dans des eaux synthétiques et des eaux réelles (eaux de surface, de robinet, résiduaires...). Mais la quasi-totalité des capteurs ne sont pas testés en conditions réelles sur le terrain ou sur le long terme. Les limites de détection obtenues peuvent être très variables pour une même famille de composés. Pour certaines substances, les limites de détection sont trop élevées pour envisager des analyses pertinentes dans les eaux de surface (par exemple pour le cadmium ou le bisphénol A). Finalement, les principes de détection ne semblent pas être un facteur limitant dans le développement des capteurs environnementaux. Pour atteindre les réseaux opérationnels de capteurs environnementaux sur le terrain, il faut surmonter les obstacles scientifiques et technologiques au niveau de la mise en oeuvre

Electrochemistry, a tool to enhance self-purification in water systems while preventing the emission of noxious gases (greenhouse gases, H 2 S, NH 3 )

International audienceThis review describes the electrochemical control and stimulation of micro-organisms involved in the bioremediation of sediments and waterlogged soils. This emerging technology is derived from sedimentary microbial fuel cells, and consists of ensuring the respiration of aerobic microbial populations under anaerobic conditions by an anode as the terminal electron acceptor for electrons from microbial respiratory chains. This review describes the conceptual basis of electro-bioremediation, material used, and published implementations, from bench tests to some in-field set-ups

RTCE Thème 1, Métrologie innovante, bas couts, libre et ouverte, à faible consommation énergétique, miniaturisation

International audienc

RTCE Thème 1, Métrologie innovante, bas couts, libre et ouverte, à faible consommation énergétique, miniaturisation

International audienc

RTCE Thème 1, Métrologie innovante, bas couts, libre et ouverte, à faible consommation énergétique, miniaturisation

International audienc

RTCE Thème 1, Métrologie innovante, bas couts, libre et ouverte, à faible consommation énergétique, miniaturisation

International audienc