Accommodation of Indian Treaty Rights in an International Fishery: An International Problem Begging for an International Solution

This comment will analyze the relative success of the various approaches taken to implement Indian treaty rights in the international fishery. It will discuss the domestic litigation resulting from these approaches and will identify the key legal issues involved. Finally, it will suggest possible means of resolving the dilemma in which the United States currently finds itself. By providing an appreciation of both the scientific complexities of managing this valuable resource and the limitations on unilateral judicial efforts in the United States, it will become apparent that the solution to this sensitive problem rests not in unilateral, but in cooperative United States-Canadian efforts. Only through diplomatic negotiations can we be assured that these recently resurrected Indian treaty rights will be accommodated in harmony with the conservation and enhancement of the salmon resource. It is hoped that the two national governments will come to realize the role of cooperation and act to avoid imposing upon the resource and its beneficiaries the futility of future summers in court

Selective self-categorization: Meaningful categorization and the in-group persuasion effect

Research stemming from self-categorization theory (Turner et al., 1987) has demonstrated that individuals are typically more persuaded by messages from their in-group than by messages from the out-group. The present research investigated the role of issue relevance in moderating these effects. In particular, it was predicted that in-groups would only be more persuasive when the dimension on which group membership was defined was meaningful or relevant to the attitude issue. In two studies, participants were presented with persuasive arguments from either an in-group source or an out-group source, where the basis of the in-group/out-group distinction was either relevant or irrelevant to the attitude issue. Participants' attitudes toward the issue were then measured. The results supported the predictions: Participants were more persuaded by in-group sources than out-group sources when the basis for defining the group was relevant to the attitude issue. However, when the defining characteristic of the group was irrelevant to the attitude issue, participants were equally persuaded by in-group and out-group sources. These results support the hypothesis that the fit between group membership and domain is an important moderator of self-categorization effects

Investigations of the Putative AI-2 Receptor Protein LsrB from Thermobacillus composti and Truncations of the Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium LsrE Protein

Bacteria were believed to exist as solitary, unicellular organisms until about 50 years ago with the discovery of quorum sensing by John Woodland Hastings. Since then, numerous studies have examined the broad reaching functions controlled by bacterial quorum sensing, including biofilm formation and virulence. Work done by the Bassler laboratory proposed a universal quorum sensing pathway that uses a novel signal molecule, autoinducer-2 (AI-2), for intraspecies and interspecies communication. This quorum sensing pathway uses proteins encoded by the lsr operon to uptake and process the AI-2 signaling molecule. This work examines two of these proteins, LsrE and LsrB. LsrE, a putative epimerase, is the final protein in the AI-2 quorum sensing pathway yet to be characterized. Prior attempts at functionality determination through bioassays and crystallographic analysis were unsuccessful. Work herein focused on creating truncations of putatively disordered terminal regions to increase protein stability. In addition to LsrE, this work also focused on the putative AI-2 receptor protein LsrB from T. composti. Prior work with T. composti Lsr B experienced difficulties in functionality assays and crystallographic studies. Here, AI-2 binding is demonstrated using a bioluminescence assay. Binding was further characterized using isothermal titration calorimetry. Finally, an N-terminal truncation of T. composti LsrB was generated to facilitate crystallographic studies to determine structure and binding interactions

Emotion and persuasion: cognitive and meta-cognitive processes impact attitudes

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis Group in Cognition an Emotion on 2015, available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/02699931.2014.967183This article addresses the multiple ways in which emotions can influence attitudes and persuasion via primary and secondary (meta-) cognition. Using the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion as a guide, we review evidence for five fundamental processes that occur at different points along the elaboration continuum. When the extent of thinking is constrained to be low, emotions influence attitudes by relatively simple processes that lead them to change in a manner consistent with the valence of the emotion. When thinking is constrained to be high, emotions can serve as arguments in favour of a proposal if they are relevant to the merits of the advocacy or they can bias thinking if the emotion precedes the message. If thinking is high and emotions become salient after thinking, they can lead people to rely or not rely on the thoughts generated either because the emotion leads people to like or dislike their thoughts (affective validation) or feel more confident or doubtful in their thoughts (cognitive validation). When thinking is unconstrained, emotions influence the extent of thinking about the persuasive communication. Although prior theories have addressed one or more of these fundamental processes, no other approach has integrated them into one framewor

Elaboration and validation processes: implications for media attitude change

This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis Group in Media Psychology on 09/06/2015, available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/15213269.2015.1008103This review describes two core processes involved in understanding how attitudes are structured and changed. Elaboration refers to the extent to which people think carefully or in a more cursory manner about messages and validation refers to the extent to which people see their thoughts and attitudes resulting from messages as correct or not. Elaboration is important for understanding both initial attitude changes that occur as a result of media exposure as well as whether those changes are consequential (e.g., resist change and relate to behavior). Validation processes are important for understanding whether thoughts are relied upon in forming attitudes and whether attitudes are relied upon in determining behavior. Elaboration and validation are related in a number of ways such as when more extensive elaboration of an issue leads to an attitude that is perceived to be vali

Flexible correction processes in social judgment: implications for persuasion

Journal ArticleTwo experiments were conducted to examine correction for perceived bias in persuasion situations. Study 1 showed that, although a manipulation of source likability had an impact on attitudes when no instruction to remove bias was present, when people were asked to remove any bias from their judgments, the effect of the source likability manipulation disappeared. The fact that the correction instruction did not increase the impact of an argument quality manipulation on attitudes suggested that effort aimed at correction is conceptually distinct from effort aimed at processing a message in general. Study 2 showed that a correction for source likability took place under low elaboration conditions--where a manipulation of source likability had an impact when no correction instructions were provided, and under high elaboration conditions--where a manipulation of source likability had no impact when no correction instructions were provided. In the high elaboration conditions, correcting for an impact that was not actually present led a dislikable source to be more influential than a likable source

The Influence of Spokesperson Trustworthiness on Message Elaboration, Attitude Strength, and Advertising Effectiveness

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142008/1/jcpy408.pd

Enhanced Eddy Activity in the Beaufort Gyre in Response to Sea Ice Loss

The Beaufort Gyre freshwater content has increased since the 1990s, potentially stabilizing in recent years. The mechanisms proposed to explain the stabilization involve either mesoscale eddy activity that opposes Ekman pumping or the reduction of Ekman pumping due to reduced sea ice?ocean surface stress. However, the relative importance of these mechanisms is unclear. Here, we present observational estimates of the Beaufort Gyre mechanical energy budget and show that energy dissipation and freshwater content stabilization by eddies increased in the late-2000s. The loss of sea ice and acceleration of ocean currents after 2007 resulted in enhanced mechanical energy input but without corresponding increases in potential energy storage. To balance the energy surplus, eddy dissipation and its role in gyre stabilization must have increased after 2007. Our results imply that declining Arctic sea ice will lead to an increasingly energetic Beaufort Gyre with eddies playing a greater role in its stabilization

When do warmth and competence sell best? The “golden quadrant” shifts as a function of congruity with the product type, targets’ individual differences, and advertising appeal type

Three experiments reported here uniquely test the effectiveness of warm versus competent advertising strategy as a function of congruence with other elements of the advertising context. These are product involvement (Experiment 1, n = 96), consumers’ smartphone anxiety (Experiment 2, n = 60), or self-versus other-profitability (Experiment 3, n = 100). As expected, the “golden quadrant” (optimum warmth and competence for advertising effectiveness) does shift: Competence is more important for high-involving products, but warmth wins for highly anxious participants or when the highly involving service is accompanied by people-focused appeals. An expansion of the stereotype content model is discussed in the context of the congruity principle