Large scale circulation patterns associated to seasonal dry and wet conditions over the Czech Republic

Ponencia presentada en: VIII Congreso de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en Salamanca entre el 25 y el 28 de septiembre de 2012.[ES]Este trabajo analiza la relación entre las condiciones estaciónales extremadamente secas y húmedas en la República Checa y los patrones de circulación de gran escala. El índice estandarizado de precipitación y evapotranspiración (SPEI) se utiliza para cuantificar las condiciones de humedad. El SPEI fue calculado a partir de los registros mensuales de temperatura media y precipitación total de una densa red de 184 estaciones climatológicas para el período 1961-2010 en la escala temporal de un mes.[EN]This paper analyzes the link between the extremely dry and wet conditions over the Czech Republic and the large scale circulation patterns, at seasonal scale. The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) is used to quantify the moisture conditions. The SPEI for one month lag was calculated from monthly records of mean air temperature and precipitation totals using a dense network of 184 climatological stations for the period 1961-2010.The research on drought conditions in the Czech Republic was supported by S grant of MSMT CR and projects 6046070901 and OC10010

HAMMER-ATHLETE RELATIONSHIP DURING THE HAMMER THROW

The present study analysed the movements of the athlete-hammer system in space, including phenomena that affect the functional course of the implement's circumferential velocity. The path of the spatial trajectory of the hammer head and pertinent anthropometric points were evaluated from the viewpoint of individual turns, the double and single support phase, and the delivery. For each throw the tangential and normal acceleration components and the forces acting on the implement were studied. It was determined that the positive factors, causing an increase in the velocity of the hammer head, included: 1. Vigorous leg action, with the feet continuously turning in a uninterrupted manner and never held in a static double-support position. 2. The gradual temporal shortenting of the single-support phase to make the single and double support phases of the last two turns of equal length. 3. The rotating of the trunk ahead of the pelvis, with a shift of the center of the shoulder connecting line toward the right hip-joint. 4. The turning of the shoulder axis ahead of the hammer-wire axis. 5. The vertical lifting of the hip-joints against the direction of the vertical motion of the grip and hammer head. 6. An obtuse angle, greater than 110 degrees, between the shoulder and hammer-wire axis, with the highest possible position of the implement ranging from 1.60 to 2.00 meters at the start of the delivery phase

Relation between molecular electronic structure and nuclear spin-induced circular dichroism

The recently theoretically described nuclear spin-induced circular dichroism (NSCD) is a promising method for the optical detection of nuclear magnetization. NSCD involves both optical excitations of the molecule and hyperfine interactions and, thus, it offers a means to realize a spectroscopy with spatially localized, high-resolution information. To survey the factors relating the molecular and electronic structure to the NSCD signal, we theoretically investigate NSCD of twenty structures of the four most common nucleic acid bases (adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine). The NSCD signal correlates with the spatial distribution of the excited states and couplings between them, reflecting changes in molecular structure and conformation. This constitutes a marked difference to the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift, which only reflects the local molecular structure in the ground electronic state. The calculated NSCD spectra are rationalized by means of changes in the electronic density and by a sum-over-states approach, which allows to identify the contributions of the individual excited states. Two separate contributions to NSCD are identified and their physical origins and relative magnitudes are discussed. The results underline NSCD spectroscopy as a plausible tool with a power for the identification of not only different molecules, but their specific structures as well.Peer reviewe

An assessment of the role of homogenization protocols in the performance of daily temperature series and trends: application to northeastern Spain

Ponencia presentada en: VII Congreso de la Asociación Española de Climatología: clima, ciudad y ecosistemas, celebrado en Madrid entre el 24 y 26 de noviembre de 2010.This paper details a full protocol applied to develop high resolution daily temperature dataset. Our methodology has been tested from a dataset of 1583 temperature observatories over the NE Spain. The raw dataset was initially tested for internal and external consistency and an algorithm was utilized to reconstruct the daily temperature series for selected candidate observatories. Discontinuities in the reconstructed series were determined by combining the results obtained by three homogeneity tests: the Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT), the Easterling and Peterson two-phased regression method and the Vincent test. To assess the role of data homogenization, a set of selected tests was applied to the temperature trends and the spatial and frequency properties of the series. Results show significant improvement in the spatial dependence of temperature trends at seasonal and annual scales after application of homogeneity correction. However, frequency statistics of the series evidenced no significant impact of the homogenization procedure. From the temporal and spatial perspectives, the new compiled dataset seems to be outstanding in a variety of meteorological, ecological, hydrological and agricultural research applications at local, regional and continental scales.This work has been supported by the research projects CGL2008-01189/BTE, CGL2006-11619/HID and CGL2008-1083/CLI financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology and FEDER, EUROGEOSS (FP7-ENV-2008-1-226487) and ACQWA (FP7-ENV-2007-1- 212250) financed by the VII Framework Programme of the European Commissio

An assessment of the role of homogenization protocol in the performance of daily temperature series and trends: Application to northeastern Spain

[EN] This paper gives the complete details of the protocols applied for developing a spatially and temporarily high-resolution dataset of temperature for northeastern Spain. Our methodologies used data from a large number of observatories (1583) spanning some portions of the period between 1900 and 2006. The raw dataset was first tested for internal and external consistency to check data quality. To improve data completeness, a linear regression model was then utilized to infill gaps in the daily temperature series using the best correlated data from nearby sites. Discontinuities in the reconstructed series were determined by combining the results of three homogeneity-relative tests: the Standard Normal Homogeneity Test (SNHT), the Eastrerling and Peterson two-phased regression method and the Vincent test. To assess the possible impact of data homogenisation on trends and statistical properties of the final series, a set of tests (e.g. semivariance models and L-moment statistics) was applied to the series before and after correction. Semivariance models suggest a significant improvement in the spatial dependence of the corrected dataset on both seasonal and annual timescales. Also, L-moments gave no evidence of significant changes in the probability distribution of daily temperature series after correction. Taken together, the newly compiled dataset seems to be more robust and reveals more coherent spatial and temporal patterns of temperature compared with the original dataset. From the temporal and spatial perspectives, the new dataset comprises the most complete register of temperature in northeast Spain (1900-2006), with a reasonably spatial coverage. Accordingly, this database can provide a more reliable base for studying temperature changes and variability in the region. This dataset can also be of particular relevance to a number of meteorological, ecological, hydrological and agricultural applications on local, regional and continental scales. © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society.We are indebted to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments which were most helpful in improving this paper. We would like to thank the Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia for providing the temperature data used in this study. This work has been supported by the research projects CGL2006-11619/HID, CGL2008- 01189/BTE, CGL2011-27574-CO2-02, CGL2011-27753- CO2-01 and CGL2011-27536 financed by the Spanish Commission of Science and Technology; and also FEDER, EUROGEOSS (FP7-ENV-2008-1-226487) and ACQWA (FP7-ENV-2007-1- 212250) financed by the VII Framework Programme of the European Commission, La nieve en el Pirineo Aragones y su respuesta a ´ la variabilidad climatica, and Efecto de los escenarios ´ de cambio climatico sobre la hidrolog ´ ´ıa superficial y la gestion de embalses del Pirineo Aragon ´ es, financed by ´ Obra Social La Caixa and the Aragon Government and ´ Influencia del cambio climatico en el turismo de nieve, ´ CTTP01/10, financed by the Comision de Trabajo de los ´ Pirineos.Peer Reviewe

Regímenes estacionales de precipitación en la vertiente mediterránea de la Península Ibérica

Ponencia presentada en: VI Congreso Internacional de la Asociación Española de Climatología celebrado en Tarragona del 8 al 11 de octubre de 2008.[ES]En este trabajo analizamos los regímenes estacionales de precipitación de la fachada Mediterránea de la Península Ibérica empleando la base de datos de precipitaciones mensuales MOPREDAMES (1113 series mensuales; periodo 1951-2000). En cada observatorio se estimó el régimen de precipitación promedio y anualmente se calculó el régimen para identificar el más frecuente e indagar qué regimenes de los 24 teóricamente posibles se han manifestado durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX.[EN]We analysed seasonal precipitation regimens in the Mediterranean fringe of Iberian Peninsula by using MOPREDAMES database (1113 precipitation stations; period 1951-2000). In each station, we calculated seasonal precipitation regime occurred annually and the dominant one during 1951-2000 period.Proyectos CGL2007-65315-CO3-01/CLI, CGL2005-04270. INM proporcionó los datos originales de la base MOPREDAMES

Block and gradient copoly(2-oxazoline) micelles : strikingly different on the inside

Herein, we provide a direct proof for differences in the micellar structure of amphiphilic diblock and gradient copolymers, thereby unambiguously demonstrating the influence of monomer distribution along the polymer chains on the micellization behavior. The internal structure of amphiphilic block and gradient co poly(2-oxazolines) based on the hydrophilic poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) (PMeOx) and the hydrophobic poly(2-phenyl-2-oxazoline) (PPhOx) was studied in water and water ethanol mixtures by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), small angle neutron scattering (SANS), static and dynamic light scattering (SLS/DLS), and H-1 NMR spectroscopy. Contrast matching SANS experiments revealed that block copolymers form micelles with a uniform density profile of the core. In contrast to popular assumption, the outer part of the core of the gradient copolymer micelles has a distinctly higher density than the middle of the core. We attribute the latter finding to back-folding of chains resulting from hydrophilic hydrophobic interactions, leading to a new type of micelles that we refer to as micelles with a "bitterball-core" structure