109 research outputs found
Dipolar dynamos in stratified systems
Observations of low-mass stars reveal a variety of magnetic field topologies
ranging from large-scale, axial dipoles to more complex magnetic fields. At the
same time, three-dimensional spherical simulations of convectively driven
dynamos reproduce a similar diversity, which is commonly obtained either with
Boussinesq models or with more realistic models based on the anelastic
approximation, which take into account the variation of the density with depth
throughout the convection zone. Nevertheless, a conclusion from different
anelastic studies is that dipolar solutions seem more difficult to obtain as
soon as substantial stratifications are considered. In this paper, we aim at
clarifying this point by investigating in more detail the influence of the
density stratification on dipolar dynamos. To that end, we rely on a systematic
parameter study that allows us to clearly follow the evolution of the stability
domain of the dipolar branch as the density stratification is increased. The
impact of the density stratification both on the dynamo onset and the dipole
collapse is discussed and compared to previous Boussinesq results. Furthermore,
our study indicates that the loss of the dipolar branch does not ensue from a
specific modification of the dynamo mechanisms related to the background
stratification, but could instead result from a bias as our observations
naturally favour a certain domain in the parameter space characterized by
moderate values of the Ekman number, owing to current computational
limitations. Moreover, we also show that the critical magnetic Reynolds number
of the dipolar branch is scarcely modified by the increase of the density
stratification, which provides an important insight into the global
understanding of the impact of the density stratification on the stability
domain of the dipolar dynamo branch
Topology and field strength in spherical, anelastic dynamo simulations
Numerical modelling of convection driven dynamos in the Boussinesq
approximation revealed fundamental characteristics of the dynamo-generated
magnetic fields and the fluid flow. Because these results were obtained for an
incompressible fluid, their validity for gas planets and stars remains to be
assessed. A common approach is to take some density stratification into account
with the so-called anelastic approximation. The validity of previous results
obtained in the Boussinesq approximation is tested for anelastic models. We
point out and explain specific differences between both types of models, in
particular with respect to the field geometry and the field strength, but we
also compare scaling laws for the velocity amplitude, the magnetic dissipation
time, and the convective heat flux. Our investigation is based on a systematic
parameter study of spherical dynamo models in the anelastic approximation. We
make use of a recently developed numerical solver and provide results for the
test cases of the anelastic dynamo benchmark. The dichotomy of dipolar and
multipolar dynamos identified in Boussinesq simulations is also present in our
sample of anelastic models. Dipolar models require that the typical length
scale of convection is an order of magnitude larger than the Rossby radius.
However, the distinction between both classes of models is somewhat less
explicit than in previous studies. This is mainly due to two reasons: we found
a number of models with a considerable equatorial dipole contribution and an
intermediate overall dipole field strength. Furthermore, a large density
stratification may hamper the generation of dipole dominated magnetic fields.
Previously proposed scaling laws, such as those for the field strength, are
similarly applicable to anelastic models. It is not clear, however, if this
consistency necessarily implies similar dynamo processes in both settings.Comment: 14 pages, 11 figure
Sélection de clones résistants appartenant aux genres Kiebsiella, Serratia et Pseudomonas afin de suivre leur implantation dans un biofiltre
Des souches appartenant aux espèces : Klebsiella oxytoca, Serratia marcescens et Pseudomonas putida, isolées d'un biofiltre utilisé pour le traitement d'effluents urbains ont été choisies parmi une centaine d'autres pour être réimplantées dans un réacteur du même type. Dans le but de suivre leur fixation en réacteur ouvert, une méthode spécifique de sélection a été développée. Des clones de ces souches résistant naturellement à des antibiotiques (rifampicine, streptomycine, acide nalidixique) et à des substrats suicides (chlorate, bromoacétate, fluorouracile) ont été recherchés. Cette sélection a permis d'obtenir des clones de Klebsiella et de Serratia résistants à 2 g/l de streptomycine, 1 g/l de rifampicine et à 2 g/l de chlorate ainsi que des clones de Pseudomonas résistants à 0,5 g/l d'acide nalidixique et à 2 g/l de bromoacétate ou à 40 mgll de fluorouracile.Les clones résistants dont les caractéristiques de croissance et les activités enzymatiques sont identiques à celles de la souche sauvage et dont la stabilité génétique a été maintenue après de nombreux repiquages ont été retenus. Afin de valider notre méthode de reconnaissance, une numération de la flore indigène d'un effluent urbain a été réalisée sur les milieux spécifiques des clones résistants : seule une faible proportion de cette flore, à savoir 0,02 % est capable de s'y développer. Des essais préliminaires d'ensemencement du biofiltre avec les souches sélectionnées ont été réalisés, ils montrent que celles-ci s'implantent puisqu'elles sont retrouvées sur les grains de matériau de garnissage et que chacune d'elle représente 1 % de la flore totale.Comparison with free tell system, fixed process applied for biological wastewater treatment have been shown to offer numerous advantages. The Biocarbone process, an aerobic down flow immersed bed reactor (ODA patent n° 78-30246), has been selected for many industrial and municipal wastewater treatment facilities.From this type of aerobic fixed-bed reactor, made of expanded schist as a granular support and fed with clarified domestic wastewater, eigthy-eigth strains were isolated (ZINEBI et al., 1992). Three of the bacterial strains were chosen for their abilities to express high levels of glucidolytic, proteolytic or lipolytic activities and to grow on the granular support as microcolonies which developed into a film of organisms over the whole surface.Our objective was to initiate biofilm formation by feeding the clean support with thon selected strains named : Klebsiella oxytoca, 501; Serratia marcescens, 532 and Pseudomonas putida, 601. In order to follow attachment kinetics of these selected strains of this biofilter, and to verify their perenity within the biofilm in non sterile conditions (mixed with indigeneous flora from the influent), a specific labelling method was required.As antibiotic-resistant mutants are easily isolated and the resistances can often serve as convenient genetic markers for use in characterizing bacterial strains, a direct selection of tells acquiring resistance to various antibiotics (ampicillin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid and rifampicin) bas been performed. Selected antibiotic-resistant strains were further incubated in presence of growth inhibitors or suicide substrates in order to select again spontaneous arising mutants well characterized by two distinct markers. From the two bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, mutants having lost the nitrate reductase have been isolated under anaerobic growth conditions in the presence of chlorate. In the case of Pseudomonas strain, mutants resistant towards substrate halogen analogues were obtained.Colonies resistant to antibiotics and resistant to lethal substrates were isolated : thus, colonies of Klebsiella resistant to streptomycin at 2 g/l, to rifampicin al 1 g/l and chlorate al 2 g/l ; colonies of Serratia resistant to streptomycin at 2 g/l or to rifampicine at 1 g/l and chlorate at 2 g/l and colonies of Pseudomonas resistant to nalidixic acid at 0.5 g/l and to bromoacetate at 2 g/l or to fluorouracil at 40 mg/l, were obtained. We have selected : trains showing the same doubling time as well as the same final population titan the parental strains when growths were performed with or without the markers. The three strains retained were : Klebsiellaoxytoca, 501 R1S2Cl2 which grew on the Mac Conkey medium added with 1 g/l of rifampicin, 2 g/l at streptomycin and 2 g/l of chlorate; Serratia marcescens, 532 S2Cl2 (on Mac Conkey plus 2 g/l of streptomycin and 2 g/l of chlorate) and Pseudomonas putida, 601 NB2 (on King plus 0,5 g/l of nalidixic acid and 2 g/l of bromoacetate). These specific media for the detection of selectionned clones were selective toward a fixed indigenous flora since only 0,02 % of total heterotrophic population can grow.A column filled with grains of « Biodagen » either colonized by natural, microbial populations or with clean grains of « Biodagen » was fed with a population of the : train Klebsiella 501 R1S2Cl2. The strain colonized virgin « Biodagen » and maintained population of 4.106 CFU per grain for 9 days with new material and 105 CFU for 7 days with precolonized material.Experiment with a mixed population resulting from the three identified microbial species have been conducted with clean grains of « Biodagen », a whole population of 107 CFU per grain was obtained after two days and each identified strain corresponded to 1 % of the entire bacterial population. The relative concentrations of the three : trains did not decrease feeding the column with a mixture of the three : trains and of wastewater but slightly decreased when the column was fed with wastewater only
Coriolis darkening in late-type stars II. Effect of self-sustained magnetic fields in stratified convective envelope
Modeling the surface brightness distribution of stars is of prime importance
to interpret observations. Nevertheless, this remains quite challenging for
cool stars as it requires one to model the MHD turbulence that develops in
their convective envelope. In Paper I, the effect of the Coriolis acceleration
on the surface heat flux has been studied by means of hydrodynamic simulations.
In this paper, we aim to investigate the additional effect of dynamo magnetic
fields. We focus on an envelope thickness that is representative of either a
M dwarf, a young red giant star or a pre-main sequence star.
We performed a parametric study using numerical MHD simulations of anelastic
convection in thick rotating spherical shells. For each model, we computed the
mean surface distribution of the heat flux, and examined the leading-order
effect of the magnetic field on the obtained latitudinal luminosity profile. We
identify three different regimes. Close to the onset of convection, while the
first unstable modes tend to convey heat more efficiently near the equator,
magnetic fields are shown to generally enhance the mean heat flux close to the
polar regions (and the tangent cylinder). By progressively increasing the
Rayleigh number, the development of a prograde equatorial jet was previously
shown to make the equator darker when no magnetic field is taken into account.
For moderate Rayleigh numbers, magnetic fields can instead inverse the mean
pole-equator brightness contrast (which means going from a darker to a brighter
equator when a dynamo sets in) and finally induce a similar regime to that
found close to the onset of convection. For more turbulent models with larger
Rayleigh numbers, magnetic fields alternatively tend to smooth out the
brightness contrast. This general behavior is shown to be related to the
quenching of the surface differential rotation by magnetic fields.Comment: Accepted in A&A - Acceptance date: 04/03/202
Oscillatory dynamos and their induction mechanisms
Context: Large-scale magnetic fields resulting from hydromagnetic dynamo
action may differ substantially in their time dependence. Cyclic field
variations, characteristic for the solar magnetic field, are often explained by
an important omega-effect, i.e. by the stretching of field lines due to strong
differential rotation. Aims: The dynamo mechanism of a convective, oscillatory
dynamo model is investigated. Methods: We solve the MHD-equations for a
conducting Boussinesq fluid in a rotating spherical shell. For a resulting
oscillatory model, dynamo coefficients have been computed with the help of the
so-called test-field method. Subsequently, these coefficients have been used in
a mean-field calculation in order to explore the underlying dynamo mechanism.
Results: Although the rather strong differential rotation present in this model
influences the magnetic field, the omega-effect alone is not responsible for
its cyclic time variation. If the omega-effect is suppressed, the resulting
alpha^2-dynamo remains oscillatory. Surprisingly, the corresponding alpha-omega
dynamo leads to a non-oscillatory magnetic field. Conclusions: The assumption
of an alpha-omega mechanism does not explain the occurrence of magnetic cycles
satisfactorily
Combined inactivation of the Clostridium cellulolyticum lactate and malate dehydrogenase genes substantially increases ethanol yield from cellulose and switchgrass fermentations
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The model bacterium <it>Clostridium cellulolyticum </it>efficiently degrades crystalline cellulose and hemicellulose, using cellulosomes to degrade lignocellulosic biomass. Although it imports and ferments both pentose and hexose sugars to produce a mixture of ethanol, acetate, lactate, H<sub>2 </sub>and CO<sub>2</sub>, the proportion of ethanol is low, which impedes its use in consolidated bioprocessing for biofuels production. Therefore genetic engineering will likely be required to improve the ethanol yield. Plasmid transformation, random mutagenesis and heterologous expression systems have previously been developed for <it>C. cellulolyticum</it>, but targeted mutagenesis has not been reported for this organism, hindering genetic engineering.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The first targeted gene inactivation system was developed for <it>C. cellulolyticum</it>, based on a mobile group II intron originating from the <it>Lactococcus lactis </it>L1.LtrB intron. This markerless mutagenesis system was used to disrupt both the paralogous <smcaps>L</smcaps>-lactate dehydrogenase (<it>Ccel_2485; ldh</it>) and <smcaps>L</smcaps>-malate dehydrogenase (<it>Ccel_0137; mdh</it>) genes, distinguishing the overlapping substrate specificities of these enzymes. Both mutations were then combined in a single strain, resulting in a substantial shift in fermentation toward ethanol production. This double mutant produced 8.5-times more ethanol than wild-type cells growing on crystalline cellulose. Ethanol constituted 93% of the major fermentation products, corresponding to a molar ratio of ethanol to organic acids of 15, versus 0.18 in wild-type cells. During growth on acid-pretreated switchgrass, the double mutant also produced four times as much ethanol as wild-type cells. Detailed metabolomic analyses identified increased flux through the oxidative branch of the mutant's tricarboxylic acid pathway.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The efficient intron-based gene inactivation system produced the first non-random, targeted mutations in <it>C. cellulolyticum</it>. As a key component of the genetic toolbox for this bacterium, markerless targeted mutagenesis enables functional genomic research in <it>C</it>. <it>cellulolyticum </it>and rapid genetic engineering to significantly alter the mixture of fermentation products. The initial application of this system successfully engineered a strain with high ethanol productivity from cellobiose, cellulose and switchgrass.</p
Quantitative proteomic analysis of the influence of lignin on biofuel production by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824
Background: Clostridium acetobutylicum has been a focus of research because of its ability to produce high-value
compounds that can be used as biofuels. Lignocellulose is a promising feedstock, but the lignin–cellulose–hemicellulose
biomass complex requires chemical pre-treatment to yield fermentable saccharides, including cellulose-derived
cellobiose, prior to bioproduction of acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) and hydrogen. Fermentation capability is
limited by lignin and thus process optimization requires knowledge of lignin inhibition. The effects of lignin on cellular
metabolism were evaluated for C. acetobutylicum grown on medium containing either cellobiose only or cellobiose
plus lignin. Microscopy, gas chromatography and 8-plex iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic technologies were
applied to interrogate the effect of lignin on cellular morphology, fermentation and the proteome.
Results: Our results demonstrate that C. acetobutylicum has reduced performance for solvent production when
lignin is present in the medium. Medium supplemented with 1 g L−1
of lignin led to delay and decreased solvents
production (ethanol; 0.47 g L−1
for cellobiose and 0.27 g L−1
for cellobiose plus lignin and butanol; 0.13 g L−1
for cellobiose
and 0.04 g L−1
for cellobiose plus lignin) at 20 and 48 h, respectively, resulting in the accumulation of acetic
acid and butyric acid. Of 583 identified proteins (FDR < 1 %), 328 proteins were quantified with at least two unique
peptides. Up- or down-regulation of protein expression was determined by comparison of exponential and stationary
phases of cellobiose in the presence and absence of lignin. Of relevance, glycolysis and fermentative pathways were
mostly down-regulated, during exponential and stationary growth phases in presence of lignin. Moreover, proteins
involved in DNA repair, transcription/translation and GTP/ATP-dependent activities were also significantly affected
and these changes were associated with altered cell morphology.
Conclusions: This is the first comprehensive analysis of the cellular responses of C. acetobutylicum to lignin at metabolic
and physiological levels. These data will enable targeted metabolic engineering strategies to optimize biofuel
production from biomass by overcoming limitations imposed by the presence of lignin
Unconventional Repertoire Profile Is Imprinted during Acute Chikungunya Infection for Natural Killer Cells Polarization toward Cytotoxicity
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a worldwide emerging pathogen. In humans it causes a syndrome characterized by high fever, polyarthritis, and in some cases lethal encephalitis. Growing evidence indicates that the innate immune response plays a role in controlling CHIKV infection. We show here that CHIKV induces major but transient modifications in NK-cell phenotype and function soon after the onset of acute infection. We report a transient clonal expansion of NK cells that coexpress CD94/NKG2C and inhibitory receptors for HLA-C1 alleles and are correlated with the viral load. Functional tests reveal cytolytic capacity driven by NK cells in the absence of exogenous signals and severely impaired IFN-γ production. Collectively these data provide insight into the role of this unique subset of NK cells in controlling CHIKV infection by subset-specific expansion in response to acute infection, followed by a contraction phase after viral clearance
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