Padrão dose-resposta de extratos brutos produzidos por actinobactérias sobre a fermentação ruminal in vitro

As actinobactérias têm sido pesquisadas como fonte produtoras de extratos brutos que contêm compostos bioativos capazes de atuar como agentes antimicrobianos. O presente trabalho investigou o efeito dose-resposta de dois extratos brutos, AMC e Caat, na fermentação ruminal in vitro por: produção cumulativa de gás, digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (IVDMD) e matériaorgânica (IVOMD) e concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (SCFA). Três vacas leiteiras da raça Holandesa, multíparas e portadoras de fístula ruminal foram utilizadas como doadoras de inóculo ruminal e foram alimentadas com uma dieta basal composta por silagem de milho, farelo de soja, ureia, milho moído e suplemento mineral. As amostras de inóculo ruminal foram incubadas em garrafas de vidro com 1 g da dieta seca e moída, solução tampão e os extratos brutos avaliados em quatro doses (0,3, 0,6, 0,9 e 1,20 mg/10 mL de inóculo) em delineamento em blocos casualizados, sendo as doadoras consideradas os blocos como efeito aleatório. Além disso, foram utilizados controles negativos para a correção da produção de gás. Os resultados foram expressos como valores médios com base em análises triplicadas. A diminuição da produção cumulativa de gás foi observada de acordo com a dose em resposta linear às 24, 48 e 72 h de incubação com a adição de extrato de Caat. A IVOMD mostrou uma diminuição linear com 72 h de incubação com inclusão de Caat. Além disso, a inclusão do Caat reduziu linearmente as concentrações de ácido butírico e isovalérico, bem como a proporção de acetato/propionato. Diferentemente, a inclusão do extrato de AMC não afetou nenhuma das variáveis analisadas nas doses utilizadas. O extrato de Caat pode ser usado como um modulador da fermentação ruminal in vitro, uma vez que reduziu a proporção de acetato/propionato e a produção de gás acumulada.Actinobacteria have been researched as a source that produces crude extracts, which contain bioactive compounds able to act as antimicrobial agents. The present investigation evaluated the dose-response effect of two crude extracts, obtained at Caatinga rhizosphere (Caat) and Rhizophora mangle (AMC), on in vitro ruminal fermentation by: cumulative gas production, digestibility of dry (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD), and short-chain fatty acids concentration (SCFA). Three multiparous Holstein dairy cows with ruminal fistula were used as the inoculum donors and fed a basal diet consisting of corn silage, soybean meal, urea, ground corn and mineral supplement. Ruminal fluid samples were incubated in glass bottles with 1 g of the dried and milled diet, a buffer solution, and the crude extracts evaluated in four doses (0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.20 mg/10 mL inoculum) in a randomized block design, and the donators were considered as blocks with random effects. Additionally, negative controls were used. The results were expressed as average values based on triplicate analyses. Decreased cumulative gas production was observed according to linear dose response at 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation with the addition of Caat extract. The IVOMD showed a linear decrease at 72 h of incubation with dose Caat inclusion. Furthermore, the inclusion of Caat extract linearly reduced butyric and isovaleric acid concentrations, as well as acetate:propionate ratio. Finally, the Caat inclusion increased the propionic acid concentration in comparison to AMC extract. However, the inclusion of AMC extract did not affect any of the analyzed variables at the used doses. The Caat extract could be used as a modulator of in vitro ruminal fermentation, since it reduced acetate:propionate ratio and cumulative gas production

Amblyomma sculptum Salivary PGE2 Modulates the Dendritic Cell-Rickettsia rickettsii Interactions in vitro and in vivo

Amblyomma sculptum is an important vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and the most lethal tick-borne pathogen affecting humans. To feed on the vertebrate host's blood, A. sculptum secretes a salivary mixture, which may interact with skin resident dendritic cells (DCs) and modulate their function. The present work was aimed at depicting the A. sculptum saliva-host DC network and the biochemical nature of the immunomodulatory component(s) involved in this interface. A. sculptum saliva inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines by murine DCs stimulated with LPS. The fractionation of the low molecular weight salivary content by reversed-phase chromatography revealed active fractions eluting from 49 to 55% of the acetonitrile gradient. Previous studies suggested that this pattern of elution matches with that observed for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and the molecular identity of this lipid mediator was unambiguously confirmed by a new high-resolution mass spectrometry methodology. A productive infection of murine DCs by R. rickettsii was demonstrated for the first time leading to proinflammatory cytokine production that was inhibited by both A. sculptum saliva and PGE2, a result also achieved with human DCs. The adoptive transfer of murine DCs incubated with R. rickettsii followed by treatment with A. sculptum saliva or PGE2 did not change the cytokine profile associated to cellular recall responses while IgG2a-specific antibodies were decreased in the serum of these mice. Together, these findings emphasize the role of PGE2 as a universal immunomodulator of tick saliva. In addition, it contributes to new approaches to explore R. rickettsii-DC interactions both in vitro and in vivo

Identification of antimicrobials compounds produced by actinomycetes from soil with potential application to control bovine mastitis

Neste trabalho foi explorado o potencial das actinobactérias como produtoras de agentes antimicrobianos contra bactérias causadoras da mastite bovina. Para este fim, foram otimizados dois diferentes bioensaios um de antagonismo e o outro de antibiose, contra 13 bactérias Gram-positivas e Gram-negativas relacionadas a mastite bovina. Através do bioensaio de antagonismo 120 actinobactérias foram triadas, sendo 55% delas consideradas ativas. Para o ensaio de antibiose foram triados 70 extratos brutos e 60% mostram a formação de halos de inibição. Os extratos brutos Caat 1-54, Caat 2-63 e Caat 8-25 foram considerados os mais promissores dentre todos os extratos estudados. Esses extratos brutos foram submetidos a estudos de desreplicação empregando LC-PAD-MS/MS e isolamento guiado por bioensaio para a identificação de seus metabolitos ativos. Os extratos Caat 1-54 e Caat 2-63 foram ativos principalmente contra as linhagens de bactérias Gram-positivas e a ação antimicrobiana observada foi atribuída a presença da lisolipina I e actinomicina D e V, respectivamente. O extrato Caat 8-25 foi ativo tanto contra bactérias Gram-positivas como para as Gram-negativas, sendo a oxitetraciclina associada a atividade contra as linhagens Gram-positivas e a herbicidina B ativo contra linhagens Gram-negativas. O estudo de desreplicação por LC-MS/MS também possibilitou a identificação de outros metabolitos secundários presentes nos diferentes extratos estudados. Para o extrato Caat 2-63 foi identificada a presença de outros peptídeos provenientes da via biossintética da actinomicina D e, no extrato bruto Caat 8-25 também foi identificado herbicidina F. Um estudo de mudança no metabolismo também foi realizado para a actinobactérias Caat 1-54 produtora de lisolipina. Através da suplementação de íons brometo no meio de cultivo em diferentes períodos da fermentação foi observada a produção de um análogo da lisolipina com bromo e da lisolipina clorada e bromada. Estudos de DESI-TLC-MS associado a bioautografia em TLC também foram aplicados para análise do extrato bruto Caat 2-63 e mostraram a potencialidade desta metodologia para acelerar a identificação de compostos ativos, pois a análise por espectrometria de massas na região da placa cromatográfica correspondente ao halo de inibição revelou a presença de actinomicina D e V, as quais já haviam sido associadas a atividade antimicrobiana deste extrato bruto. Assim os resultados obtidos nesta tese confirmam o grande potencial das actinobactérias como fonte promissoras de compostos bioativos e que a espectrometria de massas empregada nos seus diferentes modos de análise acelera o processo de identificação desses compostos.In this work were used two different bioassays to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of some actinomycetes against bacteria that cause bovine mastitis. For this propose an antagonism and antibiose assays were optimized against 13 Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria related with bovine mastitis. Through antagonism bioassay 120 actinomycetes were screened and 55% were considered active. In disk diffusion bioassay, 70 crude extracts were screened and 60% showed inhibition zones. The crude extracts Caat 1-54, Caat 2-63 and Caat 8-25 were considered the most promising of all the extracts. Dereplication studies and fractionation guided by bioassay were procedure with this extracts to identify the actives metabolites. The extracts Caat 1-54 and Caat 2-63 were active against strains of Gram-positive bacteria and the antimicrobial effect was related to lisolipin I and actinomycin D and V, respectively. The extract Caat 8-25 was active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Oxytetracycline were associated with activity against Gram-positives strains and a herbicidin B was active against Gram-negative bacteria. Using dereplication strategies by LC-MS/MS others compounds were characterized in different crude extracts. The extract Caat 2-63 was also identified the presence of other peptides from the same biosynthetic pathway of actinomycin D and for crude extract Caat 8-25 were identified herbicidin F. In addition, studies of the shift in secondary metabolism carried out for actinobacteria Caat 1-54 (lysolipin producer). Culture medium supplementation by bromide ions at different stages of fermentation induce the production of bromine lysolipin analog and a chloro-bromine lysolipin. DESI-MS TLC studies associated with TLC bioautography were used to analyze a crude extract Caat 2-63. This study showed how this method could be used to accelerate the identification of active compounds, because mass spectrometry analysis in situ at bioautigraphy inhibition zone showed the presence of actinomycin D and V, which had been associated with antimicrobial activity of this crude extract. Therefore, the results of this thesis confirm the potential of actinobacteria as bioactives compounds source and the importance of mass spectrometry experiments to accelerate the identification of these compounds

In vitro evaluation of novel crude extracts produced by actinobacteria for modulation of ruminal fermentation

We evaluated the inclusion of two crude extracts produced by Streptomyces genus on in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility (IVDMD; IVOMD), cumulative gas production, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and methane (CH4 ) and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3 -N) concentration. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three blocks and four treatments: AMC (1.2 mg/25 mL ruminal inoculum), Caat (1.2 mg/25 mL ruminal inoculum), negative control (no inclusion of extracts), and positive control (sodium monensin, 1.7 mg/25 mL ruminal inoculum). Ruminal fluid samples were collected from three multiparous Holstein dairy cows fitted with ruminal cannula and incubated in a 24-h fermentation assay. There was no effect of crude extract inclusion in comparison with negative control on cumulative gas production in 24 h. However, cumulative gas production was lower when Caat extract was included in comparison with AMC inclusion. The Caat inclusion increased propionic acid concentration and reduced the concentration of butyric acid and acetate:propionate (A:P) ratio in relation to negative control. The CH4 concentration was lower with Caat inclusion in relation to AMC, and the ratio of CH4 concentration to digestible dry matter was lower in the negative control compared with all additives. Caat inclusion decreased the NH3 -N concentration, and IVDMD was not altered compared with negative control. Additionally, the inclusion of Caat crude extract increased propionic acid concentration and reduced butyric acid concentration and A:P ratio, without reducing the IVDMD and IVOMD. Caat extract modulates rumen fermentation, increasing available energy and decreasing gas production without causing changes in dry matter and organic matter digestibilit

Jacobsen Catalyst as a Cytochrome P450 Biomimetic Model for the Metabolism of Monensin A

Monensin A is a commercially important natural product isolated from Streptomyces cinnamonensins that is primarily employed to treat coccidiosis. Monensin A selectively complexes and transports sodium cations across lipid membranes and displays a variety of biological properties. In this study, we evaluated the Jacobsen catalyst as a cytochrome P450 biomimetic model to investigate the oxidation of monensin A. Mass spectrometry analysis of the products from these model systems revealed the formation of two products: 3-O-demethyl monensin A and 12-hydroxy monensin A, which are the same ones found in in vivo models. Monensin A and products obtained in biomimetic model were tested in a mitochondrial toxicity model assessment and an antimicrobial bioassay against Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus methicillin-resistant, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Our results demonstrated the toxicological effects of monensin A in isolated rat liver mitochondria but not its products, showing that the metabolism of monensin A is a detoxification metabolism. In addition, the antimicrobial bioassay showed that monensin A and its products possessed activity against Gram-positive microorganisms but not for Gram-negative microorganisms. The results revealed the potential of application of this biomimetic chemical model in the synthesis of drug metabolites, providing metabolites for biological tests and other purposes