Review of \u3ci\u3e A Funnie Place, No Fences : Teenagers\u27 Views of Kansas, 1867-1900\u3c/i\u3e Edited by C. Robert Haywood and Sandra Jarvis

For some time we have had accounts written by men of the early years in a new state; then women\u27s diaries began to be discovered recording events from a woman\u27s perspective. With this book, we now have a sense of what it was like to be a teenager who had moved from New York or Iowa into a prairie land with little broken ground and no fences. A Funnie Place adds an important dimension to both our historical and sociological understanding of daily life on the Kansas Plains

Who Owns This Text?: Plagiarism, Authorship, and Disciplinary Cultures

Carol Haviland, Joan Mullin, and their collaborators report on a three-year interdisciplinary interview project on the subject of plagiarism, authorship, and property, and how these are conceived across different fields. The study investigated seven different academic fields to discover disciplinary conceptions of what types of scholarly production count as owned. Less a research report than a conversation, the book offers a wide range of ideas, and the chapters here will provoke discussion on scholarly practice relating to intellectual property, plagiarism, and authorship---and to how these matters are conveyed to students. Although these authors find a good deal of consensus in regard to the ethical issues of plagiarism, they document a surprising variety of practice on the subject of what ownership looks like from one discipline to another. And they discover that students are not often instructed in the conventions of their major field.https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/usupress_pubs/1025/thumbnail.jp

Master of Science

thesisThe Roosevelt area contains Roosevelt Hot Springs, one of two known Geothermal Resource Areas in Utah. The Roosevelt area is located on the western flank of the Mineral Range in Beaver County. Precambrian(?) metamorphic rocks and Tertiary igneous rocks crop out in the eastern part of the Roosevelt area. Unconsolidated deposits of Tertiary and Quaternary age cover most of the Roosevelt area. The Precambrian(?) metamorphic rocks, principally biotite gneiss, are present both as isolated outcrops and as blocks within the granite of the Mineral Range pluton. The pluton is primarily composed of coarse- to medium-grained granite. Radiometric age determinations show that parts of the pluton range in age from late Miocene to early Pliocene. Silicic volcanic rocks crop out in Negro Mag Wash and in Wildhorse Canyon. In both areas, the volcanic rocks were extruded onto an eroded surface of the granite and are thought to be Pliocene in age. No pre-Tertiary sedimentary rocks crop out within the Roosevelt area. Most of the area is covered by alluvial fan deposits. Most of the alluvium was derived from the granite, but some was derived from the silicic volcanic rocks. Some of the alluvium was worked into V-shaped embankments at different stages of Lake Bonneville. North-trending faults are present within the foothills of the Mineral Range in the Roosevelt area. Another conspicuous north- trending fault, the Dome Fault, offsets Units A and C and also Pleistocene(?) hot-spring deposits. A well that yielded steam may have penetrated the Dome Fault. The west block of the Dome Fault is dis¬placed upward relative to the east block; movement on the fault occurred during the Pleistocene. North- and northeast-trending faults that produced small displacements in the alluvial fan surface were mapped in the central and western parts of the Roosevelt area. An east-trending fault may be present beneath Negro Mag Wash. Roosevelt Hot Springs are no longer flowing, but a patch of soil near the main orifice is 204°F. Other patches of warm ground and small deposits of siliceous sinter are present in Negro Mag Wash. Three rock units of silica-cemented alluvium, called Unit A, Unit B, and Unit C, and differentiated on the bases of lithology, outcrop pattern, and degree of sorting, were mapped in the Roosevelt area. Approximately 50,000 square feet of siliceous sinter is exposed at the south end of the Dome Fault. Several holes were drilled in and around this siliceous sinter deposit. One hole reached a depth of 275 feet, where steam blew the drilling equipment out of the hole; the temperature of the steam was 270°F. The silica geothermometer and the sodium-potassium-calcium geothermometer were both applied to published analyses of Roosevelt Hot Springs water. The silica geothermometer indicated reservoir temperatures of 210° and 195°C; the Na-K-Ca geothermometer gave temperatures of 298° and 292°C. The presence of relatively young intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks, the steam well, hot springs, and the favorable geochemical data all indicate that a hot subsurface igneous body exists in this area. Primary porosity in the granite and the metamorphic rocks is probably very low; secondary porosity along faults may be very important. There are not sufficient data to evaluate the hydro- logic conditions that might prevail in a geothermal system in the Roosevelt area

“As Tough As It Gets”: Women in Boston Politics, 1921-2004

This study seeks to answer the question: Given the wealth of talent and resources women possess—and the state offers—why is it so tough for women to gain representation in Boston City Hall? To answer this question, and to document the efforts women have made over almost 100 years, we examine the history of women who have run for and won—or lost—election to the Boston City Council in the 20th century. How does the structure and culture of a given urban political arena (i.e., “Boston politics”) affect women’s opportunities as elected officials? What is women’s political culture and how has it differed from patriarchal models of urban political culture? What constitutes political ambition and participation for women? How do women fare in Boston compared to other capital cities in the United States? This history of women and the Boston City Council uses public records, media reports, and oral histories with candidates and elected officials to tell a story that fills a gap in scholarship regarding the roles of women in Boston city politics. First, we will provide a brief description of the historical context—how “Boston politics” has shaped, hindered, or, in some cases, promoted women’s election to the City Council. Second, using data gathered from historical records, oral histories, interviews, and other sources, we will provide a chronological history of women who ran, won, and lost their bids for election. Finally, the paper concludes with an analysis of the reasons it has been so difficult for women to gain anything approaching equal representation on the Boston City Council. This analysis includes systemic constraints such as bias in gender roles and expectations; traditional notions about women’s capabilities and responsibility; familiarity with the political process; the role of gatekeepers; and fundraising and other forms of support

Factors predictive of successful retention in care among HIV-infected men in a universal test-and-treat setting in Uganda and Kenya: A mixed methods analysis.

BackgroundPrevious research indicates clinical outcomes among HIV-infected men in sub-Saharan Africa are sub-optimal. The SEARCH test and treat trial (NCT01864603) intervention included antiretroviral care delivery designed to address known barriers to HIV-care among men by decreasing clinic visit frequency and providing flexible, patient-centered care with retention support. We sought to understand facilitators and barriers to retention in care in this universal treatment setting through quantitative and qualitative data analysis.MethodsWe used a convergent mixed methods study design to evaluate retention in HIV care among adults (age > = 15) during the first year of the SEARCH (NCT01864603) test and treat trial. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate predictors of retention in care. Longitudinal qualitative data from n = 190 in-depth interviews with HIV-positive individuals and health care providers were analyzed to identify facilitators and barriers to HIV care engagement.ResultsThere were 1,863 men and 3,820 women who linked to care following baseline testing. Retention in care was 89.7% (95% CI 87.0-91.8%) among men and 89.0% (86.8-90.9%) among women at one year. In both men and women older age was associated with higher rates of retention in care at one year. Additionally, among men higher CD4+ at ART initiation and decreased time between testing and ART initiation was associated with higher rates of retention. Maintaining physical health, a patient-centered treatment environment, supportive partnerships, few negative consequences to disclosure, and the ability to seek care in facilities outside of their community of residence were found to promote retention in care.ConclusionsFeatures of the ART delivery system in the SEARCH intervention and social and structural advantages emerged as facilitators to retention in HIV care among men. Messaging around the health benefits of early ART start, decreasing logistical barriers to HIV care, support of flexible treatment environments, and accelerated linkage to care, are important to men's success in ART treatment programs. Men already benefit from increased social support following disclosure of their HIV-status. Future efforts to shift gender norms towards greater equity are a potential strategy to support high levels of engagement in care for both men and women

Immune sensing of Candida albicans requires cooperative recognition of mannans and glucans by lectin and Toll-like receptors

Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Resolving \u3ci\u3eBovine viral diarrhea virus\u3c/i\u3e subtypes from persistently infected U.S. beef calves with complete genome sequence

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is classified into 2 genotypes, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, each of which contains distinct subtypes with genetic and antigenic variation. To effectively control BVDV by vaccination, it is important to know which subtypes of the virus are circulating and how their prevalence is changing over time. Accordingly, the purpose of our study was to estimate the current prevalence and diversity of BVDV subtypes from persistently infected (PI) beef calves in the central United States. Phylogenetic analysis of the 5′-UTR (5′ untranslated region) for 119 virus strains revealed that a majority (82%) belonged to genotype 1b, and the remaining strains were distributed between genotypes 1a (9%) and 2 (8%); however, BVDV-2 subtypes could not be confidently resolved. Therefore, to better define the variability of U.S. BVDV isolates and further investigate the division of BVDV-2 isolates into subtypes, complete genome sequences were obtained for these isolates as well as representatives of BVDV-1a and -1b. Phylogenetic analyses of the complete coding sequence provided more conclusive genetic classification and revealed that U.S. BVDV-2 isolates belong to at least 3 distinct genetic groups that are statistically supported by both complete and individual coding gene analyses. These results show that a more complex set of BVDV-2 subtypes has been circulating in this region than was previously thought

Resolving \u3ci\u3eBovine viral diarrhea virus\u3c/i\u3e subtypes from persistently infected U.S. beef calves with complete genome sequence

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is classified into 2 genotypes, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, each of which contains distinct subtypes with genetic and antigenic variation. To effectively control BVDV by vaccination, it is important to know which subtypes of the virus are circulating and how their prevalence is changing over time. Accordingly, the purpose of our study was to estimate the current prevalence and diversity of BVDV subtypes from persistently infected (PI) beef calves in the central United States. Phylogenetic analysis of the 5′-UTR (5′ untranslated region) for 119 virus strains revealed that a majority (82%) belonged to genotype 1b, and the remaining strains were distributed between genotypes 1a (9%) and 2 (8%); however, BVDV-2 subtypes could not be confidently resolved. Therefore, to better define the variability of U.S. BVDV isolates and further investigate the division of BVDV-2 isolates into subtypes, complete genome sequences were obtained for these isolates as well as representatives of BVDV-1a and -1b. Phylogenetic analyses of the complete coding sequence provided more conclusive genetic classification and revealed that U.S. BVDV-2 isolates belong to at least 3 distinct genetic groups that are statistically supported by both complete and individual coding gene analyses. These results show that a more complex set of BVDV-2 subtypes has been circulating in this region than was previously thought

Novel mutations in TARDBP (TDP-43) in patients with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) has been identified as the major disease protein in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin inclusions (FTLD-U), defining a novel class of neurodegenerative conditions: the TDP-43 proteinopathies. The first pathogenic mutations in the gene encoding TDP-43 (TARDBP) were recently reported in familial and sporadic ALS patients, supporting a direct role for TDP-43 in neurodegeneration. In this study, we report the identification and functional analyses of two novel and one known mutation in TARDBP that we identified as a result of extensive mutation analyses in a cohort of 296 patients with variable neurodegenerative diseases associated with TDP-43 histopathology. Three different heterozygous missense mutations in exon 6 of TARDBP (p.M337V, p.N345K, and p.I383V) were identified in the analysis of 92 familial ALS patients (3.3%), while no mutations were detected in 24 patients with sporadic ALS or 180 patients with other TDP-43-positive neurodegenerative diseases. The presence of p.M337V, p.N345K, and p.I383V was excluded in 825 controls and 652 additional sporadic ALS patients. All three mutations affect highly conserved amino acid residues in the C-terminal part of TDP-43 known to be involved in protein-protein interactions. Biochemical analysis of TDP-43 in ALS patient cell lines revealed a substantial increase in caspase cleaved fragments, including the approximately 25 kDa fragment, compared to control cell lines. Our findings support TARDBP mutations as a cause of ALS. Based on the specific C-terminal location of the mutations and the accumulation of a smaller C-terminal fragment, we speculate that TARDBP mutations may cause a toxic gain of function through novel protein interactions or intracellular accumulation of TDP-43 fragments leading to apoptosis