Philippe Parreno. Speech Bubbles

On connaît l’œuvre de Philippe Parreno, beaucoup moins ses écrits. Dernier titre paru dans la collection Documents sur l’art des Presses du réel, Speech Bubbles est un recueil de quatorze documents publiés depuis 1991 dans des catalogues et des revues d’art contemporain. Dans cet ouvrage, Eric Troncy a choisi de compiler chronologiquement un ensemble de textes d’intentions, d’entretiens et d’essais qui, malgré leur nature hétérogène, en disent long sur les centres d’intérêts de Parreno. Dans ..

Portait. Pierre Joseph

Pierre Joseph (né en 1965) est l’un des artistes majeurs de la scène française de la fin des années 1980 : un des rares artistes de sa génération à avoir marqué de façon décisive et durable l’art des années 1990 en anticipant, avec plusieurs coups d’avance, quelques-unes des obsessions de l’époque. L’histoire commence avec Dominique Gonzalez-Fœrster, Bernard Joisten, Philippe Parreno et Philippe Perrin avec lesquels P. Joseph signe Hyper Hyper (1988), Siberia (1988), Ozone (1989) ou Les Ateli..

Philippe Parreno. Speech Bubbles

On connaît l’œuvre de Philippe Parreno, beaucoup moins ses écrits. Dernier titre paru dans la collection Documents sur l’art des Presses du réel, Speech Bubbles est un recueil de quatorze documents publiés depuis 1991 dans des catalogues et des revues d’art contemporain. Dans cet ouvrage, Eric Troncy a choisi de compiler chronologiquement un ensemble de textes d’intentions, d’entretiens et d’essais qui, malgré leur nature hétérogène, en disent long sur les centres d’intérêts de Parreno. Dans ..

Models of Interaction as a Grounding for Peer to Peer Knowledge Sharing

Most current attempts to achieve reliable knowledge sharing on a large scale have relied on pre-engineering of content and supply services. This, like traditional knowledge engineering, does not by itself scale to large, open, peer to peer systems because the cost of being precise about the absolute semantics of services and their knowledge rises rapidly as more services participate. We describe how to break out of this deadlock by focusing on semantics related to interaction and using this to avoid dependency on a priori semantic agreement; instead making semantic commitments incrementally at run time. Our method is based on interaction models that are mobile in the sense that they may be transferred to other components, this being a mechanism for service composition and for coalition formation. By shifting the emphasis to interaction (the details of which may be hidden from users) we can obtain knowledge sharing of sufficient quality for sustainable communities of practice without the barrier of complex meta-data provision prior to community formation

P2P proteomics -- data sharing for enhanced protein identification

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.Background: In order to tackle the important and challenging problem in proteomics of identifying known and new protein sequences using high-throughput methods, we propose a data-sharing platform that uses fully distributed P2P technologies to share specifications of peer-interaction protocols and service components. By using such a platform, information to be searched is no longer centralised in a few repositories but gathered from experiments in peer proteomics laboratories, which can subsequently be searched by fellow researchers. Methods: The system distributively runs a data-sharing protocol specified in the Lightweight Communication Calculus underlying the system through which researchers interact via message passing. For this, researchers interact with the system through particular components that link to database querying systems based on BLAST and/or OMSSA and GUI-based visualisation environments. We have tested the proposed platform with data drawn from preexisting MS/MS data reservoirs from the 2006 ABRF (Association of Biomolecular Resource Facilities) test sample, which was extensively tested during the ABRF Proteomics Standards Research Group 2006 worldwide survey. In particular we have taken the data available from a subset of proteomics laboratories of Spain's National Institute for Proteomics, ProteoRed, a network for the coordination, integration and development of the Spanish proteomics facilities. Results and Discussion: We performed queries against nine databases including seven ProteoRed proteomics laboratories, the NCBI Swiss-Prot database and the local database of the CSIC/UAB Proteomics Laboratory. A detailed analysis of the results indicated the presence of a protein that was supported by other NCBI matches and highly scored matches in several proteomics labs. The analysis clearly indicated that the protein was a relatively high concentrated contaminant that could be present in the ABRF sample. This fact is evident from the information that could be derived from the proposed P2P proteomics system, however it is not straightforward to arrive to the same conclusion by conventional means as it is difficult to discard organic contamination of samples. The actual presence of this contaminant was only stated after the ABRF study of all the identifications reported by the laboratories.This research has been supported by the OpenKnowledge STREP (FP6-027253) funded by the European Commission; by grants BIO2009-11735, CONSOLIDER-INGENIO 2010 Agreement Technologies (CSD2007-0022) and CBIT (TIN2010-16306) funded by Spain's Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; and by the Generalitat de Catalunya (2009-SGR-1434).Peer Reviewe

Exhaustion of bacteria-specific CD4 T cells and microbial translocation in common variable immunodeficiency disorders.

In the present study, we have investigated the functional profile of CD4 T cells from patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), including production of cytokines and proliferation in response to bacteria and virus-derived antigens. We show that the functional impairment of CD4 T cells, including the reduced capacity to proliferate and to produce IFN-γ and IL-2, was restricted to bacteria-specific and not virus-specific CD4 T cells. High levels of endotoxins were found in the plasma of patients with CVID, suggesting that CD4 T cell dysfunction might be caused by bacterial translocation. Of note, endotoxemia was associated with significantly higher expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) on CD4 T cells. The blockade of the PD-1-PD-L1/2 axis in vitro restored CD4 T cell proliferation capacity, thus indicating that PD-1 signaling negatively regulates CD4 T cell functions. Finally, we showed that intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) treatment significantly reduced endotoxemia and the percentage of PD-1(+) CD4 T cells, and restored bacteria-specific CD4 T cell cytokine production and proliferation. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that the CD4 T cell exhaustion and functional impairment observed in CVID patients is associated with bacterial translocation and that IVIG treatment resolves bacterial translocation and restores CD4 T cell functions

A Transcription Factor Map as Revealed by a Genome-Wide Gene Expression Analysis of Whole-Blood mRNA Transcriptome in Multiple Sclerosis

Background: Several lines of evidence suggest that transcription factors are involved in the pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) but complete mapping of the whole network has been elusive. One of the reasons is that there are several clinical subtypes of MS and transcription factors that may be involved in one subtype may not be in others. We investigate the possibility that this network could be mapped using microarray technologies and contemporary bioinformatics methods on a dataset derived from whole blood in 99 untreated MS patients (36 Relapse Remitting MS, 43 Primary Progressive MS, and 20 Secondary Progressive MS) and 45 age-matched healthy controls. Methodology/Principal Findings: We have used two different analytical methodologies: a non-standard differential expression analysis and a differential co-expression analysis, which have converged on a significant number of regulatory motifs that are statistically overrepresented in genes that are either differentially expressed (or differentially co-expressed) in cases and controls (e.g., V$KROX_Q6, p-value ,3.31E-6; V$CREBP1_Q2, p-value ,9.93E-6, V$YY1_02, p-value ,1.65E-5). Conclusions/Significance: Our analysis uncovered a network of transcription factors that potentially dysregulate several genes in MS or one or more of its disease subtypes. The most significant transcription factor motifs were for the Early Growth Response EGR/KROX family, ATF2, YY1 (Yin and Yang 1), E2F-1/DP-1 and E2F-4/DP-2 heterodimers, SOX5, and CREB and ATF families. These transcription factors are involved in early T-lymphocyte specification and commitment as well as in oligodendrocyte dedifferentiation and development, both pathways that have significant biological plausibility in MS causation

Seabirds reveal mercury distribution across the North Atlantic

Author contributionsC.A. and J.F. designed research; C.A., B. Moe, A.T., S.D., V.S.B., B. Merkel, J.Å., and J.F. performed research; C.A., B. Moe, M.B.-F., A.T., S.D., V.S.B., B. Merkel, J.Å., J.L., C.P.-P., and J.F. analyzed data; C.A., B.M., V.S.B., and J.F. sample and data collection, data coordination and management, statistical methodology; H.S. sample and data contribution and Data coordination and management; D.G., M.B.-F., F. Amélineau, F. Angelier, T.A.-N., O.C., S.C.-D., J.D., K.E., K.E.E., A.E., G.W.G., M.G., S.A.H., H.H.H., M.K.J., Y. Kolbeinsson, Y. Krasnov, M.L., J.L., S.-H.L., B.O., A.P., C.P.-P., T.K.R., G.H.S., P.M.T., T.L.T., and P.B. sample and data contribution; A.T., P.F. and S.D. sample and data contribution and statistical methodology; J.Å. statistical methodology; J.F. supervision; and C.A., B. Moe, H.S., D.G., A.T., S.D., V.S.B., B. Merkel, J.Å., F. Amélineau, F. Angelier, T.A.-N., O.C., S.C.-D., J.D., K.E., K.E.E., A.E., P.F., G.W.G., M.G., S.A.H., H.H.H., Y. Kolbeinsson, Y. Krasnov, S.-H.L., B.O., A.P., T.K.R., G.H.S., P.M.T., T.L.L., P.B., and J.F. wrote the paper.Peer reviewe

Comparing genotyping algorithms for Illumina's Infinium whole-genome SNP BeadChips

The Brassica napus 60K Illumina Infinium™ SNP array has had huge international uptake in the rapeseed community due to the revolutionary speed of acquisition and ease of analysis of this high-throughput genotyping data, particularly when coupled with the newly available reference genome sequence. However, further utilization of this valuable resource can be optimized by better understanding the promises and pitfalls of SNP arrays. We outline how best to analyze Brassica SNP marker array data for diverse applications, including linkage and association mapping, genetic diversity and genomic introgression studies. We present data on which SNPs are locus-specific in winter, semi-winter and spring B. napus germplasm pools, rather than amplifying both an A-genome and a C-genome locus or multiple loci. Common issues that arise when analyzing array data will be discussed, particularly those unique to SNP markers and how to deal with these for practical applications in Brassica breeding applications

Vaccination against Heterologous R5 Clade C SHIV: Prevention of Infection and Correlates of Protection

A safe, efficacious vaccine is required to stop the AIDS pandemic. Disappointing results from the STEP trial implied a need to include humoral anti-HIV-1 responses, a notion supported by RV144 trial data even though correlates of protection are unknown. We vaccinated rhesus macaques with recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol particles, HIV-1 Tat and trimeric clade C (HIV-C) gp160, which induced cross-neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and robust cellular immune responses. After five low-dose mucosal challenges with a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) that encoded a heterologous R5 HIV-C envelope (22.1% divergence from the gp160 immunogen), 94% of controls became viremic, whereas one third of vaccinees remained virus-free. Upon high-dose SHIV rechallenge, all controls became infected, whereas some vaccinees remained aviremic. Peak viremia was inversely correlated with both cellular immunity (p<0.001) and cross-nAb titers (p<0.001). These data simultaneously linked cellular as well as humoral immune responses with the degree of protection for the first time