La Nouvelle Repartition des Competences entre l'Etat et la Polynésie Française

On 27 February 2004 the French government completed the process of giving French Polynesia the new status of Pays d'outre mer (overseas country). This article sets out the new division of powers between the French State government, and the French Polynesian government. Jean Peres analyses the areas that the French government has expressly retained in its sphere of competence, in order to assess the true extent of French Polynesian autonomy. He also compares the new arrangement with the law of 12 April 1996 to see how much the French Polynesian authority has been increased

Cleaner Routes for Friedel-Crafts Acylation

Friedel-Crafts acylation is among the most fundamental and useful reactions to yield aromatic ketones but it is one of the less acceptable in terms of unwanted polluting by-products or atom economy because of the overconsumption of catalyst which is used in stoichiometric quantities in the conventional process. This route is nevertheless widely used in the fine chemical industry.In recent years, awareness of the impact of industrial activities on the environment has led chemists to work on new chemical routes, less dangerous and more environmentally friendly.We considered here the acylation of a benzofurane derivative by an acyl chloride, as an intermediary step for a pharmaceutical product. In this study, one of the first alternatives was to replace conventional catalysts (FeCl3 or AlCl3), by reusable solid catalysts. Indeed, a wide variety of new solid catalysts, more efficient and less polluting, has now emerged (zeolites, ion-exchange resins…). In this work, these catalysts were first tested in “conventional” conditions, i.e., using an organic solvent (1,2-dichlorobenzene in our case), to determine the best one, in terms of reactivity, lifetime and reusability. The zeolite Y was found the most appropriate.However, the use of an organic solvent still remains questionable and the use of supercritical carbon dioxide as the solvent was also considered. Its inherent properties include non-flammability, mild critical conditions, tuneable solubility near to the critical point and very low environmental impact. The reaction was operated using a continuous high pressure fixed bed. Results concerning yield and selectivity are presented

Desarrollo de modelos predictivos de interacción microbiana para Listeria monocytogenes y bacterias del ácido láctico y su aplicación para la optimización de cultivos bio-protectores en productos pesqueros

Minimally processed and ready-to-eat (RTE) fish products that have not undergone any lethal treatment prior to consumption represents for a potential risk of pathogenic microorganisms, such as Vibrio spp. and Listeria monocytogenes. These pathogens cause foodborne infections resulting from consumption of contaminated raw fish or partially cooked fish or products contaminated during food handling and preparation. The genus Vibrio are environmentally ubiquitous in estuarine or marine water, able to reach consumers when products are not properly cooked, while the ability of L. monocytogenes to re-contaminate RTE products, during food handling and processing, and multiply at refrigeration temperatures poses a significant risk to human health. The microbial behaviour in food can be described using predictive mathematical models, taking into account the processing, distribution and home conditions along the food chain. In the first section of this work, an extensive review was elaborated, including the main aspects and concepts covered by the present thesis, which comprise of, among others, information on the aquaculture sector in Andalusia, relevant pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in fishery products, listeriosis incidence, the use of bioprotective cultures or microbial risk assessment (Chapter 1). In addition, predictive microbiology tools were reviewed, providing an overview of the predictive modelling process, in particular, focused on microbial interaction models, and its application to quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) (Chapter 2). In the experimental and investigation part, the microbiota and foodborne pathogens of Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) and Sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in two estuarine ecosystems were characterized and the shelf-life of both products was estimated using predictive models. Noteworthy, Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from estuarine water and the initial microbiological quality of fish species and estuarine water was demonstrated to impact on product shelf-life (Chapter 3). For the study of biopreservation technology, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were used to inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes. The data obtained from this study were used to develop predictive microbiology models, able to describe the microbial interaction of both microorganisms in culture media (Chapter 4) and filleted Gilthead sea bream under modified atmosphere packaging at isothermal and non-isothermal conditions (Chapter 5). As result of these studies, an innovative stepwise modelling process was designed to generate predictive models describing interaction of BAL and L. monocytogenes based on the combination of mono and co-culture growth data. In the case of the assay with Lactobacillus sakei CTC494, recognized as a bacteriocin-producing strain, it was evidenced that this bioprotective culture induced an early stationary phase of L. monocytogenes (Chapter 5), inhibiting the pathogen growth or reducing its concentration (Chapter 5). These experiments also confirmed that L. sakei CTC494 could be used, at a level of 4 log cfu/g, as bioprotective culture against L. monocytogenes in the abovementioned Gilthead sea bream product, without negatively affecting the sensory quality of the product. Furthermore, the interaction models generated for this bioprotective culture demonstrated an optimal prediction capacity of the inhibitory effect of L. sakei CTC494 on the pathogen in the fish product (Chapter 5). Overall, results of this work demonstrated the potential of using bioprotective cultures to control L. monocytogenes growth in Mediterranean fish products and enhance product shelf-life. In addition, the approach based on predictive microbiology was shown to be a suitable and effective method to simulate the simultaneous growth of bacteriocinproducing LAB strains and L. monocytogenes in culture media and fish products, presenting itself as a tool for supporting the design and optimization of preservation strategies based on the use bioprotective cultures in minimally processed and RTE fish products.Los productos pesqueros mínimamente procesados y listos para el consumo (RTE) sin tratamiento letal previo al consumo representan un riesgo potencial de presencia de microorganismos patógenos de transmisión alimentaria, como podrían ser Vibrio spp. y Listeria monocytogenes. Esos patógenos pueden estar presentes en el pescado crudo contaminado o pescado parcialmente cocido o bien recontaminarlo durante su manipulación y preparación. Los patógenos del género Vibrio tienen su origen en aguas de estuario o marinas, y pueden llegar hasta el consumidor, si el alimento no ha sido cocinado adecuadamente, mientras que L. monocytogenes puede contaminar los productos RTE, por contaminación cruzada, y multiplicarse a temperaturas de refrigeración, representando, por ello, un riesgo significativo para la salud humana. El comportamiento de los microorganismos en los alimentos puede describirse utilizando modelos matemáticos de microbiología predictiva, considerando las condiciones de procesado, de distribución y de la fase de consumo, cubriendo toda la cadena alimentaria. El propósito de la presente tesis doctoral fue estudiar y cuantificar el efecto bio-protector de cultivos bacterianos seleccionados sobre patógenos alimentarios y optimizar su diseño y uso en productos pesqueros RTE, mediante un enfoque de microbiología predictiva. Para ello, en primer lugar, se abordó una extensa revisión sobre los principales aspectos y conceptos objeto del presente trabajo, incluyendo información sobre el sector de la acuicultura en Andalucía, los tipos de microorganismos patógenos y alterantes de relevancia en productos pesqueros, la incidencia de listeriosis, el uso de cultivos bioprotectores y la evaluación del riesgo microbiano (Capítulo 1). A su vez, se realizó un análisis de las herramientas de microbiología predictiva, proporcionando una descripción general de los procesos de generación de modelos matemáticos, en particular, de modelos de interacción microbiana y de su aplicación en la evaluación cuantitativa del riesgo microbiano (ECRM) (Capítulo 2). En la parte experimental y de investigación del trabajo, se realizó un estudio de caracterización de la microbiota y patógenos alimentarios de la Dorada (Sparus aurata) y Lubina (Dicentrarchus labrax) en dos ecosistemas de estuario, estimándose la vida útil de los productos pesqueros mediante modelos predictivos. Es destacable la presencia de Vibrio parahaemolyticus, que se aisló de agua de estuario, además del impacto demostrado de la calidad microbiológica de las especies pesqueras y del agua en el que se encuentran sobre la vida útil del producto (Capítulo 3). En la parte que estudió y aplicó las tecnologías de bioconservación, se utilizaron cepas de bacterias ácido-lácticas (BAL) para inhibir el crecimiento de L. monocytogenes. Los datos obtenidos sirvieron para generar modelos de microbiología predictiva que permitieron describir, adecuadamente, la interacción microbiana entre ambos microrganismos en medios de cultivo (Capítulo 4) y en productos de filetes de Dorada envasados en atmósfera modificada bajo condiciones isotérmicas y no isotérmicas (Capítulo 5). Como resultado de estos estudios, se diseñó un proceso sistematizado, basado en etapas, para la generación de modelos de interacción entre BAL y L. monocytogenes, combinando datos de crecimiento de mono y cocultivo en caldo y en alimento. En el caso de los experimentos con la cepa de Lactobacillus sakei CTC494, reconocida como productora de bacteriocina, se pudo observar que esta indujo una fase estacionaria temprana sobre el crecimiento de L. monocytogenes (Capítulo 5), reduciendo su crecimiento o, incluso, disminuyendo su concentración. Estos experimentos también confirmaron que L. sakei CTC494 podría aplicarse, a un nivel de 4 log ufc/g, como cultivo bioprotector contra L. monocytogenes en el producto de Dorada previamente mencionado, sin afectar negativamente la calidad sensorial del producto. Además, los modelos de interacción generados para este cultivo mostraron una buena capacidad de predicción del efecto bioprotector de L. sakei CTC494 sobre el patógeno en el producto de Dorada fileteada (Capítulo 5). En general, los resultados de la tesis doctoral demostraron el gran potencial de los cultivos bioprotectores para controlar el crecimiento de L. monocytogenes en productos pesqueros del mediterráneo y mejorar su vida útil. Se comprobó, además, que el enfoque, diseñado en el presente trabajo, basado en la utilización de modelos de interacción microbiana, fue un método valido y efectivo para simular el comportamiento simultáneo de diferentes cepas de BAL, productoras de bacteriocina, y L. monocytogenes en medios de cultivo y productos pesqueros, proponiéndose, por tanto, como una herramienta de gran valor para el diseño y optimización de estrategias de conservación basadas en el uso de cultivos bioprotectores en pescados mínimamente procesados y RTE productos

Couplage analyse thermogravimétrique et émission acoustique pour l'étude de la corrosion haute température

National audienceAfin d'améliorer les connaissances du comportement à haute température des matériaux, le couplage de plusieurs techniques d'analyse physique in situ est une voie prometteuse. Dans ce but, des thermobalances ont été équipées d'un appareil spécifi que de mesure des signaux acoustiques émis par les échantillons dont la variation de masse est continûment mesurée sous diverses atmosphères représentatives de conditions industrielles. Les corrosions de surface à haute température sont à l'origine d'émission d'ondes acoustiques générées lors de la croissance ou de la fi ssuration de couches formées. Des mesures simultanées in situ des variations de masse et des signaux acoustiques apportent donc des informations sur ces mécanismes de corrosion haute température. L'application de cette méthodologie aux mécanismes d'oxydation, réduction ou attaque par les atmosphères carbonées (cokage) est présentée dans ce document. Une perspective de ces études est de pouvoir établir des référentiels pour une éventuelle utilisation de l'émission acoustique pour l'étude de la corrosion des équipements fonctionnant à haute température. // In order to improve the knowledge on the high temperature behaviour of materials, the coupling of in situ physical analysis is a promising way. For this purpose, thermobalances have been equipped with specific devices to measure the acoustic signals emitted by samples for which the mass variation is continuously recorded under simulated industrial atmospheres. The high temperature corrosion of materials surfaces generates acoustic emission signals associated to the growth or the cracking of the formed layers. In situ simultaneous measurements of the mass variation and the acoustic signals give information on the high temperature corrosion mechanisms involved. In this document, this methodology has been applied to the study of oxidation, reduction or attacks under carbon-rich atmosphere (coke deposition). These studies could lead to reference data for a possible application of acoustic emission for the corrosion monitoring of high temperature equipments

Modeling the Growth of Six Listeria monocytogenes Strains in Smoked Salmon Pâté

In this study, the growth of six L. monocytogenes strains isolated from different fish products was quantified and modeled in smoked salmon pâté at a temperature ranging from 2 to 20 °C. The experimental data obtained for each strain was fitted to the primary growth model of Baranyi and Roberts to estimate the following kinetic parameters: lag phase (λ), maximum specific growth rate (μmax), and maximum cell density (Nmax). Then, the effect of storage temperature on the obtained μmax values was modeled by the Ratkowsky secondary model. In general, the six L. monocytogenes strains showed rapid growth in salmon pâté at all storage temperatures, with a relatively short lag phase λ, even at 2 °C. The growth behavior among the tested strains was similar at the same storage temperature, although significant differences were found for the parameters λ and μmax. Besides, the growth variations among the strains did not follow a regular pattern. The estimated secondary model parameter Tmin ranged from −4.25 to −3.19 °C. This study provides accurate predictive models for the growth of L. monocytogenes in fish pâtés that can be used in shelf life and microbial risk assessment studies. In addition, the models generated in this work can be implemented in predictive modeling tools and repositories that can be reliably and easily used by the fish industry and end-users to establish measures aimed at controlling the growth of L. monocytogenes in fish-based pâtés

Consciência e sentimento : por uma psicologia materialista

Este trabalho visa buscar no desenvolvimento afetivo e real dos sujeitos os traços necessários a ordem social vigente a partir de uma perspectiva materialista histórico dialética. Esta compreensão pode alicerçar a negação do modo de produção vigente mediante processo revolucionário, assim como as determinações do ser social a ele necessários que não necessariamente desaparecem com este. Procura ser uma ponte entre o marxismo e a psicologia, para que esta possa firmar seus pés na realidade concreta e para que aquele preste contas a uma prática que seja científica, não apenas na construção de um mundo novo, mas de um ser humano novo fundado na liberdade de desenvolvimento tanto do primeiro, quanto do segundo

Study of zircaloy-4 cladding air degradation at high temperature

Prix de la Meilleure Communication EuropéenneInternational audienceZircaloy cladding, providing the first containment of UO2 fuel in Pressurised Water Reactors, can be exposed to air during accidental situations. This might occur during reactor operation (in case of a core meltdown accident with subsequent reactor pressure vessel breaching), under shutdown conditions with the upper head of the vessel removed, in spent fuel storage pools after accidental loss of cooling or during degraded transport situations. The fuel assemblies inadequately cooled, heat up and as a result, corrosion of Zircaloy claddings takes place. This paper is devoted to the kinetic analysis of Zy4 corroded at 850°C in 20% oxygen - 80% nitrogen partial pressure atmosphere to support the comprehension of the degradation mechanisms involved during the post-transition stage

The cloosed loop of indebtedness : economic debate and evolution of the Brasilian public debt between 2000 and 2015

Orientador: Plínio Soares de Arruda Sampaio JuniorDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de EconomiaResumo: Essa dissertação trata do debate da administração da Dívida Pública no pensamento ortodoxo e heterodoxo a partir do modelo de gestão inaugurado com a aprovação da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal, em 2000, em consonância ao Regime de Metas de Inflação, vigente no país desde 1999. Apresentará em que medida os representantes dessas linhas de pensamento influíram na administração da Dívida Pública do pós-2000, bem como os pontos dissonantes e de acordo com os parâmetros desse modelo. Em seguida será feita uma espécie de radiografia da administração da Dívida Pública, evidenciando a gestão limitada desses estoques em oposição à posição privilegiada das Instituições Financeiras. Para tal, será analisada a posição de curto prazo crescentemente dominante em contraste à defesa do crescimento dos prazos de rolagens. Em seguida argumentaremos que a introdução dos derivativos cambiais inviabiliza o argumento da queda da exposição cambial e, por fim, adentraremos a discussão dos credores da Dívida Pública como forma de atenuar a defesa da diferenciação da base de investidores com as medidas de incentivos aos não residentes. Esse capítulo ensejará uma crítica ao aceite dos pressupostos parciais ou integrais do modelo de administração da Dívida Pública Brasileira pós-2000 contido no pensamento ortodoxo e heterodoxoAbstract: This dissertation deals with the debate of Public Debt management in orthodox and heterodox thinking starting from the management model inaugurated with the approval of the "Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal" in 2000, aligned with the Inflation Target Regime, in force in the country since 1999. It will present the extent to which the representatives of these thought theories influenced the administration of the Public Debt post 2000, as well as the dissonant points and according to the parameters of this model. Subsequently we will present a detailed overview of the Public Debt administration, evidencing the limited management levers available of these balances when compared to the privileged position of the financial institutions. To do so, we will analyze the increasingly dominance of short-term maturity positions in contrast to defending an approach with longer maturities and growth less frequent rollovers. Next, we will argue that the introduction of exchange rate derivatives makes the argument for the fall in exchange rate exposure impossible and, lastly, we will present an analysis the Public Debt¿ creditors base as a way to attenuate the defense that measures to incentivize non-residents creditors are needed to diversify the creditors base. This last chapter will criticize, partially or completely, the assumptions behind Brazilian Public Debt management model since 2000 embedded in orthodox and heterodox thinkingMestradoTeoria EconomicaMestre em Ciências EconômicasCAPE

Efeito do tratamento termoquímico (óleo essencial e calor) no crescimento microbiano durante a vida útil de mexilhões (Perna perna) processados em embalagens flexíveis

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos, Florianópolis, 2013.O estado de Santa Catarina é o maior produtor de moluscos bivalves do Brasil. Por ser um alimento altamente perecível, estratégias para prolongar a sua vida útil têm motivado vários estudos. A aplicação de óleos essenciais como conservantes naturais é uma alternativa eficaz na conservação de alimentos, devido ao seu poder antimicrobiano. O tratamento térmico rigoroso, muitas vezes aplicado para garantir a estabilidade microbiológica dos alimentos, pode levar à perda de nutrientes e afetar as características sensoriais desses produtos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de tratamento termoquímico (óleo essencial de orégano (O.E.O.) e tratamento térmico (pasteurização)) sobre a vida útil de mexilhões processados em embalagens flexíveis. Primeiramente, comparou-se a eficácia do óleo essencial de orégano e do óleo essencial de manjericão (O.E.M) em diferentes concentrações (0,2 e 0,4 % (v/m)) sobre os micro-organismos patogênicos e deteriorantes em mexilhões pré-cozidos. Quatro tratamentos foram realizados: P1 (controle), P2 (0,2 % de O.E.O.), P3 (0,4 % de O.E.O.) e P4 (0,4 % de O.E.M.). As análises para patogênicos foram realizadas para amostra P1 (controle) no primeiro e sétimo dia de armazenamento e para as demais no sétimo dia. Os resultados mostraram que nas duas concentrações testadas, os óleos apresentaram potencial antimicrobiano. O O.E.O. na concentração de 0,4 % (v/m) foi ligeiramente melhor no atraso do crescimento dos grupos microbianos estudados. Quatro tratamentos foram realizados para as amostras de mexilhão (Perna perna): A1 (controle, sem O.E. e sem tratamento térmico), A2 (tratamento térmico), A3 (O.E.O. sem tratamento térmico), A4 (O.E.O. com tratamento térmico). Os mexilhões foram massageados com O.E.O.(amostras A3 e A4), embalados em embalagens flexíveis e submetidos à pasteurização (80 °C/10 minutos) e armazenados a 4, 10 e 15 °C. A vida útil dos mexilhões foi acompanhada pelo crescimento microbiano até as contagens atingirem 107 UFC/g (bactérias ácido lácticas, contagem total de mesófilos, psicrófilos e psicrotróficos), pelo pH e comparada sensorialmente (visual e olfativamente), além da análise de patogênicos para amostra A1. As contagens de Coliformes termotolerantes (45 °C) e E. coli, entre o primeiro e o sétimo dia de armazenamento, não ocorreram mudanças no crescimento. As Contagens de Estafilococos Coagulase Positiva e Vibrio parahaemolyticus mantiveram-se constantes em Abstract : Santa Catarina state is the largest producer of bivalve molluscs in Brazil. For being a perishable food, strategies to prolong shelf life have motivated several studies. The application of essential oils as natural preservatives is an effective alternative in food preservation due to its antimicrobial power. The strict heat treatment, often applied to ensure food microbiological stability, can lead to nutrients losses and affect the sensory characteristics of the products. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of thermochemical treatment (oregano essential oil (O.E.O.) and heat treatment (pasteurization)) on processed mussel shelf life in flexible packaging. First, it was compared the efficacy of the essential oil of oregano and basil essential oil (B.E.O.) in different concentrations (0.2 and 0.4 % (v/w)) on spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms in pre-cooked mussels. Four treatments were used: P1 (control), P2 (0.2 % O.E.O.), P3 (0.4 % O.E.O.) and P4 (0.4 % B.E.O.). Pathogens were analyzed for sample P1 (control) in the first and seventh day of storage and the other on the seventh day. The results showed that, at tested concentrations, oils exhibited antimicrobial activity. The O.E.O. in the concentration of 0.4 % (v/w) was slightly better in the delay the growth of microbial groups studied. Four associated treatments were performed for samples of mussel (Perna perna): A1 (control), A2 (heat treatment), A3 (O.E.O. without heat treatment), A4 (O.E.O. with heat treatment). The mussels were massaged O.E.O (samples A3 and A4), packaged in flexible packagings and submitted to pasteurization (80 °C/10 min) and stored at 4, 10 and 15 ° C. The shelf life of mussels was accompanied by microbial growth until the counts reach 107 CFU/g (lactic acid bacteria, total count of mesophilic, psychrotrophic and psychrophiles), the pH and compared sensory (visual and olfactory), besides the analysis of pathogenic sample A1. Counts Thermotolerant coliforms (45 °C), and E. coli, between the first and seventh days of storage there were no changes in growth. Counts for Coagulase Positive Staphylococci and Vibrio parahaemolyticus remained constant at <3NMP / g. Results were inconclusive regarding to O.E.O. antimicrobial effects on Listeria monocytogenes. Through sensory evaluation, it was possible to identify odor that appeared at times corresponding to elevated microbial counts. A decrease in the pH for all samples was observed. Baranyi and Roberts model was fitted to growth curves to obtain growth parameters and predict the shelf life of processed mussels. The shelf life of the mussels stored at 4 °C was 21 days for sample A1 (control) and A2 (heat treatment), 31 and 51 days for the samples A3 (O.E.O. without heat treatment) and A4 (O.E.O. with thermal treatment), respectively. The shelf life of the mussels stored at 10 °C was 5 days for samples A1 and A2, 8 days for the sample A3 and 12 days for sample A4. Samples stored at 15 °C had a reduced shelf life, being 2 days to sample A1, 5 days for sample A2 and A3 and 10 days for sample A4. It can be concluded that the O.E.O. had antimicrobial effect on micro-organisms studied and that the thermochemical treatment prolong the shelf life of mussels for another 30 days when stored at 4 °C. The results of this study are useful for describing the variation of microbiological parameters with temperature storage products thermochemically treated and it becomes a useful tool for the seafood processing industries