EMBRAPA 22: nova cultivar de trigo para Minas Gerais, Goiás e Distrito Federal

In a joint research program the Embrapa-Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária dos Cerrados (CPAC), the Embrapa-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo (CNPT), the Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (Epamig), the Empresa Goiana de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Emgopa, todays Emater-GO), and the Cooperativa Agropecuária Mista do Programa de Assentamento Dirigido do Alto Paranaíba (Coopadap-MG), released a new cultivar – EMBRAPA 22 – indicated for areas with splinkler irrigation in the States of Goiás and Minas Gerais, and Federal District. Recently this cultivar was recomended for Bahia and Mato Grosso States. EMBRAPA 22 is originated from crossings carried out in the International Center for Corn and Wheat Breeding (CIMMYT), Mexico. It was introduced in Brazil through line colections and was identified in the trials of the Central Brazil research network as line CPAC 841153. The cultivar has higher qualities for the bread industry; has low grain shattering, it is resistant to stem rust and leaf rust under field conditions, and shows medium tolerance to lodging. In several trials, in different places and years, the yield of EMBRAPA 22 was 6% higher than the cultivar control Anahuac in Goiás and Federal District and 4% higher in Minas Gerais State.A Embrapa-Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária dos Cerrados (CPAC), a Embrapa-Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Trigo (CNPT), a Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais (Epamig), a Empresa Goiana de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Emgopa, atual Emater-GO) e a Cooperativa Agropecuária Mista do Programa de Assentamento Dirigido do Alto Paranaíba (Coopadap-MG), recomendaram uma nova cultivar de trigo – EMBRAPA 22 – para plantio no sistema de cultivo irrigado por aspersão nos estados de Goiás e Minas Gerais e no Distrito Federal. Recentemente, a cultivar foi recomendada também para os estados de Mato Grosso e Bahia. EMBRAPA 22 é originária de cruzamentos realizados no Centro Internacional de Melhoramento de Milho e Trigo (CIMMYT), situado no México. Foi selecionada na Embrapa-CPAC entre diversas linhas avançadas enviadas pelo CIMMYT e identificada em ensaios da rede experimental da região central do Brasil como linhagem CPAC 841153. A cultivar possui glúten forte e estabilidade alta, que conferem a ela uma classificação superior quanto à qualidade industrial, além de apresentar ainda ciclo precoce, alta produtividade, resistência à ferrugem-do-colmo e ferrugem-da-folha, em condições de campo, tolerância à debulha e moderada tolerância ao acamamento. Em experimentos conduzidos em Goiás e Distrito Federal, a EMBRAPA 22 produziu 6% a mais que a testemunha Anahuac, e em Minas Gerais, 4%

Nutrient cycling in off-season cover crops on a Brazilian savanna soil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o acúmulo e a liberação de nutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S) de resíduos culturais de plantas de cobertura na entressafra, em condições de Cerrado. O experimento foi conduzido em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico com textura argilosa. As plantas de cobertura avaliadas foram: amaranto (Amaranthus cruentus L.), milheto (Pennisetum glaucum L.) e capim-pé-de-galinha (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Na fase de florescimento das espécies, foi avaliada a produção de matéria seca e o acúmulo de nutrientes. A fim de avaliar a liberação de nutrientes dos resíduos culturais, o material vegetal de cada espécie foi acondicionado em sacolas de náilon, as quais foram dispostas sobre o solo e seu conteúdo analisado em intervalos de 30 dias, até 240 dias após sua instalação. As maiores quantidades de nutrientes acumulados na fitomassa das plantas de cobertura foram observadas no milheto e no capim-pé-de-galinha. O potássio foi o nutriente acumulado em maior quantidade, chegando a atingir 416,9 kg ha-1 no milheto. As maiores taxas de liberação de nutrientes foram observadas nos resíduos culturais do amaranto.The objective of this work was to evaluate the accumulation and the liberation of nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) of cultural residues by three species of cover crops, in off-season. Tested cover crops were amaranthus (Amaranthus cruentus L.), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.). The experiment was carried out in a Typic Haplorthox clay texture soil. A randomized block desing in a split-plot array in time, with four replications, was used. At the flowering of the species, the production of dry matter and the accumulation of nutrients were evaluated. Proportional samples of dry matter of each cover crop species were placed in litter bags, which were distributed on the field plots surface, collected and weighed every 30 days, until 240 days after installation of the bags. The largest amounts of accumulated nutrients in the dry matter of the cover crops were observed with the pearl millet and the finger millet. The potassium was the nutrient accumulated in larger amount, reaching 416.9 kg ha-1, in pearl millet. The largest rates of nutrient liberation were observed in the cultural residues of the amaranthus

Herbicidas para o controle de plantas voluntárias de soja resistentes ao glyphosate

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of herbicides in controlling soybean volunteer plants resistant to glyphosate. The experiment was conducted in field conditions by using randomized complete block design in factorial scheme 6x9, with four replications, with the first factor represented by six soybean genotypes resistant to glyphosate herbicide (BRS Favorita RR® , BRS Valiosa RR® , CD 219 RR® , M-SOY 7908 RR® , P98Y11® and P98R31® ) and the  second factor represented by herbicides sprayed isolated or in mixture (2,4-D, 2,4-D + glyphosate, metsulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl + glyphosate, [MSMA + diuron], [MSMA + diuron] + glyphosate, [paraquat + diuron], [paraquat + diuron] + glyphosate, and a check without herbicide). MSMA+diuron and [MSMA+diuron] + glyphosate treatments showed effective control only for CD 219 RR® . Metsulfuron-methyl+glyphosate showed efficacy in controlling M-SOY 7908 RR® , P98Y11® , P98R31® , BRS Favorita RR® and CD 219 RR® ; as soon as BRS Valiosa RR® was the most tolerant to this treatment. Glyphosate addition did not cause any antagonist effect in effectiveness of the herbicides, but increased the action of metsulfuron-methyl. The herbicides [Paraquat + diuron] and 2,4-D were effective in controlling RR soybean crop. There were differences in sensitivity of genotypes to metsulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl + glyphosate, [MSMA + diuron] and [MSMA + diuron] + glyphosate herbicides.Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a eficácia de herbicidas no controle de plantas voluntárias de soja resistente ao glyphosate. O ensaio foi conduzido a campo utilizando o delineamento de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 6x9, com quatro repetições, sendo o primeiro fator seis variedades de soja resistentes ao herbicida glyphosate (BRS Favorita RR®, BRS Valiosa RR®, CD 219 RR®, M-SOY 7908 RR®, P98Y11® e P98R31®) e o segundo herbicidas aplicados isolados ou em mistura (2,4-D, 2,4-D + glyphosate, metsulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-metyl + glyphosate, [MSMA + diuron], [MSMA + diuron] + glyphosate, [paraquat + diuron], [paraquat + diuron] + glyphosate e uma testemunha sem herbicida). Os tratamentos [MSMA + diuron] e [MSMA + diuron] + glyphosate apresentaram controle eficaz apenas para CD 219 RR®. Metsulfuron-methyl + glyphosate apresentou eficácia no controle da M-SOY 7908 RR®, P98Y11®, P98R31®, BRS Favorita RR® e CD 219 RR®; assim como a cultivar BRS Valiosa RR® foi a mais tolerante a esse tratamento. A adição de glyphosate não acarretou efeitos antagônicos na eficácia dos herbicidas, porém potencializou a ação do metsulfuron-methyl. Os herbicidas [paraquat + diuron] e 2,4-D foram eficazes no controle da soja RR. Houve diferenças na sensibilidade das variedades aos herbicidas metsulfuron-methyl, metsulfuron-methyl + glyphosate, [MSMA + diuron] e [MSMA + diuron] + glyphosate

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Em torno da mesa do rei: artefatos, convivialidade e celebração no Rio de Janeiro joanino

Este artigo aborda um aspecto relevante do ritual das refeições na corte de D. João VI, no Rio de Janeiro: a prataria de mesa. Isto é, objetos de luxo destinados a servir e a consumir os alimentos. Com base em um inventário de bens de mesa enviados do Rio de Janeiro para Lisboa junto com o monarca em seu retorno a Portugal, em 1821, este artigo procura refletir sobre as funções e possíveis usos desses objetos, assim como sobre a importância desse universo material para o funcionamento, representação e celebração da Casa Real portuguesa na sua nova sede. O artigo argumenta que a presença e o uso de baixelas de prata de serviço, mas também de grande aparato, nas refeições públicas da família real pode contribuir para se repensar a imagem de uma corte pobre e sem brilho recorrentemente reforçada na historiografia do período joanino.This article discusses a specific issue of the royal dinner's rituals at the Court of Rio de Janeiro: the silver service: some luxury artifacts of different forms specially made to serve and consume food. Based on a inventory of these silver objects and also on a stock of table linen which were shipped to Lisbon, along with the royal family in 1821, The article intend to explore the functions and utilities of those objects at the table, as well as, analyze the importance of this material universe for the functioning, representation and celebration of the Portuguese Royal House in its new headquarters.The article argues that the use and even the exhibition of the banquet silver in public ceremonies may contribute to change a rather depreciative image of poverty the royal court in Brazil, which has being explored by the historiography for more than a hundred years

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Genotype x environment interactions in wheat (Triticum aestitivum L.) in brazilian middle west

Pelo fato de ser a avaliação comparativa de cultivares um dos principais problemas enfrentados no melhoramento de plantas, devido ao comportamento das mesmas diferirem por influência das variações de ambiente, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a magnitude da interação genótipo x local, em trigo, para as áreas de Planaltina-DF com uma latitude de 15°35 S, longitude 47° 42W e uma altitude de 1077 metros e Selvíria-MS, com uma latitude de 20°22 S, longitude 51°22 W e uma altitude de 335 metros; assim como estimar o coeficiente de determinação genotípica b. Foram avaliados dados de produção de grãos (gramas/5 m2) do Ensaio Norte Brasileiro de Variedades em Cultiva, coordenado pela Comissão Norte Brasileira de Pesquisa de Trigo, nas localidades de Planaltina-DF e Selvíria - MS, em solos de cerrado, nos anos agrícolas de 1981 e 1982. Foram utilizadas as cultivares de trigo ALONDRA 4546, BH-1146, BR-1, BR-2, CNT-7, CNT-8, COCORAQUE, CONFIANÇA, EL PATO, IAC-5, IAC-13, IAC-17, IAC-18, ITAPUA-5, JUPATECO, MITACORÉ, MONCHO, NAMBU, PARAGUAI-281, PAT-24 e PAT-7219. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições. A área das parcelas foi de 5m2, com 5 linhas de 5m de comprimento, espaçadas entre si de 0,20m, sendo que as distâncias entre as parcelas foram de 0,50m. A semeadura foi feita manualmente em filete contínuo, com uma densidade de semeadura de aproximadamente 350 sementes/m2. Dentro de cada parcela, todas as plantas foram colhidas manualmente, beneficiadas em trilhadeira e levadas para laboratório para determinação do peso de grãos. Foram tomados também, dados de altura de planta (em centímetros), peso hectolitro (em kilograma/hectolitro), peso de 1000 grãos (em gramas) e espigamento (em dias). Nos ensaios, foram utilizadas análises simples e conjunta da variância na identificação das interações tratamento x local e tratamento x ano. Foi calculado também o coeficiente de determinação genotípica b, ao nível de medias de tratamentos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, podemos concluir que: a) Foram evidenciadas significâncias estatísticas para o efeito de tratamentos, nas análises individuais e na conjunta, indicando a existência de variabilidade genética entre eles. b) As interações tratamento x local e tratamento x ano foram não significativas, possibilitando, assim, a utilização das mesmas cultivares, tanto em Planaltina-DF, como em Selvíria-MS. c) As produções de grãos relativamente superiores das cultivares BR-1, IAC-18 e BH-1146, indicaram possível superioridade dessas cultivares, mostrando uma maior adaptação as condições de cerrado. d) O valor calculado do coeficiente de determinação genotípica b ao nível de medias de tratamentos foi de 0,66 mostrando existir possibilidade de se poder alterar a produção de grãos, através dos métodos usuais de melhoramento de trigo.The present research was carried out to evaluate the magnitude of the genotype x environment interaction in wheat for the areas of Planaltina-DF (15°35 Lat. S, 47°42' Long. W and Altitude of 1077 meters) and Selvíria-MS (20°22 Lat. S, 51°22 Long. W and Altitude of 335 meters) and, to estimate the coefficient of genotypic determination b. Data were obtained from the North Brazilian Wheat Variety Trial, co-ordinated by North Brazilian Wheat Research Commission, in Planaltina and Selvíria, in soil type Cerrado, in the years of 1981 and 1982. The following cultivars were analysed: ALONDRA 4546, BH-1146, BR-1, BR-2, CNT-7, CNT-8, COCORAQUE, CONFIANÇA, EL PATO, IAC-5, IAC-13, IAC-17, IAC-18, ITAPUA-5, JUPATECO, MITACORÉ, MONCHO, NAMBU, PARAGUAI-281, PAT-24 and PAT-7219. A randomized block design, with four replications was used. Plot area was 5m2 with 5 lines of 5m of length, spaced by 0,20m. The sowing was made manually in continuous row, with a density of 350 seeds/m2. Within each plot all plants were harvested manually, threshed and taken to the laboratory for determination of the grain weight. Also, were obtained data on plant height (in centimeters), hectoliter weight (in kilograms/hectoliter), weight of 1000 seeds (in grams) and wheater set (in days). The experimental results allowed the following conclusions: a) Significant differences among treatments were detected, indicating the existence of genetic variability among them; b) Genotype x location interactions and genotype x year interactions were not significant, pointing out, the possibility of using the same cultivars in Planaltina and in Selvíria; c) The relatively higher yields of the cultivars BR-1, IAC-18, and BH-1146, indicated the superiority of these cultivars, showing good large adaptation to Cerrado environment; d) An estimate of the coefficient of genotypic determination b was obtained, giving value of 0,66 at the level of mean of treatment across replications, localities and years, showing the possibility of changing the grain yield, through the methods of selection generally used in wheat breeding