Evolución histórica de la vivienda de protección pública en Madrid

El problema del alojamiento de la población obrera en España se intentó solucionar a partir de 1853 con diversas medidas legislativas, con escaso resultado. Tras la promulgación de la primera Ley de casas baratas (1911) se inició la intervención pública que alcanzaría su máximo desarrollo en la década 1960-1970 y que estaría acompañada numerosas iniciativas de promotores privados (cajas de ahorros, empresas, instituciones religiosas). A pesar de ello permanecerían hasta casi finales del siglo XX la autoconstrucción o el barraquismo como formas de alojamiento obrero

Solubility of CO2 in three cellulose-dissolving ionic liquids

The solubility of CO2 in three cellulose-dissolving ionic liquids (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate, [Emim][DEP], 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [Amim][Cl], and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [Bmim][Cl]) at temperatures within 298 and 356 K and pressures up to 6.5 MPa was determined using a Van Ness-type apparatus (static isochoric). It was demonstrated that this device can work in isothermal and isoplethal modes, being the latter faster and more precise. Moreover, it was possible to determine CO2 solubilities in metastable liquid [Bmim][Cl]. Experimental data were modeled using the Extended Henry's law correlation and the group contribution equation of state. New parameters for the binary interaction of CO2 with ionic liquid groups were calculated.Fil: Pérez, Eduardo. Universidad de Valladolid; EspañaFil: de Pablo, Laura. Universidad de Valladolid; EspañaFil: Segovia, J. Juan. Universidad de Valladolid; EspañaFil: Moreau, Alejandro. Universidad de Valladolid; EspañaFil: Sánchez, Francisco Adrián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Ingeniería Química; ArgentinaFil: Pereda, Selva. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Ingeniería Química; ArgentinaFil: Bermejo, María Dolores. Universidad de Valladolid; Españ

Real-time estimation of plasma insulin concentration from continuous glucose monitor measurements

Continuous glucose monitors can measure interstitial glucose concentration in real time for closed-loop glucose control systems, known as artificial pancreas. These control systems use an insulin feedback to maintain plasma glucose concentration within a narrow and safe range, and thus to avoid health complications. As it is not possible to measure plasma insulin concentration in real time, insulin models have been used in literature to estimate them. Nevertheless, the significant interand intra-patient variability of insulin absorption jeopardizes the accuracy of these estimations. In order to reduce these limitations, our objective is to perform a real-time estimation of plasma insulin concentration from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). Hovorka s glucose insulin model has been incorporated in an extended Kalman filter in which different selected time-variant model parameters have been considered as extended states. The observability of the original Hovorka s model and of several extended models has been evaluated by their Lie derivatives. We have evaluated this methodology with an in-silico study with 100 patients with Type 1 diabetes during 25 h. Furthermore, it has been also validated using clinical data from 12 insulin pump patients with Type 1 diabetes who underwent four mixed meal studies. Real-time insulin estimations have been compared to plasma insulin measurements to assess performance showing the validity of the methodology here used in comparison with that formerly used for insulin models. Hence, real-time estimations for plasma insulin concentration based on subcutaneous glucose monitoring can be beneficial for increasing the efficiency of control algorithms for the artificial pancreas.This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion through Grant DPI-2010-20764-C02-01 and Grant DPI-2013-46982-C2-1-R, and the European Union through FEDER fund.De Pereda Sebastián, D.; Romero Vivó, S.; Ricarte Benedito, B.; Rossetti, P.; Ampudia Blasco, FJ.; Bondía Company, J. (2015). Real-time estimation of plasma insulin concentration from continuous glucose monitor measurements. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering. Sep:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2015.1077234S19Se

Plan de Estudios de Contabilidad de la Universidad San Pedro y la Formación del Contador Público

El trabajo de investigación tiene como propósito describir las competencias de Plan de Estudios de la Escuela de Contabilidad de la Universidad San Pedro en el proceso de formación profesional del Contador Público para el siglo XXI, Trujillo-2017-2. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se utilizó un diseño descriptivo, con una muestra estratificada de estudiantes en proceso de formación, profesionales egresados, docentes, empleadores de egresados, autoridades de los Colegios Profesionales de Contabilidad de las regiones de Ancash y La Libertad y, autoridades de la Escuela de Contabilidad de la USP en el semestre 2017-2. Los resultados obtenidos nos han permitido concluir que, el plan de estudios debe ser reformulado, es decir, no cumple con su orientación formadora y no logra promover el desarrollo personal y profesional del egresado de la Escuela de contabilidad de la Universidad San Pedro. Por lo que es necesario su reorientación y actualización y, así lograr que el currículo dé respuesta a la demanda que plantea la profesión del Contador, formándola como una persona íntegra y que logre su inserción con facilidad en el nuevo contexto productivo del siglo XXI.Trabajo de investigació

Unprecedented pathway of reducing equivalents in a diflavin-linked disulfide oxidoreductase

Flavoproteinsparticipateinawidevarietyofphysiologicallyrelevant processes that typically involve redox reactions. Within this protein superfamily, there exists a group that is able to transfer reducing equivalents from FAD to a redox-active disulfide bridge, which further reduces disulfide bridges in target proteins to regulate their structure and function. We have identified a previously undescribed type of flavin enzyme that is exclusive to oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes and that is based on the primary sequence that had been assigned as an NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTR). However, our experimental data show that the protein does not transfer reducing equivalents from flavins to disulfides as in NTRs but functions in the opposite direction. High-resolution structures of the protein from Gloeobacter violaceus and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 obtained by X-ray crystallography showed two juxtaposed FADmoleculespermonomerinredoxcommunicationwithanactive disulfide bridge in a variant of the fold adopted by NTRs. We have tentatively named the flavoprotein “DDOR” (diflavin-linked disulfide oxidoreductase) and propose that its activity is linked to a thiol-basedtransferofreducingequivalentsinbacterialmembranes. These findings expand the structural and mechanistic repertoire of flavoenzymes with oxidoreductase activity and pave the way to explore new protein engineering approaches aimed at designing redox-active proteins for diverse biotechnological applications.Spanish Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad BFU2016-80343-P, BIO2016-75634-

Study of the antimicrobial activity of cationic carbosilane dendrimers against clinical strains of multidrug-resistant bacteria and their biofilms

IntroductionAntimicrobial Resistance is a serious public health problem, which is aggravated by the ability of the microorganisms to form biofilms. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies need to be found, one of them being the use of cationic dendritic systems (dendrimers and dendrons).MethodsThe aim of this study is to analyze the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of six cationic carbosilane (CBS) dendrimers and one dendron with peripheral ammonium groups against multidrug-resistant bacteria, some of them isolated hospital strains, and their biofilms. For this purpose, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and minimum eradication biofilm concentration (MBEC) studies were carried out. In addition, the cytotoxicity on Hela cells of those compounds that proved to be the most effective was analyzed.ResultsAll the tested compounds showed in vitro activity against the planktonic forms of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and only the dendrimers BDSQ017, BDAC-001 and BDLS-001 and the dendron BDEF-130 against their biofilms. On the other hand, only the dendrimers BDAC 001, BDLS-001 and BDJS-049 and the dendron BDEF-130 were antibacterial in vitro against the planktonic forms of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but they lacked activity against their preformed biofilms. In addition, the dendrimers BDAC-001, BDLS-001 and BDSQ-017 and the dendron BDEF-130 exhibited a good profile of cytotoxicity in vitro.DiscussionOur study demonstrates the possibility of using the four compounds mentioned above as possible topical antimicrobials against the clinical and reference strains of multidrug-resistant bacteria

Actividad física, comportamientos sedentarios, riesgo de enfermedad y muerte en la comunidad universitaria de Puerto Vallarta, México

A physically inactive population with sedentary behavior can have a considerable impact on the burden of disease and death and thus on public finances. Objective: to characterize physical activity levels and sedentary behaviors in the adult population of Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Method: quantitative, cross-sectional, exploratory study. The study population is Mexican adults living in Puerto Vallarta, the sample is probabilistic (n = 484). The World Health Organization's physical activity recommendations and the sedentary behavior and all-cause mortality model were used for data collection. Results: 38,4% of the population identified as physically inactive, while 27,4% presented sedentary behaviors, and in 12,3% the two risk factors prevailed. Conclusions: due to the percentage of the population with insufficient levels of physical activity and sedentary behaviors, a potential increase in cardiometabolic diseases, cancer, and mental health diseases is assumed, as well as the increased severity of public health problems and public funding of health services related to non-communicable diseases. Una población inactiva físicamente y con comportamientos sedentarios, puede ocasionar un impacto considerable en la carga de enfermedad y muerte, y con ello en las finanzas públicas. Objetivo: caracterizar los niveles de actividad física y los comportamientos sedentarios en la población adulta de Puerto Vallarta, México. Método: estudio cuantitativo, transversal, exploratorio. La población de estudio son personas adultas mexicanas radicadas en Puerto Vallarta, la muestra es probabilística (n = 484). Para la recolección de datos se utilizaron las recomendaciones de actividad física de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y el modelo comportamiento sedentario y riesgo de mortalidad por todas las causas. Resultados: respecto a la activad física de la población 38,4% se identificó como inactiva físicamente, mientras que 27,4% presentan comportamientos sedentarios, en 12,3% prevalecen los dos factores de riesgo. Conclusiones: debido al porcentaje de la población con niveles de actividad física insuficientes y comportamientos sedentarios, se asume un potencial incremento en las enfermedades cardiometabólicas, el cáncer y las enfermedades de salud mental, así como el aumento de la gravedad en los problemas de salud pública y financiamiento público de servicios de salud relacionados con las enfermedades no transmisibles.&nbsp

Population-based colorectal cancer screening programmes using a faecal immunochemical test:Should faecal haemoglobin cut-offs differ by age and sex?

Abstract Background The Basque Colorectal Cancer Screening Programme has both high participation rate and high compliance rate of colonoscopy after a positive faecal occult blood test (FIT). Although, colorectal cancer (CRC) screening with biannual (FIT) has shown to reduce CRC mortality, the ultimate effectiveness of the screening programmes depends on the accuracy of FIT and post-FIT colonoscopy, and thus, harms related to false results might not be underestimated. Current CRC screening programmes use a single faecal haemoglobin concentration (f-Hb) cut-off for colonoscopy referral for both sexes and all ages. We aimed to determine optimum f-Hb cut-offs by sex and age without compromising neoplasia detection and interval cancer proportion. Methods Prospective cohort study using a single-sample faecal immunochemical test (FIT) on 444,582 invited average-risk subjects aged 50–69 years. A result was considered positive at ≥20 μg Hb/g faeces. Outcome measures were analysed by sex and age for a wide range of f-Hb cut-offs. Results We analysed 17,387 positive participants in the programme who underwent colonoscopy. Participation rate was 66.5%. Men had a positivity rate for f-Hb of 8.3% and women 4.8% (p < 0.0001). The detection rate for advanced neoplasia (cancer plus advanced adenoma) was 44.0‰ for men and 15.9‰ for women (p < 0.0001). The number of colonoscopies required decreased in both sexes and all age groups through increasing the f-Hb cut-off. However, the loss in CRC detection increased by up to 28.1% in men and 22.9% in women. CRC missed were generally at early stages (Stage I-II: from 70.2% in men to 66.3% in women). Conclusions This study provides detailed outcomes in men and women of different ages at a range of f-Hb cut-offs. We found differences in positivity rates, neoplasia detection rate, number needed to screen, and interval cancers in men and women and in younger and older groups. However, there are factors other than sex and age to consider when consideration is given to setting the f-Hb cut-off

Do borrão às aguadas: os engenheiros militares e a representação da Capitania de São Paulo

A análise do papel dos engenheiros militares perpassa as discussões sobre regiões específicas, mesmo quando eles, aparentemente, estão ausentes delas. Sua presença ou ausência sempre foi sinônimo de interesse e de projeto colonizador mais ou menos dirigido. Este ensaio tem como objeto de estudo a cartografia dos engenheiros militares atuantes na Capitania de São Paulo, território comumente visto como economicamente periférico e mais autônomo face aos desígnios da Coroa portuguesa. Com foco no corpus cartográfico de alguns profissionais que aqui atuaram, trata indiretamente da multifacetada atuação desses engenheiros, bem como do processo de feitura das cartas geográficas, corográficas e topográficas, do borrão às aguadas. Investigar a cartografia de alguns desses profissionais permite não apenas explorar a riqueza de suas biografias, como, também, acompanhar o processo de produção técnica dos mapas e os desígnios políticos envolvidos no devassamento e representação das terras descobertas no Novo Mundo.Analyzing the role of military engineers means venturing into discussions about specific regions, even those from which they are apparently absent. Their presence or absence has always been synonymous with interest and a more or less directed colonization project. This essay examines the maps produced by the military engineers working in the Captaincy of São Paulo, a territory often looked upon as one of little economic import and a rather autonomous area in light of the plans of the Portuguese Crown. By focusing on the cartographic corpus bequeathed by certain professionals serving in this region, we deal indirectly with the multifaceted role of these engineers as well as with the process of making geographic, chorographic and topographic charts - all the way from the sketch to watercolored maps. Perusing the charts constructed by some of these professionals enabled us not only to delve into the rich details of their biographies but also to observe the technical mapmaking process and to unravel the political designs behind the exploration and representation of the lands discovered in the New World

Detection methods predict differences in biology and survival in breast cancer patients

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to measure the biological characteristics involved in tumorigenesis and the progression of breast cancer in symptomatic and screen-detected carcinomas to identify possible differences.MethodsFor this purpose, we evaluated clinical-pathological parameters and proliferative and apoptotic activities in a series of 130 symptomatic and 161 screen-detected tumors.ResultsAfter adjustment for the smaller size of the screen-detected carcinomas compared with symptomatic cancers, those detected in the screening program presented longer disease-free survival (RR = 0.43, CI = 0.19-0.96) and had high estrogen and progesterone receptor concentrations more often than did symptomatic cancers (OR = 3.38, CI = 1.72-6.63 and OR = 3.44, CI = 1.94-6.10, respectively). Furthermore, the expression of bcl-2, a marker of good prognosis in breast cancer, was higher and HER2/neu expression was lower in screen-detected cancers than in symptomatic cancers (OR = 1.77, CI = 1.01-3.23 and OR = 0.64, CI = 0.40-0.98, respectively). However, when comparing prevalent vs incident screen-detected carcinomas, prevalent tumors were larger (OR = 2.84, CI = 1.05-7.69), were less likely to be HER2/neu positive (OR = 0.22, CI = 0.08-0.61) and presented lower Ki67 expression (OR = 0.36, CI = 0.17-0.77). In addition, incident tumors presented a shorter survival time than did prevalent ones (RR = 4.88, CI = 1.12-21.19).ConclusionsIncident carcinomas include a variety of screen-detected carcinomas that exhibit differences in biology and prognosis relative to prevalent carcinomas. The detection method is important and should be taken into account when making therapy decisions