Obtención de biopolímeros a partir de residuos de jitomate (Solanum lycopersicum) mediante cloruro de colina:2ZnCl2 y DCC/DMAP.

10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid, main monomer of the tomato cuticle (Solanum lycopersicum) obtained from agro-residual wastes, was polymerized using an ionic liquid (choline chloride.2ZnCl2) as catalyst and the resulting polyesters were compared with those obtained by a common polymerization reaction catalyzed by DCC/DMAP. Polyesters obtained under these conditions were insoluble in most of the organic solvents and showed different physicochemical properties. According to the CP MAS 13C NMR and DSC analysis, polymers showed a linear structure with an increasing degree of interlinkage units in position C-10. However, the reaction with the ionic liquid was more efficient, clean, fast and economicaEl ácido 10,16-dihidroxihexadecanoico, monómero principal de la cutícula del Jitomate (Solanum lycopersicum) obtenido a partir de residuos agro-industriales, se polimerizó usando un lıquido iónico (cloruro de colina 2ZnCl2) como catalizador y los polímeros obtenidos fueron comparados con los obtenidos por medio de DCC/DMAP, un método común de polimerización química. Los poliésteres resultantes obtenidos con ambas condiciones resultaron insolubles en la mayoría de los disolventes orgánicos y mostraron diferentes propiedades fisicoquímicas. De acuerdo con el análisis CP MAS 13C RMN y DSC, los polímeros mostraron una estructura lineal con un grado creciente de unidades de interconexión en la posición C-10. Sin embargo, la reacción con el líquido iónico resulto más eficiente, limpia, rápida y económica.

Insight of Polyphenol Oxidase Enzyme Inhibition and Total Polyphenol Recovery from Cocoa Beans

A full factorial design (ascorbic acid/l-cysteine inhibitors, temperature, and time as factors) study was conducted to enhance inhibition of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity without decreasing cocoa polyphenol concentrations. The data obtained were modelled through a new equation, represented by Γ, which correlates both high polyphenol content with reduced specific PPO activity. At optimized values (70 mM inhibitory solution at 96 °C for 6.4 min, Γ = 11.6), 93.3% PPO inhibition and total polyphenol of 94.9 mg GAE/g were obtained. In addition, microscopy images confirmed the cell morphological changes measured as the fractal dimension and explained the possible cell lysis and denaturation as a result of heat treatment and chemical inhibitors. Results also showed that PPO enzyme was most suitable (higher vmax/Km ratio) for catechol, with a reduction in its affinity of 13.7-fold after the inhibition heat treatment. Overall, this work proposed a suitable and food-safe procedure for obtaining enriched polyphenol extract with low enzyme activity

Starch and antioxidant compound release during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of gluten-free pasta

The microstructure of cooked gluten-free pasta depends on the ingredients used, and this microstructure affects the starch hydrolysis (SH), the release of phenolic compounds (PC) and their antioxidant capacity (AC). The aim of this study was to evaluate the SD and bioaccessibility of PC during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of gluten-free pasta and its relationship with the microstructure. The highest SH was during the intestinal phase (≈60%), but pasta with the highest content of unripe plantain and chickpea presented the lowest release of PC (≈60%). The insoluble dietary fibre could be responsible (≈12.5%) for these effects. The cooked pasta showed high AC in the intestinal phase. Regions with gelatinized starch granules in a less dense protein network and other regions with intact or swollen granules surrounded by a protein network were observed. The starch digestion and bioaccessibility of PC were related to the structure of the matrix.The authors thank , SIP-IPN, COFAA-IPN, and EDI-IPN for support. One of the authors (GACM) acknowledges scholarships from CONACYT and BEIFI. Authors thank Alberto Peña for useful contributions towards this work. Additionally, authors recognize the experimental support of the CNMN-IPN.Peer reviewe

Physicochemical characteristics of seeds from wild and cultivated castor bean plants (Ricinus communis L.)

The castor (Ricinus communis L.) is an oilseed plant whose main features are its drought resistance, and its adaptation to eroded, polluted, and low fertility soils. Its oil has a great demand in the industrial sector and it has recently attracted considerable interest for its use in the production of biodiesel and jet fuel. In this study, morphological, physical and chemical characterizations were performed to ascertain the quality of wild (VQ-1) and under cultivation (VQ-7) oil castor seeds. The results showed that there are differences in the morphological and physicochemical characteristics regarding oil content (44,95 vs 33,84%), ash (3,20 vs 2,42%), and 100-seed-weight (45,87 vs 54,23g); similar behavior was recorded when characterizing the oil: kinematic viscosity (269,67 vs 266,44mm2 /s), density (0,9389 vs 0,9465g/cm3 ), and acidity index (0,9918 vs 0,5440mg KOH/g) for VQ-1 and VQ-7, respectively. Growing conditions to which castor plants were subjected may influence both the final quality of seeds and chemical properties of the oil.La higuerilla (Ricinus communis L.) es una planta oleaginosa cuyas principales características son su resistencia a la sequía y su adaptación a suelos erosionados, contaminados y de baja fertilidad. Su aceite tiene una gran demanda en el sector industrial y recientemente ha despertado un gran interés para ser utilizado en la producción de biodiesel y bioturbosina. En esta investigación, se realizaron caracterizaciones morfológicas, físicas y químicas de la semilla, así como una evaluación de la calidad del aceite de semillas silvestres (VQ-1) y bajo cultivo (VQ-7). Los resultados demostraron diferencias en las características morfológicas y físicoquímicas con respecto al contenido de aceite (44,95 vs 33,84%), cenizas (3,20 vs 2,42%) y el peso de 100 semillas (45,87 vs 54,23g); se observó un comportamiento similar en la caracterización del aceite: viscosidad cinemática (269,67 vs 266,44mm2 /s), densidad (0,9389 vs 0,9465g/cm3 ) e índice de acidez (0,9918 vs 0,5440mg KOH g), respectivamente para VQ-1 y VQ-7. Las condiciones de crecimiento a las cuales fueron sometidas las plantas de ricino pueden influir en la calidad final de las semillas y propiedades químicas del aceite

Effectiveness of the combination elvitegravir/cobicistat/tenofovir/emtricitabine (EVG/COB/TFV/FTC) plus darunavir among treatment-experienced patients in clinical practice : A multicentre cohort study

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and tolerability of the combination elvitegravir/cobicistat/tenofovir/emtricitabine plus darunavir (EVG/COB/TFV/FTC + DRV) in treatment-experienced patients from the cohort of the Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Methods: Treatment-experienced patients starting treatment with EVG/COB/TFV/FTC + DRV during the years 2014-2018 and with more than 24 weeks of follow-up were included. TFV could be administered either as tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or tenofovir alafenamide. We evaluated virological response, defined as viral load (VL) < 50 copies/ml and < 200 copies/ml at 24 and 48 weeks after starting this regimen, stratified by baseline VL (< 50 or ≥ 50 copies/ml at the start of the regimen). Results: We included 39 patients (12.8% women). At baseline, 10 (25.6%) patients had VL < 50 copies/ml and 29 (74.4%) had ≥ 50 copies/ml. Among patients with baseline VL < 50 copies/ml, 85.7% and 80.0% had VL < 50 copies/ml at 24 and 48 weeks, respectively, and 100% had VL < 200 copies/ml at 24 and 48 weeks. Among patients with baseline VL ≥ 50 copies/ml, 42.3% and 40.9% had VL < 50 copies/ml and 69.2% and 68.2% had VL < 200 copies/ml at 24 and 48 weeks. During the first 48 weeks, no patients changed their treatment due to toxicity, and 4 patients (all with baseline VL ≥ 50 copies/ml) changed due to virological failure. Conclusions: EVG/COB/TFV/FTC + DRV was well tolerated and effective in treatment-experienced patients with undetectable viral load as a simplification strategy, allowing once-daily, two-pill regimen with three antiretroviral drug classes. Effectiveness was low in patients with detectable viral loads

RecruitNet: A global database of plant recruitment networks

Plant recruitment interactions (i.e., what recruits under what) shape the composition, diversity, and structure of plant communities. Despite the huge body of knowledge on the mechanisms underlying recruitment interactions among species, we still know little about the structure of the recruitment networks emerging in ecological communities. Modeling and analyzing the community-level structure of plant recruitment interactions as a complex network can provide relevant information on ecological and evolutionary processes acting both at the species and ecosystem levels. We report a data set containing 143 plant recruitment networks in 23 countries across five continents, including temperate and tropical ecosystems. Each network identifies the species under which another species recruits. All networks report the number of recruits (i.e., individuals) per species. The data set includes >850,000 recruiting individuals involved in 118,411 paired interactions among 3318 vascular plant species across the globe. The cover of canopy species and open ground is also provided. Three sampling protocols were used: (1) The Recruitment Network (RN) protocol (106 networks) focuses on interactions among established plants ("canopy species") and plants in their early stages of recruitment ("recruit species"). A series of plots was delimited within a locality, and all the individuals recruiting and their canopy species were identified; (2) The paired Canopy-Open (pCO) protocol (26 networks) consists in locating a potential canopy plant and identifying recruiting individuals under the canopy and in a nearby open space of the same area; (3) The Georeferenced plot (GP) protocol (11 networks) consists in using information from georeferenced individual plants in large plots to infer canopy-recruit interactions. Some networks incorporate data for both herbs and woody species, whereas others focus exclusively on woody species. The location of each study site, geographical coordinates, country, locality, responsible author, sampling dates, sampling method, and life habits of both canopy and recruit species are provided. This database will allow researchers to test ecological, biogeographical, and evolutionary hypotheses related to plant recruitment interactions. There are no copyright restrictions on the data set; please cite this data paper when using these data in publications

RecruitNet: A global database of plant recruitment networks

Plant recruitment interactions (i.e., what recruits under what) shape the composition, diversity, and structure of plant communities. Despite the huge body of knowledge on the mechanisms underlying recruitment interactions among species, we still know little about the structure of the recruitment networks emerging in ecological communities. Modeling and analyzing the community-level structure of plant recruitment interactions as a complex network can provide relevant information on ecological and evolutionary processes acting both at the species and ecosystem levels. We report a data set containing 143 plant recruitment networks in 23 countries across five continents, including temperate and tropical ecosystems. Each network identifies the species under which another species recruits. All networks report the number of recruits (i.e., individuals) per species. The data set includes >850,000 recruiting individuals involved in 118,411 paired interactions among 3318 vascular plant species across the globe. The cover of canopy species and open ground is also provided. Three sampling protocols were used: (1) The Recruitment Network (RN) protocol (106 networks) focuses on interactions among established plants (“canopy species”) and plants in their early stages of recruitment (“recruit species”). A series of plots was delimited within a locality, and all the individuals recruiting and their canopy species were identified; (2) The paired Canopy-Open (pCO) protocol (26 networks) consists in locating a potential canopy plant and identifying recruiting individuals under the canopy and in a nearby open space of the same area; (3) The Georeferenced plot (GP) protocol (11 networks) consists in using information from georeferenced individual plants in large plots to infer canopy-recruit interactions. Some networks incorporate data for both herbs and woody species, whereas others focus exclusively on woody species. The location of each study site, geographical coordinates, country, locality, responsible author, sampling dates, sampling method, and life habits of both canopy and recruit species are provided. This database will allow researchers to test ecological, biogeographical, and evolutionary hypotheses related to plant recruitment interactions. There are no copyright restrictions on the data set; please cite this data paper when using these data in publications