Caractéristiques et détermination de la matière organique dans les mâchefers d'incinération d'ordures ménagères (MIOM)

National audienceUne bonne maîtrise de la qualification et la connaissance de la nature de la matière organique résiduelle dans les MIOM s'avèrent être des enjeux importants pour une optimisation de la gestion des résidus urbains. La matière organique est classiquement détermninée par perte au feu et plus rarement par détermniation du carbone organique total

Dioxine dans les MIOM Teneurs observées et étude préliminaire de leur potentiel de transfert vers l'environnement

National audienceUne récente polémique autour de la présence de dioxines / furannes dans les Mâchefers d'Incinération d'Ordures Ménagères valorisés en travaux routiers a attiré l'attention des pouvoirs publics et des professionnels sur le problème. La comparaison des teneurs dans les MIOM d'incinérateurs récents et des données bibliographiques sur celles de différents déchets de combustion et de sols de diverses origines permet de relativiser l'importance de la contamination des mâchefers vis-à-vis de l'environnement

Improving the self-efficacy, knowledge, and attitude of nurses regarding concurrent disorder care : results from a prospective cohort study of an interprofessional, videoconference-based programme using the ECHO model

Several challenges have been identified for patients with concurrent disorders to access adequate services and for nurses to care for them. These challenges contribute to a pressing need for continuing educational interventions, particularly within the mental health nursing workforce. To address this issue, an innovative interprofessional videoconferencing programme based on the ECHO model (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) was implemented in Quebec, Canada to support and build capacity among healthcare professionals for CD management. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to examine nurses’ self-efficacy, knowledge, and attitude scores over a 12-month period. All nurses who registered in the programme between 2018 and 2020 were invited to participate in the study (N = 65). The data were collected online using a self-administered survey at baseline, after 6 months, and then 12 months following entry-to-programme. Twenty-eight nurses participated in the study (96.4% women), with a mean age of 39.1 (SD = 6.2). Compared to other professions (n = 146/174), the group of nurses also showed significant improvements in their knowledge and attitude scores, with respective effect sizes of 0.72 and 0.44 at 6 months, and 0.94 and 0.59 at 12 months. However, significant changes in self-efficacy were only found at the 12-month follow-up (P = 0.0213), among the nurses who attended more than 25% of the 20-session curriculum. ECHO is a promising intervention to improve the accessibility of evidence-based practice and to support nurses in suitably managing concurrent disorders. Further research is needed to establish the effectiveness of this educational intervention on clinical nursing practice and patient outcomes

Social network analysis of white-tailed deer scraping behavior: Implications for disease transmission

Host contact structure affects pathogen transmission in host populations, but many measures of host contact do not distinguish contacts that are relevant to pathogen transmission from those that are not. Scrapes are sites for chemical communication by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) during the breeding season and potential sites of transmission of prions, the causative agent of chronic wasting disease (CWD). Scrape-related behaviors vary in their probability of transmitting prions to or from the environment, suggesting that behavior be combined with contact structure to better reflect potential heterogeneity in prion transmission at scrapes. We recorded visits and behaviors by deer at scrapes throughout DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge, Nebraska in 2005 and 2006. We recorded 2013 interactions by 169 unique identifiable males and 75 females. Adult males performed the most scrape-related behaviors and spent the most time at scrapes, especially smelling the overhanging branch (70%), smelling the scrape (59%), licking/grasping the overhanging branch (44%), and scraping (36%). We used social network analysis to test the effect of behavior on indirect contact networks among deer at scrapes. By weighting edges based on the frequency and duration of behaviors, we produced networks representing sources of variation in scrape use and compared these networks to evaluate the effects of behavior on network contact structure. Social networks based on scrape-related behavior were highly connected and dependent upon the frequency, duration, and type of behavior exhibited at scrapes (e.g., scraping, interacting with a scrape or overhanging branch, rub-urinating, grazing) as well as the age of the deer. Accounting for contact frequency produced networks with lower variation in contact, but higher ability to facilitate contact among disparate groups. Including behavior when defining edges did not preserve the network properties of simpler measures (i.e., unweighted networks) suggesting that heterogeneity in behaviors that affect transmission probability is important for inferring transmission networks from contact networks. High connectivity through indirect contacts suggests that scrapes may be effective targets for management. Adult male deer had the highest connectivity, suggesting that management strategies focused on reducing their interaction with scrapes through density reduction or behavioral modification could reduce the connectivity of indirect contact networks

Determination of cognitive workload variation in driving from ECG derived respiratory signal and heart rate

2nd International Neuroergonomics Conference, PHILADELPHIE, ETATS-UNIS, 27-/06/2018 - 29/06/2018Research works on operator monitoring underline the benefit of taking into consideration several signal modalities to improve accuracy for an objective mental state diagnosis. Heart rate (HR) is one of the most utilized systemic measures to assess cognitive workload (CW), whereas respiration parameters are hardly utilized. This study aims at verifying the contribution of analyzing respiratory signals to extract features to evaluate driver's activity and CW variations in driving with regard to cardiac activity. Eighteen subjects participated in the study. The participants carried out two different cognitive tasks requiring different CW demands, a single task as well as a competing cognitive task realized while driving in a simulator. Our results confirm that both HR and breathing rate (BR) increase in driving and are sensitive to CW. However, HR and BR are differently modulated by the CW variations in driving. Specifically, BR is suitable to evidence a variation of CW when driving is not required. On the other hand, spectral features characterizing respiratory signal could be also used similarly to HR variability indices to detect high CW episodes. These results hint the use of respiration to monitor the driver mental state in autonomic vehicles in order to predict the available cognitive resources if the user has to take over the vehicle

Defining an epidemiological landscape that connects movement ecology to pathogen transmission and pace-of-life

Pathogen transmission depends on host density, mobility and contact. These components emerge from host and pathogen movements that themselves arise through interactions with the surrounding environment. The environment, the emergent host and pathogen movements, and the subsequent patterns of density, mobility and contact form an ‘epidemiological landscape’ connecting the environment to specific locations where transmissions occur. Conventionally, the epidemiological landscape has been described in terms of the geographical coordinates where hosts or pathogens are located. We advocate for an alternative approach that relates those locations to attributes of the local environment. Environmental descriptions can strengthen epidemiological forecasts by allowing for predictions even when local geographical data are not available. Environmental predictions are more accessible than ever thanks to new tools from movement ecology, and we introduce a ‘movement-pathogen pace of life’ heuristic to help identify aspects of movement that have the most influence on spatial epidemiology. By linking pathogen transmission directly to the environment, the epidemiological landscape offers an efficient path for using environmental information to inform models describing when and where transmission will occur

Accounting for animal movement improves vaccination strategies against wildlife disease in heterogeneous landscapes

Oral baiting is used to deliver vaccines to wildlife to prevent, control, and eliminate infectious diseases. A central challenge is how to spatially distribute baits to maximize encounters by target animal populations, particularly in urban and suburban areas where wildlife such as raccoons (Procyon lotor) are abundant and baits are delivered along roads. Methods from movement ecology that quantify movement and habitat selection could help to optimize baiting strategies by more effectively targeting wildlife populations across space. We developed a spatially explicit, individual-based model of raccoon movement and oral rabies vaccine seroconversion to examine whether and when baiting strategies that match raccoon movement patterns perform better than currently used baiting strategies in an oral rabies vaccination zone in greater Burlington, Vermont, USA. Habitat selection patterns estimated from locally radio-collared raccoons were used to parameterize movement simulations. We then used our simulations to estimate raccoon population rabies seroprevalence under currently used baiting strategies (actual baiting) relative to habitat selection-based baiting strategies (habitat baiting). We conducted simulations on the Burlington landscape and artificial landscapes that varied in heterogeneity relative to Burlington in the proportion and patch size of preferred habitats. We found that the benefits of habitat baiting strongly depended on the magnitude and variability of raccoon habitat selection and the degree of landscape heterogeneity within the baiting area. Habitat baiting improved seroprevalence over actual baiting for raccoons characterized as habitat specialists but not for raccoons that displayed weak habitat selection similar to radiocollared individuals, except when baits were delivered off roads where preferred habitat coverage and complexity was more pronounced. In contrast, in artificial landscapes with either more strongly juxtaposed favored habitats and/or higher proportions of favored habitats, habitat baiting performed better than actual baiting, even when raccoons displayed weak habitat preferences and where baiting was constrained to roads. Our results suggest that habitat selection-based baiting could increase raccoon population seroprevalence in urban–suburban areas, where practical, given the heterogeneity and availability of preferred habitat types in those areas. Our novel simulation approach provides a flexible framework to test alternative baiting strategies in multiclass landscapes to optimize bait-distribution strategies

Drivers for Rift Valley fever emergence in Mayotte: A Bayesian modelling approach

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a major zoonotic and arboviral hemorrhagic fever. The conditions leading to RVF epidemics are still unclear, and the relative role of climatic and anthropogenic factors may vary between ecosystems. Here, we estimate the most likely scenario that led to RVF emergence on the island of Mayotte, following the 2006–2007 African epidemic. We developed the first mathematical model for RVF that accounts for climate, animal imports and livestock susceptibility, which is fitted to a 12-years dataset. RVF emergence was found to be triggered by the import of infectious animals, whilst transmissibility was approximated as a linear or exponential function of vegetation density. Model forecasts indicated a very low probability of virus endemicity in 2017, and therefore of re-emergence in a closed system (i.e. without import of infected animals). However, the very high proportion of naive animals reached in 2016 implies that the island remains vulnerable to the import of infectious animals. We recommend reinforcing surveillance in livestock, should RVF be reported is neighbouring territories. Our model should be tested elsewhere, with ecosystem-specific data

Evolution de la solubilité des sulfates dans les mâchefers d'incinération d'ordures ménagères

International audienceLes machefers constituent le tonnage essentiel des residus solides obtenus apres incineration des ordures menageres. De nombreuses societes de traitement de valorisation et de recyclage des dechets ont developpe une activite importante pour le traitement et l'emploi de ces materiaux de substitution en technique routiere. Compte-tenu de leur caractere potentiellement polluant, la valorisation des machefers a ete soumise par la reglementation a des restrictions liees a leur comportement en lixiviation. Au cours de nombreuses etudes, les praticiens de la valorisation du traitement et du stockage des machefers ont note l'accroissement de la quantite d'ions sulfates potentiellement solubilisables, au fur et a mesure du vieillissement des stocks. La presente etude explicite les mecanismes a l'origine de ce phenomene

Incertitudes liées à la caractérisation des sols pollués : l'interaction polluant-matrice

Intégrer l'évaluation des risques au coeur des politiques de gestion des sites pollués, est désormais reconnu comme une approche pragmatique et réaliste appliquée dans de nombreux pays européens. Cette approche nécessite une connaissance approfondie des caractéristiques de la contamination d'un sol. Le plus souvent, les résultats analytiques restent l'information essentielle sur laquelle reposent la qualité et la pertinence de la démarche globale de l'évaluation des risques. Contrairement à l'air et à l'eau, considérés comme des milieux homogènes, les analyses physico-chimiques du sol doivent tenir compte de l'hétérogénéité et de la spécificité de la matrice. Une meilleure connaissance des interactions entre les substances chimiques et la matrice du sol, ainsi qu'une évaluation de leur influence sur la mesure doit être réalisée. En particulier, l'influence sur le résultat final de chacune des étapes du protocole analytique (pré-traitement, extraction, purification, analyse) doit être quantifiée au regard de l'interaction polluant-matrice. Les résultats expérimentaux présentés dans cette communication démontrent l'influence du choix des protocoles analytiques mis en oeuvre et des caractéristiques de la matrice, sur la détermination de la contamination en H.A.P et P.C.B de sols de friches industrielles. Ces résultats sont interprétés et permettent une quantification de l'impact de l'interaction polluant-matrice sur les résultats analytiques