Effect of N-donor ancillary ligands on structural and magnetic properties of oxalate copper(II) complexes

Through varying the auxiliary N-donor ligands under similar synthetic conditions nine new compounds: [Cu(C2O4)(pz)]n (1), [Cu(C2O4)(apz)2]n·(3H2O)n (2), [Cu2(μ-C2O4)2(H2O)2(ampz)4] (3), [Cu(C2O4)(mpz)2]n (4), [Cu(C2O4)(aind)2]n (5), [Cu2(C2O4)2(bpzm)2]n·(3.5H2O)n (6), [Cu(C2O4)(ampy)(H2O)]n (7) {[Cu2(μ-C2O4)(aepy)2][Cu(C2O4)2(H2O)2]}n·(2H2O)n (8) and [Cu4(μ-C2O4)3(aepy)4(H2O)2]Cl2 (9) (pz = pyrazole, apz = 3(5)-aminopyrazole, mpz = 3(5)-methylpyrazole, ampz = 3(5)-amino-5(3)-methylpyrazole, aind = 7-azaindole, bpzm = bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methane, ampy = 2-aminomethylpyridine and aepy = 2-(2-pyridyl)ethylamine) have been synthesized and characterised structurally (by single crystal X-ray analysis) and spectroscopically. On the basis of structural data, the influence of neutral N-donor ligands on the control of the final complex structures and the role of weak intermolecular interactions in the creation of molecular architectures have been discussed in detail. The two independent oxalate anions in 1, adopting μ3-oxalato-1κ2O1,O2:2κO1:3κO2a and a relatively rare μ4-oxalato-1κ2O1,O2:2κO1:3κO1a,O2a:4κO2a coordination mode, connect the Cu centers into a two-dimensional net extending along the crystallographic plane (100). Simultaneous existence of both amino and methyl groups in the ampz ligand results in the formation of a 0D dimeric structure of 3. Compounds 2 and 4–8 display one-dimensional coordination structures, and the most significant differences between these structures concern the geometry around the copper(II) center and the coordination mode of the oxalate bridge. The structures of 2–9 are stabilized by the extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions that give rise to the supramolecular architectures. Additionally, the magnetic properties of the complexes 1–9 have been investigated and discussed in the context of their structures

Otrzymywanie acetali w katalizowanych kompleksami rutenu reakcjach eterów allilowych i winylowych z alkoholami i fenolami

Celem pracy jest synteza nowych acetali symetrycznych i niesymetrycznych w reakcjach addycji alkoholi i fenoli do eterów allilowych (alkilowych i arylowych) oraz eterów winylowych. Przedmiotem badań była również katalizowana przez kompleksy metali, kwasy Lewisa oraz kwasy protonowe cyklizacja eterów allilowych i winylowych glikoli prowadząca do acetali cyklicznych. Generalnie, przedmiotem dysertacji była więc między i wewnątrzcząsteczkowa addycja grupy OH do wiązania podwójnego allilowego lub sprzężonego z atomem tlenu. Praca ma na celu również poznanie ograniczeń wynikających ze stosowania tej metody syntezy acetali - zarówno po stronie substratów jak i możliwości doboru układu katalitycznego. Ważnym aspektem badań są też mechanizmy reakcji zachodzących w układach eter allilowy lub winylowy - alkohol lub fenol, katalizowanych przez kompleksy rutenu, kompleksy innych metali oraz kwasy protonowe. Wobec powyższego, zakres dysertacji obejmuje: ■ Syntezę substratów allilowych, 1-propenylowych i winylowych; ■ Zbadanie możliwości otrzymywania acetali mieszanych (przede wszystkim) oraz acetali symetrycznych i acetali cyklicznych z eterów allilowych, 1-propenylowych i winylowych o różnych strukturach; ■ Opracowanie procedur wydzielania czystych produktów, to jest acetali; ■ Opracowanie warunków reakcji addycji między- i wewnątrzcząsteczkowych grupy OH, alkoholowej i fenolowej do wiązania podwójnego w eterach allilowych lub winylowych. Katalizatorami tych reakcji były kompleksy i związki metali przejściowych, głównie rutenu; ■ Badania nad mechanizmem reakcji głównej, to jest acetalizacji, oraz reakcji towarzyszących, szczególnie transacetalizacji, migracji wiązania podwójnego; ■ Możliwie kompleksowe przedyskutowanie mechanizmów reakcji w badanych układach pod kątem typów procesów katalitycznych w nich występujących

Development and Characterization of a Pressure Transmitting Sag Prevention Gel Pill

Master's thesis in Petroleum EngineeringBarite sag is a risky phenomenon to manage as particle settlement occurs in all types of drilling fluids containing weighting agents’ materials to achieve density. This leads to the phenomenon of sag which is known to complicate operations associated with construction and completion of wells in addition to other well control issues. Inert particle settling is a mechanism where particles separate from the liquid phase in which these originally were suspended in. This mechanism can change the hydrostatic fluid column as particle settlement create bed formations at the point of accumulation influencing the desired bottom hole pressure significantly. Operational conditions such as static periods or low circulation rates in deviated sections accelerate the particle sag mechanism and do often require remedial action when drilling is proceeded. This thesis work invented a sag prevention gel pill with barrier functionalities to controllably transmit hydrostatic pressure from the overlying fluid columns. Two gel pill designs based on bentonite and Laponite RD were characterized and tested in scaled up test setups to proof the concept and possible prevention of barite sag. The final target of investigation involved vertical, 20 and 40 degree inclined setups to simulate different sections of a well. The designed gel pill forms sufficient gel structure to isolate fluids placed below and above the pill column, but not such gel strength to act as a barrier blocking pressure signals. Thus, formation of gel structure was adequate to maintain barrier functionalities while transmitting pressure signals from the heavier water-based drilling fluid spotted on top, in addition to provide a foundation for the settled barite. Test results showed that the laponite-based pill provided even better performance during testing of both hindered and boycott driven particle settling. However, the bentonite-based pill provided better pressure transmitting communication throughout the test period

THE ROLE OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN THE INNOVATION MANAGEMENT PROCESS

The high dynamics of contemporary economic conditions, technological progress, and global competition make human capital extremely important in the context of implementing innovations that enable the broadly understood development and competitiveness of an organization. At every stage of the innovation life cycle, human capital, including the knowledge, skills, and experience of employees, plays a key role. This article aims to examine the importance of human capital as a factor supporting creativity and generating ideas, contributing to the creation and implementation of innovative solutions in organizations. It defines the concepts of human capital and innovation and characterizes the results of selected reports of national institutions regarding the analyzed constructs. Moreover, the importance of human capital in the context of organizational innovation and management of innovative processes is emphasized

Medical Anthropology in Poland

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Estamira e os urubus: crítica da razão (ao contrário) pós-moderna

Few things can be as representative of post-modern society as the garbage. We live in a period of civilization where the waste takes the space of cities. The remains of the industrialization period that was the modernity gain a new and immeasurable sense in large-scale production of fast-consuming goods and the large circulation of goods which are symbols of post-modernity. Estamira, the 2005 Brazilian documentary directed by Marcos Prado, talks about garbage, but as the urban waste, as rest of consuming, as the human waste, people who survive collecting garbage in a landfill. This article proposes to analyze the movie using the Discourse Analysis. Key words: waste, Estamira, documentary.Poucas realidades podem ser tão representativas da sociedade pós-moderna quanto a do lixo. Vivemos em um período da civilização em que os dejetos e os descartes tomam o espaço das cidades. Os restos do período de franca industrialização que foi a modernidade ganham novo e imensurável sentido na produção em larga escala de bens de consumo rápido e na grande circulação de mercadorias que são símbolos da pós-modernidade. Estamira, documentário brasileiro de 2005 dirigido por Marcos Prado, fala de lixo, mas tanto do lixo urbano, resto do consumo, quanto do lixo humano, pessoas que sobrevivem de coletar lixo em um aterro sanitário. Propomos, neste artigo, analisar este filme, usando a metodologia da Análise do Discurso. Palavras-chave: lixo, Estamira, documentário

Manufacturing of Non-Egg Based Influenza Vaccine

Influenza is an annual health hazard with only about one-third of people in the United States receiving vaccinations for this pathogen. Epidemics are estimated to affect between 5% and 15% of the global population annually. Annually, the WHO estimates epidemics to result in between 3 and 5 million severe cases which lead to between 250,000 and 500,000 deaths. In industrialized countries, most of these deaths occur among victims who are chronically ill or are 65 years of age or older. In developing countries, particularly in tropic areas where transmission occurs year round, there is a higher rate of death to infection. For example in 2002, Madagascar experienced 800 deaths in 27,000 recorded cases of influenza over a 3 month period (WHO). Recently, international awareness, spearheaded by the World Health Organization (WHO), has been paid to influenza since the pandemic outbreak and subsequent vaccine shortage during the H1N1 outbreak. Since then the WHO has published a set of guidelines to encourage production of safer and increasingly potent influenza vaccines for a greater number of recipients each year. WHO is attempting to increase public and private sector awareness of the importance of influenza vaccination to prevent any subsequent pandemics. Current vaccines are produced in live, embryonated chicken eggs resulting in potential allergic reactions from animal products in the vaccines. Furthermore, this process is time-consuming and labor intensive, and the live, attenuated virus is considered to be a potential health risk for populations with suppressed immune function such as children, the elderly, and those who are sick or immunocompromised. Egg shortages can cause massive vaccine shortages, especially since only two companies currently produce most of the United States\u27 influenza vaccines. We propose that virus- like particles offer a more robust and safer alternative to current vaccine manufacturing. Currently, FluBlok is a product that utilizes recombinant influenza antigens to produce a vaccine. We plan to take this strategy another step to creating replication-deficient, native conformation viruses to induce an immune response. These particles will retain all structural similarity to native virus and have been shown to produce more robust responses with smaller doses. Furthermore, these particles will carry no risk of influenza infection upon administration. Virus-like particles will become the next generation of vaccines, such as those for human papilloma virus currently manufactured, and should rectify the problems associated with egg-based production of influenza vaccines. The proposed process is a fed-batch operation that will create about 100 million influenza vaccines during each influenza infection season from November to February, using insect cell lines and the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) to induce lytic formation of virus-like particles. This process will be performed in a single-use, disposable fermentation train with single-use components integrated in the purification process to take advantage of the timesaving techniques and disposable equipment. The production of influenza vaccines is time-sensitive with a limited duration of vaccine production from WHO\u27s publishing strains to product shipment. Single-use equipment will be used to allow maximization of production time and minimization of down-time in this process