Les relations phylogénétiques au sein d'un système réticulé : cas particulier de Cytisus scoaprius L. (Genisteae, Fabaceae) et des espèces, hybrides et cultivars apparentés.

The " scoparius " group is composed of Cytisus scoparius (Genisteae, Fabaceae) and its related taxa. Taxonomic and morphometric studies enabled us to delimitate 10 species divided into three sections: Alburnoides, Spartopsis and Verzinum. Phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplastic markers trnD-T and trnS-G and nuclear markers ITS, LEGCYCIAa, LEGCYCIAb and LEGCYCIAc revealed that sections Alburnoides and Verzinum, both monophyletic if C. Striatus is included within section Alburnoides, are sister clades. Section Spartopsis, either paraphyletic or monophyletic depending on the position of C. Commutatus (sect. Corothamnus), is more distantly related. Four cultivated hybrids result from crossbreedings between species of the " scoparius " group. The comparison of polymorphic ITS sequences obtained from cloning confirmed both parents at the origin of three of those hybrids and one parent for the fourth hybrid of the group. The use of trnD-T sequences determined the maternal parent at the origin of three of the hybrids. The addition of hybrid taxa in the phylogenetic analyses showed that hybrids between closely related taxa form a clade with their maternal parent and do not modify the relationships between non-hybrid taxa. However, hybrids between distant taxa do not necessarily place with one of their parents and can cause the collapsing of some clades and changes in the topology. More than 150 cultivars are also included in the " scoparius " group, 40 of which were characterised. Molecular data (ISSR, trnD-T sequences and microsatellites) were used to confirm and complete the genealogical information on 28 of those cultivar whose origin is resumed in a 7-generation pedigree on broom cultivars

Long-term and recent changes in sea level in the Falkland Islands

Mean sea level measurements made at Port Louis in the Falkland Islands in 1981-2, 1984 and 2009, together with values from the nearby permanent tide gauge at Port Stanley, have been compared to measurements made at Port Louis in 1842 by James Clark Ross. The long-term rate of change of sea level is estimated to have been +0.75 ± 0.35 mm/year between 1842 and the early 1980s, after correction for air pressure effects and for vertical land movement due to Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA). The 2009 Port Louis data set is of particular importance due to the availability of simultaneous information from Port Stanley. The data set has been employed in two ways, by providing a short recent estimate of mean sea level itself, and by enabling the effective combination of measurements at the two sites. The rate of sea level rise observed since 1992, when the modern Stanley gauge was installed, has been larger at 2.51 ± 0.58 mm/year, after correction for air pressure and GIA. This rate compares to a value of 2.79 ± 0.42 mm/year obtained from satellite altimetry in the region over the same period. Such a relatively recent acceleration in the rate of sea level rise is consistent with findings from other locations in the southern hemisphere and globall

Databases for Managing Genetic Resources Collections and Mapping Populations of Forage and Related Species

Effective management of plant material used in crop improvement and underpinning research is greatly facilitated by a properly designed data structure accessible by all those working with the material. At IGER we have developed the Aberystwyth Genetic Resources Information System, AGRIS, for managing genetic resources acquired through collecting trips, seed exchange, breeding and transgenic programmes. Recently this has been complemented by MaPIS, a Mapping Populations Information System, which links with AGRIS and allows for storage and documentation of information about plant mapping populations, including pedigrees, status and physical locations of accessions and individual genotypes. IGER also maintains the European Central Crop Databases for Lolium species and Trifolium repens, and the UK National Inventory of all plant genetic resources conserved ex situ in the UK; by November 2004, the UKNI had contributed over 220000 accessions to the 900000 in the Europe-wide database EURISCO

Effect of thermal exposure, forming, and welding on high-temperature, dispersion-strengthened aluminum alloy: Al-8Fe-1V-2Si

The feasibility of applying conventional hot forming and welding methods to high temperature aluminum alloy, Al-8Fe-1V-2Si (FVS812), for structural applications and the effect of thermal exposure on mechanical properties were determined. FVS812 (AA8009) sheet exhibited good hot forming and resistance welding characteristics. It was brake formed to 90 deg bends (0.5T bend radius) at temperatures greater than or equal to 390 C (730 F), indicating the feasibility of fabricating basic shapes, such as angles and zees. Hot forming of simple contoured-flanged parts was demonstrated. Resistance spot welds with good static and fatigue strength at room and elevated temperatures were readily produced. Extended vacuum degassing during billet fabrication reduced porosity in fusion and resistance welds. However, electron beam welding was not possible because of extreme degassing during welding, and gas-tungsten-arc welds were not acceptable because of severely degraded mechanical properties. The FVS812 alloy exhibited excellent high temperature strength stability after thermal exposures up to 315 C (600 F) for 1000 h. Extended billet degassing appeared to generally improve tensile ductility, fatigue strength, and notch toughness. But the effects of billet degassing and thermal exposure on properties need to be further clarified. The manufacture of zee-stiffened, riveted, and resistance-spot-welded compression panels was demonstrated

Space geodesy constrains ice age terminal deglaciation: The global ICE-6G_C (VM5a) model

A new model of the last deglaciation event of the Late Quaternary ice age is here described and denoted as ICE-6G_C (VM5a). It differs from previously published models in this sequence in that it has been explicitly refined by applying all of the available Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of vertical motion of the crust that may be brought to bear to constrain the thickness of local ice cover as well as the timing of its removal. Additional space geodetic constraints have also been applied to specify the reference frame within which the GPS data are described. The focus of the paper is upon the three main regions of Last Glacial Maximum ice cover, namely, North America, Northwestern Europe/Eurasia, and Antarctica, although Greenland and the British Isles will also be included, if peripherally, in the discussion. In each of the three major regions, the model predictions of the time rate of change of the gravitational field are also compared to that being measured by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites as an independent means of verifying the improvement of the model achieved by applying the GPS constraints. Several aspects of the global characteristics of this new model are also discussed, including the nature of relative sea level history predictions at far-field locations, in particular the Caribbean island of Barbados, from which especially high-quality records of postglacial sea level change are available but which records were not employed in the development of the model. Although ICE-6G_C (VM5a) is a significant improvement insofar as the most recently available GPS observations are concerned, comparison of model predictions with such far-field relative sea level histories enables us to identify a series of additional improvements that should follow from a further stage of model iteration

Correction to "Long-term and recent changes in sea level in the Falkland Islands"

In the paper “Long-term and recent changes in sea level in the Falkland Islands” by P. L. Woodworth et al. (Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, C09025, doi:10.1029/2010JC006113, 2010), in paragraph 47 we adopted a value of −0.52 mm/yr for the estimated rate of present-day sea level change in the Falkland Islands due to glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA). This value was used to remove the contributions of GIA to our measurements of historical and recent rates of sea level change. However, it was based on a misreading of the data file of Peltier [2004] on the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level Web site (http://www.psmsl.org/train_and_info/geo_signals/gia/peltier). More reasonable values to apply to the observed changes since the mid-nineteenth century and in recent years would be −0.69 and −0.61 mm/yr respectively. Consequently, the long-term rate of sea level change between 1842 and the early 1980s, after correction for air pressure effects and for GIA, reported as +0.75 ± 0.35 mm/yr in paragraphs 1, 47, 55, and 61 should be +0.92 ± 0.35 mm/yr, the corresponding rate between 1842 and the midpoint of recent data of 1.06 ± 0.22 mm/yr in paragraphs 48 and 55 should be 1.23 ± 0.22 mm/yr, and the corresponding rate since 1992 reported as 2.51 ± 0.58 mm/yr in paragraphs 1 and 52 becomes 2.60 ± 0.58 mm/yr. The middle of paragraph 63 becomes “The Stanley data suggest that the rate of change of sea level in East Falkland since 1992 has been approximately 2.6 mm/yr, a rate supported by information from satellite altimetry.” These small GIA model corrections have no bearing on the main findings of our paper on the difference in the rates of sea level change between the historical (1842 to present-day) and recent (last 2 decades) epoch

Trace Spaces: an Efficient New Technique for State-Space Reduction

State-space reduction techniques, used primarily in model-checkers, all rely on the idea that some actions are independent, hence could be taken in any (respective) order while put in parallel, without changing the semantics. It is thus not necessary to consider all execution paths in the interleaving semantics of a concurrent program, but rather some equivalence classes. The purpose of this paper is to describe a new algorithm to compute such equivalence classes, and a representative per class, which is based on ideas originating in algebraic topology. We introduce a geometric semantics of concurrent languages, where programs are interpreted as directed topological spaces, and study its properties in order to devise an algorithm for computing dihomotopy classes of execution paths. In particular, our algorithm is able to compute a control-flow graph for concurrent programs, possibly containing loops, which is "as reduced as possible" in the sense that it generates traces modulo equivalence. A preliminary implementation was achieved, showing promising results towards efficient methods to analyze concurrent programs, with very promising results compared to partial-order reduction techniques

Roadside Exposure and Inflammation Biomarkers among a Cohort of Traffic Police in Kathmandu, Nepal

Air pollution is a major environmental problem in the Kathmandu Valley. Specifically, roadside and traffic-related air pollution exposure levels were found at very high levels exceeding Nepal air quality standards for daily PM2.5. In an exposure study involving traffic police officers, we collected 78 blood samples in a highly polluted spring season (16 February 2014–4 April 2014) and 63 blood samples in the less polluted summer season (20 July 2014–22 August 2014). Fourteen biomarkers, i.e., C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukins (IL1-β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were analyzed in collected blood samples using proinflammatory panel 1 kits and vascular injury panel 2 kits. All the inflammatory biomarker levels were higher in the summer season than in the spring season, while particulate levels were higher in the spring season than in the summer season. We did not find significant association between 24-hour average PM2.5 or black carbon (BC) exposure levels with most of analyzed biomarkers for the traffic volunteers working and residing near busy roads in Kathmandu, Nepal, during 2014. Inflammation and vascular injury marker concentrations were generally higher in females, suggesting the important role of gender in inflammation biomarkers. Because of the small sample size of female subjects, further investigation with a larger sample size is required to confirm the role of gender in inflammation biomarkers