The use of theatre for development in the prevention of HIV/AIDS : a dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University

Over the last three decades development practitioners have begun to search for new theoretical approaches to the problems of underdevelopment. This has given rise to approaches that focus on the participation of people and their culture in development programs. The teachings of Paulo Freire, latterly developed by Augusto Boal, gave voice to theatre that is participatory, provides two-way communication and aims to raise the critical awareness of spectators. This form of theatre is known as Theatre for Development. It aims to promote awareness of political, social and economic issues. Theatre for Development goes beyond the theatrical event giving people skills to confront problems and solve them. The AIDS pandemic is a human tragedy that is threatening development in the world's poorest countries. In fact, 95 per cent of people with HIV or AIDS live in developing countries. HIV accentuates inadequacies that exist in health care infrastructures and highlights social and economic inequalities. There is no known cure for this disease but through systematic national programs that focus on preventing HIV transmission it is possible to significantly lower infection rates. Theatre should be part of any national HIV/AIDS program. Theatre for Development is effective in communicating HIV/AIDS related information and promoting attitude changes. Theatre has many advantages as an educational technique; it engages participants, is appropriate to the local situation, adapts to indigenous cultures, assists with skill development and encourages discussion about sensitive issues. In Vanuatu, Wan Smolbag theatre uses Theatre for Development to provide people with the knowledge and skills required to prevent HIV/AIDS infection. The mainstay of this Non Governmental Organisations' (NGO) work is short interactive theatre pieces of 20 to 50 minutes. In addition, WSB has created videos, radio dramas and educational materials. WSB's HIV/AIDS theatre is based on the Freiran concepts of participation and dialogue. As a consequence, the group's theatre reflects the lives of its participants and is proving that theatre can be a powerful tool for improving people's knowledge of HIV/AIDS

The stratigraphical framework for the Palaeogene successions of the London Basin, UK

This document is the formal statement of the lithostratigraphy of Palaeogene1 The unit descriptions will also appear in the BGS Lexicon of Rock Unit Names ( deposits of the London Basin, in south-east England, as adopted by the British Geological Survey. It contains a review of the nomenclature used in BGS publications, including maps, and sets out the currently preferred scheme. This review draws heavily on the work of BGS staff, including that published outside BGS, as well as publications and some unpublished work from outside BGS. http://www.bgs.ac.uk/Lexicon/home.html) (Section 1.5), although as time passes the content of the Lexicon may be revised or expanded

Response to Owen, H.G. (2014), discussion on “Aldiss, D.T., Under-representation of faults on geological maps of the London region: reasons, consequences and solutions” [Proc. Geol. Assoc. 124 (2013) 929–945]

I thank Dr. Owen for his comments on my paper (Aldiss, 2013) and for his useful exploration of several aspects of the tectonic development of the London region. I am especially grateful for him drawing attention to his evidence for Quaternary faulting of the Gault in the south London area, and to several other pertinent and useful papers, notably Lake's (1975) discussion of the tectonics of the Weald and those by Owen, 1971 and Owen, 2012. However, I feel that his remarks mainly concern topics that are beyond the scope of my paper. My paper was not about the ‘distribution of current faults in the London region’, as much as being about the current understanding of the distribution of faults in the London region. I was not attempting to demonstrate that the London region has, in reality, been tectonically inactive nor that no faults have been recognized in the area – only that faulting is greatly under-represented on the local geological maps. In introducing this topic briefly, it appears that I have perhaps described the tectonic development of the region in an over-simplified manner. Also, it would have been useful to emphasize the distinction, within the term ‘tectonic activity’, between regional crustal uplift and subsidence (which may or may not be accompanied by faulting, and which is not directly relevant to the main subject of the paper) and fault displacement, either vertical or lateral. However, my principal point remains the same: few faults are shown on geological maps of the London area and this is both a consequence of and a contributory cause of a perception that the London Platform is an area of long-term relative crustal stability, compared with the Weald Basin

Granitic Rocks of Ophiolites

The field relationships, primary and secondary petrography and chemical composition of granitic rocks (plagiogranites) and associated formations in five ophiolites are described. In addition, the occurrence of similar rocks in other ophiolites, some island arcs and in the ocean crust is reviewed. Plagiogranites in ophiolites can be distinguished from all other granitic rocks by their almost complete lack of potassium feldspar, low alumina content, high K/Rb ratio and their LREdepleted, flat or "dished" rare earth profiles and negative europium anomalies. The hypothesis that ophiolites represent oceanic lithosphere fragments is supported by the strong resemblance of some granitic rocks d~edged from the seafloor to those in ophiolites. Granitic rocks in ophiolites differentiate from subalkaline tholeiitic magmas at spreading axes in mid-ocean and in marginal ocean basins. These magmas evolved on a trend of ironenrichment unless FeTioxides appeared as fractionating phases, which seems to have followed saturation of the magma by seawater. The magma then became progressively enriched in silica and sodium, evolving by the removal of plagioclase, FeTioxides, apatite and zircon. However, potassium was partitioned into the magmatic volatile phase and so entered the open hydrothermal system at the spreading axis and was thereby not enriched in the plagiogranites. Plagiogranites in ophiolites are all deuterically altered to assemblages typical or upper greenschist or lower amphibolite racies metamorphism. Hydrothermal activity in the vicinity or each magma cell beneath the spreading axis ceased soon after the last of the silicate liquid froze and there was little repenetration of the ophiolite plutonic complex by hydrothermal fluids

Benefits of a 3D geological model for major tunnelling works : an example from Farringdon, east-central London, UK

In the design of major construction works, the better the ground conditions are known, the more control there is on the assessment of risks for construction, contract and personnel, and ultimately on final costs. Understanding of the ground conditions is usually expressed as a conceptual ground model that is informed by the results of desk study and of dedicated ground investigation. Using the GSI3D software, a 3D geological model (a model composed of attributed solid volumes, rather than of surfaces) can be constructed that exactly honours geologists’ interpretations of the data. The data are used in their true 3D position. The 3D model of faulted Lambeth Group (Palaeogene) strata in the area of the proposed new Crossrail Farringdon underground station, in central London, has several types of benefit. These include allowing optimum use of available ground investigation data, including third party data, with confidence. The model provides an understanding of the local geological structure that had not been possible using other commonly used methods: in particular, it shows the likely distribution of numerous water-bearing coarse deposits and their faulted offsets, which has potentially significant effects on groundwater control. The model can help to focus ground investigation, constrain design and control ris

London’s foundations protecting the geodiversity of the capital

This report describes a geodiversity audit of London commissioned by a partnership led by the Greater London Authority (GLA), which includes the British Geological Survey (BGS), Natural England, Government Office for London, London Biodiversity Partnership, London Borough of Lambeth, Harrow and Hillingdon Geological Society, South London London RIGS Groups, Hanson UK and Queen Mary College, University of London. The project was funded by an Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund grant from Natural England plus additional support from the GLA, BGS and Natural England London Region. The audit began with a review of the available geodiversity documentation for London including: BGS field maps, databases and publications; Regional Important Geological Sites (RIGS) Group information; Natural England Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and Geological Conservation Review (GCR) documentation; and documentation and data from the GLA and London Boroughs. An initial list of around 470 sites with potential for geodiversity value was compiled from this information. This list was then narrowed down to 100 for further assessment by exporting site locations to a GIS and cross-checking against digital aerial photography backed up by BGS staff local geological expertise. Using the procedure set out in this report field auditing was carried out by BGS staff and the South London RIGS Group between November 2007 and April 2008. From the list of 100 sites, 35 sites were found to be suitable for detailed auditing. Harrow and Hillingdon Geological Society audited a further site in November 2008, bringing the total to 36 sites. Using the criteria set out in this report 14 of the 36 sites are recommended for designation as Regionally Important Geological/geomorphological Sites (RIGS) in borough Local Development Documents. Of the 33 London boroughs, RIGS are recommended in eight, with five in Bromley, three in Croydon and one each in Lewisham, Ealing, Greenwich, Harrow, Hillingdon and Bexley. Using the criteria set out in this report 15 of the 36 sites have the potential to be designated as Locally Important Geological Sites (LIGS). These sites are located in nine boroughs, three in Waltham Forest, two in Bromley, two in Islington and one each in Barnet, Lewisham, Redbridge, Wandsworth, Southwark and Sutton. Planning proposals should have regard to geodiversity in order to implement strategic and local policies. Sites should be protected, managed and enhanced and, where ppropriate, new development should provide improvements to the geodiversity value of a site. This can include measures that promote public access, study, interpretation and appreciation of geodiversity. In addition to individual sites of geodiversity interest, Greater London has distinctive natural landscapes shaped by geological processes, such as undulating chalk downlands with dry valleys in south London, and river terraces forming long flat areas separated by steeper areas of terrace front slopes. This natural topographic geodiversity underlying London should be understood, respected and only altered in that knowledge with full knowledge of it origin and form. Planners are encouraged to use authentic contouring in restoration work and new landscaping schemes, maintain the contributions of natural topography, rock outcrops, landscape features, and to maintain soil quality, quantity and function

Possible Late Pleistocene pingo development within the Lea Valley: evidence from Temple Mills, Stratford, East London

This report describes and discusses a borehole drilled at the Olympic Park development site at Temple Mills, in the Lea Valley near Stratford in East London. The original borehole number is MBHCZ6A-159. It has been registered as TQ38NE 1366 in the BGS Single Onshore Borehole Index. The borehole penetrates a 70 metre-thick sequence which, from the top downwards, passes through made ground and Quaternary fluvial deposits before revealing a 43 metre-thick zone of bedrock mélange. This mélange includes material from the lower part of the Lambeth Group, the Thanet Formation, and the Chalk. It is interpreted as being the product of pervasive soft-sediment deformation formed during a series of short-lived elevated pore water events, based upon the presence of diagnostic geological structures characteristic of ductile deformation, probably during rapid ejection of groundwater under artesian pressure. During these events, fragments of chalk were carried to within 17 metres of the surface, some 20 metres above where the top of the Chalk was encountered in nearby undisturbed sequences. Conversely, the presence of glauconitic sand apparently derived from the adjacent Palaeogene bedrock at 69 m depth, more than 30 m below the top of the Chalk nearby, implies that there was also some downwards movement during mélange formation. The presence of such a thick disturbed sequence beneath superficial deposits is extremely unusual although not unique. A model is proposed where this structure and internal deformation is explained by processes of pingo formation and decay in a part of the Lea Valley where the bedrock aquifer is confined by an aquitard as little as 3 m thick. Alternatively, it is possible that the structure formed during release of artesian groundwater pressure following fluvial scour. In either case, it is very likely that the structure lies above a fault zone including fractured, possibly karstic chalk, with high groundwater conductivity. The structure is most likely to have formed during Late Devensian times, during the deposition of the Shepperton Gravel, but it might be older, possibly pre-dating part or all of the Devensian Kempton Park Gravel