De l'idée de race animale et de son évolution dans le milieu de l'élevage

Cet article tente d'examiner l'origine et l'évolution du concept de race, depuis les classificateurs du XVIIIe siècle jusqu'aux éleveurs actuels. Une première partie suit le fil de l'élaboration du concept par la systématique ­ qui cherche à ordonner le vivant suivant un système unique ­, puis de sa mise en pratique par la zootechnie ­ qui donne corps à ce concept en fixant les caractéristiques des animaux dans des livres de race. Aujourd'hui la génétique, tout en développant des techniques qui permettent de travailler sur la reproductibilité des performances d'une race, propose une autre organisation du vivant. La seconde partie, en présentant l'élevage des vaches laitières holstein, qui ne s'appuie plus sur la catégorie de race telle qu'elle est habituellement définie, s'interroge sur le devenir du concept.About the Idea of Animal Race and its Evolution in the Breeding World This paper is an attempt to examine the origin and evolution of the race concept from the classifiers of the XVIIIth century until the current breeders. The first part deals with the concept's elaboration by systematicians who want to classify the living world according to a unique system ­ and then its practical organization by zootechnicians who fix the breed characteristics in books. Nowadays genetics, while developing technics that allow to work on the reproductibility of a race's performance, propose another arrangement of the living world. The second part, while presenting the breeding of the holstein milker which has nothing to do with the idea of race as it is usually defined, wonders about the future of the concept

Changer nos habitudes de prédation : l’exemple de la loutre et du pisciculteur

Notre étude de cas porte sur l’aménagement d’une pisciculture subissant les prélèvements de loutres avides de poissons. Cette expérience est l’occasion de nouveaux apprentissages entre des acteurs agissant habituellement depuis des univers différents. Comprendre toutes les astuces qui sont devenues nécessaires pour une cohabitation réussie entre être humain et loutre suppose de suivre, au plus près, les expérimentateurs et les tourments qu’ils traversent (Stengers, 2000). Pour qu’une espèce puisse se déplacer librement, tel est le paradoxe, il faut multiplier les aménagements techniques qui lui permettront de vivre à « l’état naturel » (Micoud, 1993). Nous montrerons alors que tous les protagonistes ont changé, car ils ont appris de et par ce dispositif. Chacun a modifié ses habitudes pour vivre en paix et créer ainsi l’espace d’une cohabitation.Our case study deals with the management of a pisciculture suffering from fish takings from hungry otters. This experiment offers new learning opportunities to actors that usually carry out action from their different universes. The thorough understanding of the underlying factors that enable a successful cohabitation between human beings and otters requires a very close monitoring of the experiences and the troubles faced by the actors (Stengers, 2000). So that a species can move freely, such is the paradox, it is necessary to multiply technical installations that will enable the species to live in its “natural state” (Micoud, 1993). We will show that all protagonists changed because they learned from and through this device. Everyone modified their practices to live peacefully and thus create space for cohabitation

Acute otitis media in infants younger than three months not vaccinated against Streptococcus pneumoniae

n/

Low gain avalanche detectors for high energy physics experiments

Trabajo presentado a la 10th Spanish Conference on Electron Devices, celebrada en Aranjuez (Madrid, España) del 11 al 13 de febrero de 2015.This paper describes a new concept of Silicon radiation detector with internal multiplication of the charge generated by the incident particle, known as Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD), with a gain in the range of 10-20. The LGAD is addressed to tracking applications for high energy physics with enhanced performances compared to the conventional detectors based on the PiN diode structure. The physical behavior, the critical design challenges and the first experimental data on the fabricated LGAD prototypes is described in the paper.Peer Reviewe

Recent technological developments on LGAD and iLGAD detectors for tracking and timing applications

Proceeding of the 10th International “Hiroshima” Symposium on the Development and Application of Semiconductor Tracking Detectors.-- et al.This paper reports the latest technological development on the Low Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD) and introduces a new architecture of these detectors called inverse-LGAD (iLGAD). Both approaches are based on the standard Avalanche Photo Diodes (APD) concept, commonly used in optical and X-ray detection applications, including an internal multiplication of the charge generated by radiation. The multiplication is inherent to the basic n–p–p structure, where the doping profile of the p layer is optimized to achieve high field and high impact ionization at the junction. The LGAD structures are optimized for applications such as tracking or timing detectors for high energy physics experiments or medical applications where time resolution lower than 30 ps is required. Detailed TCAD device simulations together with the electrical and charge collection measurements are presented through this work.This work was developed in the framework of the CERN RD50 collaboration and financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through the Particle Physics National Program (FPA2013-48308-C2-2-P, FPA2014-55295-C3-2-R and FPA2013-48387-C6-1-P). This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program under Grant Agreement no. 654168 (AIDA-2020).Open Access funded by CERN.Peer Reviewe

Pressure-support ventilation or T-piece spontaneous breathing trials for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease : a randomized controlled trial

Background Little is known about the best strategy for weaning patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from mechanical ventilation. Spontaneous breathing trials (SBT) using a T-piece or pressure-support ventilation (PSV) have a central role in this process. Our aim was to compare T-piece and PSV SBTs according to the duration of mechanical ventilation (MV) in patients with COPD. Methods Patients with COPD who had at least 48 hours of invasive MV support were randomized to 30 minutes of T-piece or PSV at 10 cm H2O after being considered able to undergo a SBT. All patients were preemptively connected to non-invasive ventilation after extubation. Tracheostomized patients were excluded. The primary outcome was total invasive MV duration. Time to liberation from MV was assessed as secondary outcome. Results Between 2012 and 2016, 190 patients were randomized to T-piece (99) or PSV (91) groups. Extubation at first SBT was achieved in 78% of patients. The mean total MV duration was 10.82 ± 9.1 days for the T-piece group and 7.31 ± 4.9 days for the PSV group (p < 0.001); however, the pre-SBT duration also differed (7.35 ± 3.9 and 5.84 ± 3.3, respectively; p = 0.002). The time to liberation was 8.36 ± 11.04 days for the T-piece group and 4.06 ± 4.94 for the PSV group (univariate mean ratio = 2.06 [1.29±3.27], p = 0.003) for the subgroup of patients with difficult or prolonged weaning. The study group was independently associated with the time to liberation in this subgroup.Conclusions The SBT technique did not influence MV duration for patients with COPD. For the difficult/ prolonged weaning subgroup, the T-piece may be associated with a longer time to liberation, although this should be clarified by further studies

Territorios de la salud y COVID-19: el barrio El Monte, Quilmes

En el presente documento se estudia la respuesta del sistema de salud ante la pandemia de Covid-19 en el barrio vulnerable El Monte-Mataderos, Quilmes, en el sur del Gran Buenos Aires (GBA) desde la perspectiva del sanitarismo crítico actual que brinda particular importancia a la atención primaria entre otros elementos. Se describen los dos enfoques antagónicos el neoinstitucionalismo neoclásico basado en el individuo racional y el sanitarismo de base estructuralista pero que en los últimos años incluye un enfoque diverso sobre la subjetividad, fundamental para el análisis del territorio. Con este marco, se exponen las problemáticas del sistema de salud en general y del GBA, en particular, donde predomina la falta de financiamiento, los problemas de diseño y la debilidad del Estado en un territorio con elevados niveles de pobreza. Y luego se aborda el sistema local de salud en Quilmes, y la realidad socioeconómica y el entramado relacional-institucional en un territorio particular para ver cómo funcionó el esquema establecido por la Nación, la Provincia y el Municipio para enfrentar la pandemia. Las conclusiones muestran que al momento del inicio de la pandemia y más allá del esfuerzo realizado, la atención primaria en general y en el barrio en particular, era endeble y no contaba con el nivel de participación de los actores necesaria para cumplir con su cometido, eso dificultó la respuesta.publishedVersionFil: Medina, Arnaldo. Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche; Argentina.Fil: Narodowski, Patricio. Ministerio del Interior de la Nación; Argentina.Fil: Roussel, Patricia. Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche; Argentina.Fil: González, Mariela. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; Argentina.Fil: Flores, Micaela. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; Argentina.Fil: Cabral, Marcela. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; Argentina.Fil: Domínguez, Laila. Ministerio de Salud de la Nación; Argentina.Fil: Sosa, Gabriel. Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche; Argentina.Fil: Montori, Florencia. Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche; Argentina.Fil: Avalos, Erica. Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche; Argentina.Fil: Congett, Claudia. Universidad Nacional Arturo Jauretche; Argentina.Fil: Pellegrini, Verónica. Hospital El Cruce Néstor Kirchner de Florencio Varela; Argentina

Resistance to taxanes in triple negative breast cancer associates with the dynamics of a CD49f+ tumor initiating population

Taxanes are a mainstay of treatment for breast cancer, but resistance often develops followed by metastatic disease and mortality. Aiming to reveal the mechanisms underlying taxane resistance, we used breast cancer patient-derived orthoxenografts (PDX). Mimicking clinical behavior, triple-negative breast tumors (TNBCs) from PDX models were more sensitive to docetaxel than luminal tumors, but they progressively acquired resistance upon continuous drug administration. Mechanistically, we found that a CD49f+ chemoresistant population with tumor-initiating ability is present in sensitive tumors and expands during the acquisition of drug resistance. In the absence of the drug, the resistant CD49f+ population shrinks and taxane sensitivity is restored. We describe a transcriptional signature of resistance, predictive of recurrent disease after chemotherapy in TNBC. Together, these findings identify a CD49f+ population enriched in tumor-initiating ability and chemoresistance properties and evidence a drug holiday effect on the acquired resistance to docetaxel in triple-negative breast cancer

SF3B1 facilitates HIF1-signaling and promotes malignancy in pancreatic cancer

Mutations in the splicing factor SF3B1 are frequently occurring in various cancers and drive tumor progression through the activation of cryptic splice sites in multiple genes. Recent studies also demonstrate a positive correlation between the expression levels of wild-type SF3B1 and tumor malignancy. Here, we demonstrate that SF3B1 is a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 target gene that positively regulates HIF1 pathway activity. By physically interacting with HIF1α, SF3B1 facilitates binding of the HIF1 complex to hypoxia response elements (HREs) to activate target gene expression. To further validate the relevance of this mechanism for tumor progression, we show that a reduction in SF3B1 levels via monoallelic deletion of Sf3b1 impedes tumor formation and progression via impaired HIF signaling in a mouse model for pancreatic cancer. Our work uncovers an essential role of SF3B1 in HIF1 signaling, thereby providing a potential explanation for the link between high SF3B1 expression and aggressiveness of solid tumors