Effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) treatment on follicular population and development in non-lactating dairy cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long term effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on follicle population and ovulatory follicle development in non-lactating dairy cows. Twenty-one Jersey cows were allocated in rbST (n=11) or control (n=10) groups. On day -60, cows in rbST group received 500 mg of somatotropin (s.c. Lactotropin, Elanco). On day 0, control and rbST cows received an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (1.9 g, CIDR, Zoetis) and GnRH (100 mg, IM, Factrel, Zoetis). On day 8, cows received PGF2α (25 mg, IM, Lutalyse, Zoetis) and the CIDR was removed. Twelve hours after device removal (D8), serum, follicular fluid and granulosa cells samples were collected. Serum and follicular concentration of estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) were analyzed. Total RNA was extracted from granulosa cells to measure gene expression of LHCGR, STAR, HSD-3B1, CYP11A1, CYP19A1, CYP17A1, IGFR and PAPPA by real time PCR. Ultrasonography was performed on days -60, -53, -46, -14, -7, 0 and 8 for antral follicle count. Results were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and t-test. There was no effect of rbST treatment on the number of follicles during the 60 days period, as well as no effect on serum and follicular fluid E2 and follicular fluid P4 at the moment of follicle aspiration. There was a reduction in PAPPA (P = 0.006), CYP11A1 (P = 0.04) and CYP19A1 (P = 0.002) mRNA levels in granulosa cells of the pre ovulatory follicle of rbST treated cows. In conclusion, a single dose of rbST did not have long term effects on antral follicle population, serum and follicular E2/P4 concentrations in non-lactating dairy cows. Despite that, rbST injection decreased granulosa cell expression of genes related to steroidogenesis in the pre-ovulatory follicle

Leptospirosis in Dairy Cattle from Southern Brazil - Risk Factors

Background: Cattle are susceptible to chronic leptospirosis infection, that results in reduced milk production and reproductive disorders such as abortions, stillbirths, fetal malformation, and mummified fetuses, causing significant economic losses. Commercially available vaccines against leptospirosis offer limited protection to cattle because they contain only the most prevalent serovars worldwide, even though they are not prevalent in the specific region. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of specific antibodies against Leptospira serogroups, reproductive disorders and the risk factors in dairy herds from different mesoregions of Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: An epidemiological survey was conducted, and serum samples from the bovine population representative of three mesoregions (MR1, MR2, and MR3) were studied; the samples were collected and tested for leptospirosis using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for 12 serogroups checking for the presence of agglutination. A total of 442 blood samples were collected from dairy cattle from November to December 2019 (MR1, 187; MR2, 88; and MR3, 167), including cows vaccinated with different commercial vaccines during the three months before sample collection (n = 295) and non-vaccinated against leptospirosis (n = 147). At the time of collection, an interview was conducted with the owners with questions about the health of the animals, management, habitat, feeding and reproduction. Chi-square tests univariate analysis with the SPSS® version 20.0 were performed to estimate the association of serogroup Djasiman seroreactivity with the occurrence of reproductive problems and related risk factors. The mean prevalence of antibodies against leptospires was 78.7% (MR1, 74.9 %; MR2, 84.1 %; and MR3, 80.2 %). Serogroup prevalence was different in each mesoregion evaluated and varied with vaccination status tested of the animals. The most prevalent serogroups in MR1 were Djasiman and Icterohaemorrhagiae. In MR2 and MR3, Djasiman was the most prevalent serogroup, regardless of vaccination status. Other prevalent serogroups in vaccinated animals were Icterohaemorrhagiae (MR1), Sejroe (MR2), Pomona, Sejroe, and Icterohaemorrhagiae (MR3). The other serovars tested had a prevalence of less or equal than 2%. The occurrence of reproductive problems with abortions and estrus repetition, was associated with reactivity to the serogroup Djasiman (P > 0.05). The results showed that the access of animals to flooded areas and the presence of rodents were significant risk factors, according to the literature.Discussion: The prevalence of antibodies against Leptospira in the studied areas was higher than expected, with a high prevalence of Djasiman serogroup. It is important to note that this serogroup is not present in current vaccine formulations. The presence of wetlands and rodents as risk factors in association with Djasiman is consistent with the scientific literature, since wild rodents are natural hosts, and swampy areas may allow Leptospira to survive for up to 180 days in the environment. Due to the presence and high prevalence found of the serogroup Djasiman in the experiment, new studies are being carried out to improve our knowledge about this serogroup and its possible inclusion in a commercial vaccine. Prophylaxis and control measures were recommended to rural producers in the analyzed properties.Keywords: bovine leptospirosis, herds, zoonosis, antibodies, reproductive disorders, leptospires, Djasiman

J-Synch protocol associated with estrus detection in beef heifers and non-lactating cows

The aim of this study was to compare the J-Synch and conventional protocols associated with estrus detection in beef heifers and to compare pregnancy rate between non-lactating cows displaying estrus or not during the J-Synch protocol. In Experiment 1, heifers were subjected to timed artificial insemination (AI) in a conventional protocol with ECP (n=147) or J-Synch protocol plus eCG (n=149). The AI occurred 12 hours after estrus expression; or 48 (Conventional protocol) and 72 hours (J-Synch protocol) after device removal for animals not displaying estrus. The J-Synch group received 10 µg of GnRH at AI. In Experiment 2, the JSynch was performed (n=116 cows), but without eCG injection, and estrus was monitored. Pregnancy rate was not different between protocols in Experiment 1 (Conventional: 50.68%; J-Synch: 60.4%). Heifers that displayed estrus had higher pregnancy rate only in the conventional protocol. In Experiment 2, pregnancy rate was not different between cows that displayed estrus or not. Therefore, performing AI earlier according to estrus expression increases pregnancy rate in conventional protocol, however it does not increase pregnancy rate in the J-Synch protocol

Supplementation of in vitro maturation medium with serum from dairy cows at early and late lactation in the in vitro production of bovine embryos

The transition period of dairy cows is characterized by several metabolic alterations, due to the negative energy balance, which negatively affects fertility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplementing the in vitro maturation medium with serum from dairy cows at early and late lactation in the oocyte maturation on the rates of nuclear maturation, cleavage and initial embryo development. The cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were randomly divided into treatments: LL: serum from four cows at 354 ± 3.8 days in milk (DIM); and EL: serum from four cows at 10.8 ± 4.8 DIM. Subsequently, the COCs were submitted to maturation, fertilization; and in vitro culture in an incubator at 39°C with 5% CO2. For analysis of nuclear maturation; oocytes were collected after IVM, denuded and stained with Hoechst®. No difference was observed in the number of oocytes that reached metaphase II among treatments. The cleavage rate was not different between LL (59.3%; 320/540) and EL (47.0%; 243/517) treatments (P>0.05), as embryonic development between LL (15.0%; 81/540) and EL (16.6%; 86/517) (P>0.05). It was concluded that supplementation with serum from cows at different lactation periods during the bovine oocyte IVM did not influence the results of in vitro embryo production

Assessment of the serum prevalence of leptospirosis in dairy herds in the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul

Esta Pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a soroprevalência da leptospirose em rebanhos leiteiros na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. A leptospirose é uma zoonose amplamente distribuída por todo o mundo, sendo mais comum em áreas de clima tropical e subtropical. Em bovinos, essa infecção crônica está associada a transtornos reprodutivos, como abortos, natimortos, retenção de placenta, mortalidade de bebês e redução na produção de leite, resultando em perdas econômicas significativas. A leptospirose bovina é causada por bactérias patogênicas do gênero Leptospira, e os sorovares necessários podem variar de região para região, dependendo das espécies animais de contato, dos sorovares preexistentes e das condições ambientais e climáticas adequadas ao desenvolvimento das leptospiras. O sorovar Hardjo é o mais prevalente em rebanhos bovinos, mas outros sorovares, como Pomona, Icterohaemorrhagiae e Grippotyphosa, também podem causar infecção. O diagnóstico da leptospirose bovina e a identificação do sorovar ou sorogrupo prevalente em uma determinada região são cruciais para compreender a epidemiologia da doença, suas características clínicas, tratamento e prevenção. A técnica de aglutinação microscópica (MAT) é o diagnóstico padrão, permitindo identificar os sorovares ou sorogrupos infectantes

Diferentes níveis de gordura na dieta de vacas Jersey em lactação influenciam a resposta superovulatória?

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes níveis de gordura na dieta de vacas em lactação, sobre a resposta superovulatória e qualidade embrionária. Foram utilizadas dezoito vacas Jersey (420?70,6kg de peso vivo; 22,2?1,7kg de leite) agrupadas em blocos de acordo com a data de parição e ordem de lactação e aleatoriamente distribuídas nos tratamentos. As dietas consistiram de: controle- dieta a base de milho e farelo de soja contendo 4,0% de extrato etéreo (EE); médio- dieta controle adicionada de sebo bovino para aumentar o extrato etéreo da dieta para 6,0% e alto- dieta controle adicionada de sebo bovino para se obter extrato etéreo de 8,0% na dieta. Todos os animais foram superovulados duas vezes (aos 90 e 130 dias pós-parto), sendo as coletas realizadas sete dias após a inseminação artificial (IA). As estruturas coletadas foram avaliadas para estágio de desenvolvimento e qualidade embrionária (IETS, 1999). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas com relação ao número de estruturas coletadas, corpos lúteos, embriões de grau um e dois, e embriões de grau quatro. O grupo que recebeu alta (2,9?0,4) gordura apresentou maior número de embriões de grau três em relação aos grupos controle (0,2?0,4) e médio (0,0?0,5). A adição de sebo para aumentar o EE em dietas vacas lactantes não melhorou a resposta superovulatória e a qualidade embrionária

Identificação de dna do protozoário neospora caninum no fluído folicular bovino

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar se existe a presença de DNA do protozoário Neospora caninum no fluído folicular, tecido endometrial e na secreção da glândula mamária (leite) de fêmeas bovinas naturalmente infectadas com N.caninum, em diferentes períodos (30,60 e 90 dias) após parto a termo ou perda reprodutiva (aborto)

Leptospirosis in Dairy Cattle from Southern Brazil - Risk Factors

Background: Cattle are susceptible to chronic leptospirosis infection, that results in reduced milk production and reproductive disorders such as abortions, stillbirths, fetal malformation, and mummified fetuses, causing significant economic losses. Commercially available vaccines against leptospirosis offer limited protection to cattle because they contain only the most prevalent serovars worldwide, even though they are not prevalent in the specific region. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of specific antibodies against Leptospira serogroups, reproductive disorders and the risk factors in dairy herds from different mesoregions of Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: An epidemiological survey was conducted, and serum samples from the bovine population representative of three mesoregions (MR1, MR2, and MR3) were studied; the samples were collected and tested for leptospirosis using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for 12 serogroups checking for the presence of agglutination. A total of 442 blood samples were collected from dairy cattle from November to December 2019 (MR1, 187; MR2, 88; and MR3, 167), including cows vaccinated with different commercial vaccines during the three months before sample collection (n = 295) and non-vaccinated against leptospirosis (n = 147). At the time of collection, an interview was conducted with the owners with questions about the health of the animals, management, habitat, feeding and reproduction. Chi-square tests univariate analysis with the SPSS® version 20.0 were performed to estimate the association of serogroup Djasiman seroreactivity with the occurrence of reproductive problems and related risk factors. The mean prevalence of antibodies against leptospires was 78.7% (MR1, 74.9 %; MR2, 84.1 %; and MR3, 80.2 %). Serogroup prevalence was different in each mesoregion evaluated and varied with vaccination status tested of the animals. The most prevalent serogroups in MR1 were Djasiman and Icterohaemorrhagiae. In MR2 and MR3, Djasiman was the most prevalent serogroup, regardless of vaccination status. Other prevalent serogroups in vaccinated animals were Icterohaemorrhagiae (MR1), Sejroe (MR2), Pomona, Sejroe, and Icterohaemorrhagiae (MR3). The other serovars tested had a prevalence of less or equal than 2%. The occurrence of reproductive problems with abortions and estrus repetition, was associated with reactivity to the serogroup Djasiman (P > 0.05). The results showed that the access of animals to flooded areas and the presence of rodents were significant risk factors, according to the literature.Discussion: The prevalence of antibodies against Leptospira in the studied areas was higher than expected, with a high prevalence of Djasiman serogroup. It is important to note that this serogroup is not present in current vaccine formulations. The presence of wetlands and rodents as risk factors in association with Djasiman is consistent with the scientific literature, since wild rodents are natural hosts, and swampy areas may allow Leptospira to survive for up to 180 days in the environment. Due to the presence and high prevalence found of the serogroup Djasiman in the experiment, new studies are being carried out to improve our knowledge about this serogroup and its possible inclusion in a commercial vaccine. Prophylaxis and control measures were recommended to rural producers in the analyzed properties.Keywords: bovine leptospirosis, herds, zoonosis, antibodies, reproductive disorders, leptospires, Djasiman

Seroprevalence estimate and associated risk factors for neosporosis in dairy cattle in the northwest region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

<div><p>ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to estimate neosporosis seroprevalence and its associated risk factors in milk herds (Bos taurus taurus) located in the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Three hundred twenty-two blood samples were collected from dairy cows on 18 farms in 17 cities of this region. An epidemiologic questionnaire was completed for each farm. It consisted of questions about the general characteristics of the herd, reproduction, and animal management. Serum samples were tested for Neospora caninum using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Results indicated a seroprevalence of Neospora in 88.9% (16/18) of herds and 31.1% (100/322) of individuals. Risk factor analyses demonstrated that culling by reproductive disorder (OR = 0.6), flooding (OR = 0.5), and commercial sale (OR = 0.4) were associated with seroprevalence. Nevertheless, the purchase of replacement animals in the herd played an important role in disease occurrence (OR = 2.2). Results of this study suggested that Neospora caninum was present in the studied herds under investigation and that there are risk factors associated with its seroprevalence on the farms of the northwestern of Rio Grande do Sul.</p></div