Effects of different hydration supports on stride kinematics, comfort, and impact accelerations during running

Background: Different supports for hydration can influence total body mass and affect running biomechanics. Research question: Do different hydration supports affect the perceived exertion and comfort, stride kinematics, and impact accelerations during running?. Methods: This was a crossover study design. Thirteen trail runners completed a treadmill running test divided into four different durations and randomized hydration supports conditions, lasting 8 min each at moderate intensity: A) waist bag (0.84 kg); B) medium load backpack (0.84 kg); C) full load backpack (3.40 kg); and D) a control condition without water support. Impact accelerations were measured for 30 s in 4, 6, and 8 min. The rate of perceived exertion and heart rate were registered on minutes 4 and 8. At the last minute of each condition, comfort perception was registered. Results and significance: No condition affected the stride kinematics. Full load backpack condition reduced head acceleration peak (−0.21 g; p = 0.04; ES=0.4) and head acceleration magnitude (−0.23 g; p = 0.03; ES=0.4), and increased shock attenuation (3.08 g; p = 0.04; ES=0.3). It also elicited higher perceived exertion (p 0.8) being considered heavier (p 1.1). The waist bag condition was more comfortable in terms of noise (p = 0.006; ES=1.3) and humidity/heat (p = 0.001; ES=0.8). The waist bag was the most comfortable support. On the other hand, the full backpack elicited lower comfort and was the only generating compensatory adjustments. These results may help to improve design of full load backpack aiming at comfort for runners

Assessment of a mattress with phase change materials using a thermal and perception test

Mattresses composed by phase change materials (PCMs) may improve the thermoregulation of the human body. The aim of the study was to analyze the thermoregulatory efficiency of a PCMs and a conventional mattresses via the evaluation of the skin temperature, thermal comfort and thermal perception. Twenty participants lay on a PCMs and a conventional mattress for 20 minutes in each mattress on the same day. Skin temperature of the back of the participants and temperature of the sheet of the mattresses were measured before and immediately after lying on each mattress. Thermal comfort and thermal perception were also reported during the last minute of the lying test. The PCMs mattress resulted in a lower increase in skin temperature (0.3 - 1.0°C, p=0.002 and ES=1.4) and a greater increase of the sheet temperature (0.2 - 1.6°C, p=0.02 and ES=0.8). No differences in thermal comfort and thermal perception were observed between mattresses (p>0.05 and ES<0.8). The analysis of the superficial temperature (skin, sheet) was an adequate tool to identify differences in the thermoregulatory efficiency of different mattresses. The use of PCMs in mattresses improved the heat dissipation of the human body during lying in a proportion between 2.7% and 25.6%. However, the thermoregulatory differences were not big enough to alter the thermal comfort and thermal perception of the participants after 20 minutes of test.SIThe contribution of two of the authors were funded with doctoral fellowships (FPU) from the Spanish Ministry of Education. Thanks are given to all participants who volunteered for this study. We also acknowledge D. Oscar Calvo (AITEX – Textile Research Institute) for their collaboration and support in the stud

Consistency of pacing profile according to performance level in three different editions of the Chicago, London, and Tokyo marathons

[EN] Running pacing has become a focus of interest over recent years due to its relationship with performance, however, it is still unknown the consistency of each race in different editions. The aim of this study is to analyze the consistency of pacing profile in three consecutive editions of three marathon races. A database of 282,808 runners, compiled from three different races (Chicago, London, and Tokyo Marathon) and three editions (2017, 2018, and 2019) was analyzed. Participants were categorized according to their time performance in the marathon, every 30 min from 2:30 h to sub-6 h. The relative speed of each section for each runner was calculated as a percentage of the average speed for the entire race. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) of relative speed at the different pacing section, taking into account the runner time categories, was excellent over the three marathon editions (ICC > 0.93). The artificial intelligence model showed an accuracy of 86.8% to classify the runners' data in three marathons, suggesting a consistency between editions with identifiable differences between races. In conclusion, although some differences have been observed between editions in certain sections and marathon runner categories, excellent consistency of the pacing profile was observed. The study of pacing profile in a specific marathon can, therefore, be helpful for runners, coaches and marathon organizers for planning the race and improving its organization.Oficial-Casado, F.; Uriel-Molto, J.; Jimenez-Perez, I.; Fagundes Goethel, M.; Pérez-Soriano, P.; Priego-Quesada, JI. (2022). Consistency of pacing profile according to performance level in three different editions of the Chicago, London, and Tokyo marathons. Scientific Reports. 12(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-14868-61912

Origin and evolution of patents and trademarks in sports biomechanics

La Biomecánica es una disciplina científica cuyo origen se remonta varios siglos atrás, cuando distintos precursores utilizaron diferentes ciencias para analizar el movimiento humano y animal. El desarrollo tecnológico ha propiciado la invención de distintos dispositivos los cuales han sido utilizados en estudios biomecánicos. Dichos dispositivos han facilitado la toma y análisis de datos relacionados con el movimiento y sus causas. La Oficina Española de Patentes y Marcas (O.E.P.M.) es el organismo encargado de registrar y patentar las invenciones en España. Para ello, la patente presentada debe de cumplir con unos requisitos y superar una evaluación técnica. Actualmente podemos encontrar distintas patentes para realizar análisis cinemáticos y cinéticos del movimiento, formadas por emisores y receptores de láser, cámaras de alta velocidad, sensores de presión, etc. Numerosas investigaciones relacionadas con la biomecánica deportiva utilizan estos dispositivos para obtener datos más precisos, mejorando la calidad de la investigación y, en algunos casos, posibilitando la mejora del rendimiento físico y/o deportivo. El propósito del presente artículo, consiste en exponer la evolución de la biomecánica en general, y deportiva en particular, realizando una revisión sobre patentes relacionadas con la biomecánica del deporte, y reflejar cómo y donde registrar las invenciones. Para ello se han utilizado las plataformas digitales y bases de datos Esp@cenet, Invesnes para la revisión de patentes con origen español y, Google Patent para patentes registradas en oficinas de fuera de España

Footwear outsole temperature may be more related to plantar pressure during a prolonged run than foot temperature

Objective: The temperature of the sole of the foot has been suggested as an alternative to the measurement of plantar pressure during running despite the scarce evidence about their relationship. The temperature of the footwear outsole could also be representative of plantar pressure distribution due to its less multifactorial dependence. The aim of the study was to determine if plantar pressure during a prolonged run could be related to plantar temperature, either of the sole of the foot or the footwear outsole. Approach: Thirty recreational runners (15 males and 15 females) performed a 30-minute running test on a treadmill. Thermographic images of the sole of the foot and the footwear outsole were taken before and immediately after the test, and dynamic plantar pressure was measured at the end of the test. Pearson correlations and stepwise multiple linear regressions were performed. Main results: Plantar pressure percentage was related to a moderate correlation with plantar temperature percentage in forefoot and rearfoot (P<0.05), showing a greater relationship with the footwear outsole than with the sole of the foot (r=0.52–0.73 vs r=0.40–0.61, respectively). Moreover, moderate correlations were also observed between footwear outsole and sole of the foot temperature variables, especially in rearfoot. Significance: Footwear outsole temperature may be better related to plantar pressure distribution than sole of the foot temperature, in the forefoot and rearfoot. The midfoot is the most sensitive and variable region to analyze, as it does not seem to have any relationship with plantar pressure

Relación entre la percepción de validez de una rúbrica, el rendimiento académico y la autorregulación de estudiantes de ciencias del deporte

[EN] The use of rubrics can be an especially useful tool to align the teaching, learning and evaluation processes of oral presentation. Its validity is essential to assess academic performance and may be influenced by student self-regulation. The objective of the study was to determine the perception of validity and utility of a rubric for students of the Physical Education and Sports Sciences degree, as well as to identify the relationship between this perception, their academic performance and their self-regulation. 123 students participated in the study. The teacher of the subject provided the rubric to evaluate oral presentations. After oral presentations, students answered two questionnaires: one about the perception of the validity of the rubric and the other about self-regulation. In addition, their academic performance was recorded. The students positively assessed the rubric’s validity as a method of preparing and evaluating the oral presentation. Self-regulation presented a clearer direct relationship with the perception of rubric’s validity than academic performance, however, this relationship was weak and needs to be verified in future studies.[ES] La utilización de rúbricas puede ser una herramienta especialmente útil para alinear los procesos de enseñanza, aprendizaje y evaluación de la exposición oral. Su validez es fundamental para valorar el rendimiento académico y puede estar influenciada por la autorregulación del alumnado. El objetivo del estudio ha consistido en determinar la validez y utilidad que el alumnado de la titulación de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte conceden a una rúbrica desarrollada al efecto, así como identificar la relación entre esta percepción, su rendimiento académico y su autorregulación. En el estudio participaron un total de 123 estudiantes. El profesor de la asignatura facilitó la rúbrica para evaluar exposiciones orales. Una vez realizadas las exposiciones orales, el alumnado respondió a dos cuestionarios: uno de percepción de validez de la rúbrica y otro de autorregulación. Además, se tuvo constancia de su rendimiento académico. El alumnado valoró positivamente la validez y utilidad de la rúbrica como método de preparación y evaluación de la exposición oral. La autorregulación presentó una relación directa más clara con la percepción de validez de la rúbrica que el rendimiento académico, sin embargo, dicha relación resultó débil y necesita ser contrastada en futuros estudios.Jimenez-Perez, I.; Requena-Bueno, L.; Gil-Calvo, M.; Pérez-Soriano, P.; Priego-Quesada, J. (2021). Relación entre la percepción de validez de una rúbrica, el rendimiento académico y la autorregulación de estudiantes de ciencias del deporte. En IN-RED 2021: VII Congreso de Innovación Edicativa y Docencia en Red. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 701-712. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2021.2021.13658OCS70171

Consistency and agreement between professors and students in the employment of rubrics for the development and assessment of written projects in the subject of sport biomechanics

[EN] The implication of the students in assessment process has grown in Superior Studies through the use of rubrics. However, the design of the instruments is a complex task and it must be adapted to the subject with the aim to ensure an optimal evaluation. The objective of this study was to identify differences in the results obtained between self-assessment and teacher assessment and to analyse the inter-evaluative reliability. 48 students participated in the study. At the end of practice session in Biomechanical subject the students prepared a task according to the items included in the rubric and it was delivered together with selfassessment rubric. After that, professors assessed the tasks with the same rubric. The mark obtained by student assessment was higher than the provided by the professor assessment. 67% of the items present a good or excellent repeatability but the remaining 33% showed a regular repeatability. It suggests the need to improve the item description accurary in the different grades of achieve.[ES] La implicación del alumnado en el proceso de evaluación ha aumentado en las Enseñanzas Superiores mediante el uso de rúbricas. Sin embargo, el diseño del instrumento es una tarea compleja y se debe adecuar a cada asignatura para garantizar una adecuada evaluación. El objetivo del estudio ha sido identificar posibles diferencias en los resultados de las evaluaciones realizadas por el profesorado y el alumnado, así como analizar la fiabilidad inter-evaluador de la rúbrica diseñada. En el estudio participaron un total de 48 estudiantes. Al finalizar la sesión práctica de la materia de Biomecánica, el alumnado realizó una memoria de la práctica y lo entregó junto a la rúbrica proporcionada para su auto evaluación. Posteriormente, el profesorado evaluó dichos trabajos con la misma rúbrica. Las calificaciones realizadas por el alumnado fueron mayores que las del profesorado en todos los ítems. La repetibilidad intraevaluador fue excelente o buena en el 67% de los ítems, mientras que el 33% restante obtuvo una repetibilidad regular. Por lo tanto, se requiere un aumento de la precisión en la descripción de los distintos niveles de logro.Sánchez-Jiménez, J.; Marzano-Felisatti, J.; Aparicio-Aparicio, I.; Encarnacion-Martinez, A.; Jimenez-Perez, I.; Perez-Soriano, P.; Priego-Quesada, J. (2022). Repetibilidad y concordancia entre profesorado y alumnado en el uso de rúbricas para desarrollo y evaluación de trabajos escritos en la materia biomecánica deportiva. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 272-284. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2022.2022.1586727228

Preparation and proposals for improvement in rubrics for the development and evaluation of written practical workshops in sports biomechanics

[EN] In the innovation of assessment processes, rubrics are proposed as a tool that favours student participation and stimulates the teaching-learning process. The aim of this study is to deepen the development, evaluation, and improvement of rubrics in sports biomechanics classes. Three teachers and 48 students participated in the study. The intervention consisted in the development and application of the rubrics in the first four-month period of the course. Subsequently, the teachers answered an evaluation questionnaire, from which data was collected to improve a second version of the rubrics. The results show that by using the rubrics, students improve in formal aspects, the design, and the general standard of their works; that the rubric are easy to use, facilitates assessment, helps to make the marks fairer and the grades higher. Teachers perceived that the assessment time of the assignments did not decrease and that the improvements on the rubrics should focus on the unification and specification of common items. Therefore, it is important to highlight the need to apply, reevaluate and modify a rubric in its creation process.[ES] En la innovación de los procesos de evaluación, las rúbricas se plantean como una herramienta que favorece la participación del alumnado y estimula el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. El objetivo de este estudio es profundizar en el desarrollo, evaluación y mejora de las rúbricas en las clases de biomecánica deportiva. Tres profesores y 48 alumnos participaron en el estudio. La intervención consistió en la elaboración y aplicación de las rúbricas en el primer cuatrimestre del curso. Posteriormente el profesorado contestó a un cuestionario de valoración, a partir del cual se recogieron los datos para la elaboración de una segunda versión de las rúbricas mejoradas. Los resultados demuestran que el alumnado mejora en aspectos formales, el diseño y el nivel general del trabajo; que la rúbrica es fácil de utilizar, facilita la evaluación, ayuda a que las notas sean más justas y a que las calificaciones sean más altas. El profesorado percibió que el tiempo de evaluación de los trabajos no disminuyó y que las mejoras de las rúbricas se debían centrar en la unificación y especificación de los ítems comunes. Por lo tanto, es importante destacar la necesidad de aplicar, reevaluar y modificar una rúbrica en su proceso de creación.Marzano-Felisatti, J.; Sánchez-Jiménez, J.; Aparicio, I.; Sanchis-Sanchis, R.; Jimenez-Perez, I.; Priego-Quesada, J.; Pérez-Soriano, P. (2022). Elaboración y propuestas de mejora en rúbricas para el desarrollo y evaluación de talleres prácticos escritos en la materia biomecánica deportiva. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 285-297. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2022.2022.1587028529

Ultrasensitive multiplex optical quantification of bacteria in large samples of biofluids

Efficient treatments in bacterial infections require the fast and accurate recognition of pathogens, with concentrations as low as one per milliliter in the case of septicemia. Detecting and quantifying bacteria in such low concentrations is challenging and typically demands cultures of large samples of blood (~1 milliliter) extending over 24-72 hours. This delay seriously compromises the health of patients. Here we demonstrate a fast microorganism optical detection system for the exhaustive identification and quantification of pathogens in volumes of biofluids with clinical relevance (~1 milliliter) in minutes. We drive each type of bacteria to accumulate antibody functionalized SERS-labelled silver nanoparticles. Particle aggregation on the bacteria membranes renders dense arrays of inter-particle gaps in which the Raman signal is exponentially amplified by several orders of magnitude relative to the dispersed particles. This enables a multiplex identification of the microorganisms through the molecule-specific spectral fingerprints

Theme key points through educational mini-videos

[EN] The creation of educational mini-videos is one of the strategies that helps the student to synthesize and organize the information, since it encourages its correct filing. The students of the Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences (CAFD) convey to the teaching staff the difficulty of assimilating the main ideas of the topics in the “Motor Skills” subject. Likewise, teaching in Secondary Education is one of the most demanded professional opportunities in this degree. Consequently, the main objective is to strengthen the key points of each theoretical topic of the subject through the realization, by groups, of mini-videos and the possible future employment of teaching through its presentation in a Secondary Education center. The videos had a maximum duration of 5 minutes and were published in private virtual environments for being watched by students and teachers. The results were obtained from the evaluations of the mini-videos by CAFD teachers and Secondary students. The contents of the subject were strengthened in CAFD students, although Secondary students were more critical than teachers, demonstrating a lack of teaching skills.[ES] Una de las estrategias que ayuda al estudiante a sintetizar y organizar la información, puesto que fomenta su correcto archivado, es la creación de minivídeos educativos. Los estudiantes del Grado de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte (CAFD) transmiten al profesorado la dificultad de asimilar las ideas principales de los temas de la asignatura “Habilidad Motriz”. Asimismo, la docencia en Educación Secundaria es una de las salidas profesionales más demandadas en este grado. En consecuencia, se plantea el objetivo principal de afianzar los puntos clave de cada tema teórico de la asignatura mediante la realización, por grupos, de minivídeos y el posible futuro laboral de la docencia a través de su exposición en un centro de Educación Secundaria. Los vídeos tuvieron una duración máxima de 5 minutos y se publicaron en entornos virtuales privados para su visualización por parte de alumnos y profesores. Los resultados se obtuvieron de las evaluaciones de los minivídeos por parte del profesorado de CAFD y el alumnado de Secundaria. Los contenidos de la asignatura se vieron afianzados en los alumnos de CAFD aunque los estudiantes de Secundaria fueron más críticos que el profesorado, demostrando una falta de competencias de carácter docente.Aparicio Aparicio, I.; Priego Quesada, J.; Perez Soriano, P.; Encarnacion Martínez, A.; Pellicer Chenoll, M.; Sanchis Sanchis, R.; Tortosa Aparicio, M.... (2022). Puntos clave del tema en minivídeos educativos. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 1264-1275. https://doi.org/10.4995/INRED2022.2022.158091264127