Naltrexone Reverses Ethanol-Induced Rat Hippocampal and Serum Oxidative Damage

Naltrexone, an antagonist of �-opioid receptors, is clinically used as adjuvant therapy of alcohol dishabituation. The aim of the present work was to test the effect of 1 mg/kg body weight of naltrexone to revert oxidative stress-related biochemical alterations, in the hippocampus and serum of chronic alcoholic adult rats. Malondialdehyde concentration was increased and glutathione peroxidase activity was decreased in hippocampus and serum of alcohol-treated rats. Naltrexone treatment restored these alterations. The in vitro antioxidant ability of Ntx could not justify these effects considering the doses used. Thus this apparent protective effect of Ntx can only be attributed to its pharmacological effects, as herein discussed.Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia SAF2010-21317 Universidad Catolica de Valencia "San Vicente Martir" 2012-029-001 Plan Nacional sobre Drogas 2010/059 AI/ICB-Santander 07/1

Composición del agua de bebidas en relación con los cálculos genitourinarios en la provincia de Granada

En el presente trabajo se relaciona la composición de las aguas de bebida de diferentes poblaciones granadinas, con la composición de los cálculos genitourinarios procedentes de enfermos de dichas poblaciones y se sacan las conclusiones pertinentes con el reparo en el caso de algunas poblaciones del escaso número de enfermos litiáricos.At the present paper we have studied the relationship between the composition of the calculi and that of the water in different places of the Granada Province. We have obtained some conclusions with the only objection of the scarce amounts of the lithiasic patients studied

Composición del agua de bebidas en relación con los cálculos genitourinarios en la provincia de Granada

At the present paper we have studied the relationship between the composition of the calculi and that of the water in different place s of the Granada Province. We have obtained sorne conclusions with the only objection of the scarce amounts of the lithiasic patients studied.En el presente trabajo se relaciona la composición de las aguas de bebida de diferentes poblaciones granadinas, con la composición de los cálculos genitourinarios procedentes de enfermos de dichas poblaciones y se sacan las conclusiones pertinentes con el reparo en el caso de algunas poblaciones del escaso número de enfermos litiáricos

Estudio epidemiológico de la litiasis en Armilla (Granada) (T. C)

Se estudia la incidencia de la litiasis renal en población completa. La unidad elegida ha sido Armilla y en este estudio además de relacionar la incidencia con diversos parámetros, tales como edad, sexo, recidivas, etc., se comparan los resultados obtenidos con los de otros autores en distintas partes del mundo.In this study we have pointed out the incidence of the lithiasis at a whole poblation and as the town of Armilla (Granada - Spain). We have shown the relationships between the nephritic calculi and several parameters such as Age. sex. etc. We have also compared out results with other of differents authors several parts of the world

Estudio epidemiológico de la litiasis en Armilla (Granada) (T. C)

In this study we have pointed out the incidence of the lithiasis at a whole poblation and as the town of Armilla (Granada - Spain). We have shown the relationships between the nephritic calculi and several parameters such as Age. sexo etc. We have also compared out results with other of differents authors several parts of the world.Se estudia la incidencia de la litiasis renal en población completa. La unidad elegida ha sido Armilla y en este estudio además de relacionar la incidencia con diversos parámetros, tales como edad, sexo, recidivas, etc., se comparan los resultados obtenidos con los de otros autores en distintas partes del mundo

Role of hippocampal NF-κB and GluN2B in the memory acquisition impairment of experiences gathered prior to cocaine administration in rats

Cocaine can induce severe neurobehavioral changes, among others, the ones involved in learning and memory processes. It is known that during drug consumption, cocaine-associated memory and learning processes take place. However, much less is known about the effects of this drug upon the mechanisms involved in forgetting.The present report focuses on the mechanisms by which cocaine affects memory consolidation of experiences acquired prior to drug administration. We also study the involvement of hippocampus in these processes, with special interest on the role of Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor 2B (GluN2B), and their relationship with other proteins, such as cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB). For this purpose, we developed a rat experimental model of chronic cocaine administration in which spatial memory and the expression or activity of several proteins in the hippocampus were assessed after 36 days of drug administration. We report an impairment in memory acquisition of experiences gathered prior to cocaine administration, associated to an increase in GluN2B expression in the hippocampus. We also demonstrate a decrease in NF-κB activity, as well as in the expression of the active form of CREB, confirming the role of these transcription factors in the cocaine-induced memory impairment

Cocaine promotes oxidative stress and microglial-macrophage activation in rat cerebellum

Different mechanisms have been suggested for cocaine neurotoxicity, including oxidative stress alterations. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), considered a sensor of oxidative stress and inflammation, is involved in drug toxicity and addiction. NF-κB is a key mediator for immune responses that induces microglial/macrophage activation under inflammatory processes and neuronal injury/degeneration. Although cerebellum is commonly associated to motor control, muscular tone, and balance. Its relation with addiction is getting relevance, being associated to compulsive and perseverative behaviors. Some reports indicate that cerebellar microglial activation induced by cannabis or ethanol, promote cerebellar alterations and these alterations could be associated to addictive-related behaviors. After considering the effects of some drugs on cerebellum, the aim of the present work analyzes pro-inflammatory changes after cocaine exposure. Rats received daily 15 mg/kg cocaine i.p., for 18 days. Reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and glutamate were determined in cerebellar homogenates. NF-κB activity, CD68, and GFAP expression were determined. Cerebellar GPx activity and GSH/GSSG ratio are significantly decreased after cocaine exposure. A significant increase of glutamate concentration is also observed. Interestingly, increased NF-κB activity is also accompanied by an increased expression of the lysosomal mononuclear phagocytic marker ED1 without GFAP alterations. Current trends in addiction biology are focusing on the role of cerebellum on addictive behaviors. Cocaine-induced cerebellar changes described herein fit with previosus data showing cerebellar alterations on addict subjects and support the proposed role of cerebelum in addiction

Estudio de las especies de nitrógeno reactivo en plantas durante el proceso de estrés biótico en la interacción girasol-mildiu

En hipocótilos de plántulas de girasol sensibles y resistentes a la infección por el hongo parásito Plasmopara halstedii, responsable del mildiu, los análisis mediante quimioluminiscencia de ozono revelaron una mayor producción de óxido nítrico en la variedad sensible frente a la resistente, tanto en plantas controles como en plantas inoculadas.La inmunolocalización mediante microscopía de fluorescencia y microscopía confocal láser mostró la localización extensiva de NOS (Óxido nítrico sintasa) y Snitrosoglutation (GSNO) en células parenquimáticas. La lozalización tisular preferente del GSNO en la zona de entrada del patógeno en el hipocótilo, evidencia la posible participación del óxido nítrico en los mecanismos de defensa celulares de respuesta inmediata frente a la invasión por patógenos y antes de la inducción de la producción de óxido nítrico por las proteínas responsables de su generación.El análisis de estos resultados evidencia la presencia en células de hipocótilos de girasol de proteínas tipo NOS y sugiere la participación de la NOS, del óxido nítrico (NO·) y del GSNO en la respuesta de la planta frente al estrés biótico por el hongo Plasmopara halstedii

Reducción de los requerimientos de hemoderivados en el trasplante hepático con aprotinina

Prophylactic use of aprotinin during surgery has a beneficial effect on hemostatic mechanisms, reducing the need for blood products. A reduction in fibrinolysis seems to contribute to this effect

Structure Discovery in Mixed Order Hyper Networks

Background  Mixed Order Hyper Networks (MOHNs) are a type of neural network in which the interactions between inputs are modelled explicitly by weights that can connect any number of neurons. Such networks have a human readability that networks with hidden units lack. They can be used for regression, classification or as content addressable memories and have been shown to be useful as fitness function models in constraint satisfaction tasks. They are fast to train and, when their structure is fixed, do not suffer from local minima in the cost function during training. However, their main drawback is that the correct structure (which neurons to connect with weights) must be discovered from data and an exhaustive search is not possible for networks of over around 30 inputs.  Results  This paper presents an algorithm designed to discover a set of weights that satisfy the joint constraints of low training error and a parsimonious model. The combined structure discovery and weight learning process was found to be faster, more accurate and have less variance than training an MLP.  Conclusions  There are a number of advantages to using higher order weights rather than hidden units in a neural network but discovering the correct structure for those weights can be challenging. With the method proposed in this paper, the use of high order networks becomes tractable