Feasibility and Definition of a Lunar Polar Volatiles Prospecting Mission

The recent Lunar Crater Observing and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mission has provided evidence for significant amounts of cold trapped volatiles in Cabeus crater near the Moon's south pole. Moreover, LRO/Diviner measurements of extremely cold lunar polar surface temperatures imply that volatiles can be stable outside or areas of strict permanent shadows. These discoveries suggest that orbital neutron spectrometer data point to extensive deposits at both lunar poles. The physical state, composition and distribution of these volatiles are key scientific issues that relate to source and emplacement mechanisms. These issues are also important for enabling lunar in situ resource utilization (ISRU). An assessment of the feasibility of cold-trapped volatile ISRU requires a priori information regarding the location, form, quantity, and potential for extraction of available resources. A robotic mission to a mostly shadowed but briefly .unlit location with suitable environmental conditions (e.g. short periods of oblique sunlight and subsurface cryogenic temperatures which permit volatile trapping) can help answer these scientific and exploration questions. Key parameters must be defined in order to identify suitable landing sites, plan surface operations, and achieve mission success. To address this need, we have conducted an initial study for a lunar polar volatile prospecting mission, assuming the use of a solar-powered robotic lander and rover. Here we present the mission concept, goals and objectives, and landing site selection analysis for a short-duration, landed, solar-powered mission to a potential hydrogen volatile-rich site

Changing Arctic snow cover: A review of recent developments and assessment of future needs for observations, modelling, and impacts

Open Access Journal (SHERPA RoMEO Green) DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0770-0Snow is a critically important and rapidly changing feature of the Arctic. However, snow-cover and snowpack conditions change through time pose challenges for measuring and prediction of snow. Plausible scenarios of how Arctic snow cover will respond to changing Arctic climate are important for impact assessments and adaptation strategies. Although much progress has been made in understanding and predicting snow-cover changes and their multiple consequences, many uncertainties remain. In this paper, we review advances in snow monitoring and modelling, and the impact of snow changes on ecosystems and society in Arctic regions. Interdisciplinary activities are required to resolve the current limitations on measuring and modelling snow characteristics through the cold season and at different spatial scales to assure human well-being, economic stability, and improve the ability to predict manage and adapt to natural hazards in the Arctic region

The NordiNet® International Outcome Study and NovoNet® ANSWER Program®: rationale, design, and methodology of two international pharmacoepidemiological registry-based studies monitoring long-term clinical and safety outcomes of growth hormone therapy (Norditropin®).

OBJECTIVE: Randomized controlled trials have shown that growth hormone (GH) therapy has effects on growth, metabolism, and body composition. GH therapy is prescribed for children with growth failure and adults with GH deficiency. Carefully conducted observational study of GH treatment affords the opportunity to assess long-term treatment outcomes and the clinical factors and variables affecting those outcomes, in patients receiving GH therapy in routine clinical practice. DESIGN: The NordiNet® International Outcome Study (IOS) and the American Norditropin® Studies: Web Enabled Research (ANSWER Program®) are two complementary, non-interventional, observational studies that adhere to current guidelines for pharmacoepidemiological data. PATIENTS: The studies include pediatric and adult patients receiving Norditropin®, as prescribed by their physicians. MEASUREMENTS: The studies gather long-term data on the safety and effectiveness of reallife treatment with the recombinant human GH, Norditropin®. We describe the origins, aims, objectives, and design methodology of the studies, as well as their governance and validity, strengths, and limitations. CONCLUSION: The NordiNet® IOS and ANSWER Program® studies will provide valid insights into the effectiveness and safety of GH treatment across a diverse and large patient population treated in accordance with real-world clinical practice and following the Good Pharmacoepidemiological Practice and STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines

Tyson Foods Air Pollutant Emission Monitoring

Iowa State University (ISU) is measuring air emissions from two Tyson broiler chicken houses in western Kentucky as part of a new air compliance agreement between the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and industry groups. The $1 million project in Kentucky, funded by Tyson Foods, was originally designed to monitor just ammonia. But the EPA agreed Iowa State could expand the project to include other items of interest - carbon dioxide, three types of particulate matter, hydrogen sulfide and nonmethane hydrocarbons

Convergent development of low-relatedness supercolonies in Myrmica ants.

Many ant species have independently evolved colony structures with multiple queens and very low relatedness among nestmate workers, but it has remained unclear whether low-relatedness kin structures can repeatedly arise in populations of the same species. Here we report a study of Danish island populations of the red ant Myrmica sulcinodis and show that it is likely that such repeated developments occur. Two microsatellite loci were used to estimate genetic differentiation (F(ST)) among three populations and nestmate relatedness within these populations. The F(ST) values were highly significant due to very different allele frequencies among the three populations with relatively few common alleles and relatively many rare alleles, possibly caused by single queen foundation and rare subsequent immigration. Given the isolation of the islands and the low investment in reproduction, we infer that each of the populations was most likely established by a single queen, even though all three extant populations now have within-colony relatedness 95%), and the genetic differentiation of nests showed a significantly positive correlation with the distance between them. Both male-biased sex-ratio and genetic viscosity are expected characteristics of populations where queens have very local dispersal and where new colonies are initiated through nest-budding. Based on a comparison with other M. sulcinodis populations we hypothesise a distinct succession of population types and suggest that this may be a possible pathway to unicoloniality, ie, development towards a complete lack of colony kin structure and unrelated nestmate workers

A Presentation of the Religious Content on the Most Visited Croatian Internet Portals

Kompleksan međuodnos religije i medija predmet je zanimanja brojnih teoretičara. Stavivši u središte svoga interesa religiju u medijima (u smislu pojavljivanja i prezentacije institucionalnih religija u medijima), nastojalo se dobiti uvid u način na koji je ona predstavljana na trima najposjećenijim hrvatskim mrežnim portalima (24sata.hr, Index.hr i Net.hr) prema podacima koje je Gemius iznio za Hrvatsku. Istraživanja su pokazala da hrvatski građani imaju najviše povjerenja u informacije objavljene na mreži, a ako se tomu pridoda da je 63% građana Hrvatske starije od 15 godina 2011. rabilo mrežu (podaci istraživanja GfK centra), jasno je da su hrvatski mrežni portali važan čimbenik u oblikovanju javne sfere i hrvatske društvene stvarnosti. S druge strane, činjenica je i da zbog pritiska radi povećanja posjećenosti, što u konačnici rezultira povećanjem profita, mrežni portali pribjegavaju tabloidizaciji sadržaja, negativizmu, banalnim i šokantnim vijestima. Svrha je ovoga rada utvrditi na koji se način na najposjećenijim hrvatskim portalima predstavlja religijski sadržaj. Cilj je bio analizirati priloge o religiji koji su objavljivani na naslovnoj stranici triju najposjećenijih hrvatskih mrežnih portala. Analizom sadržaja njihovih naslovnica u razdoblju od 20. studenoga do 20. prosinca 2012. godine nastojalo se utvrditi koliko se tabloidni pristup novinarstvu odnosi na religijske sadržaje, odnosno koja su osnovna obilježja priloga s religijskom tematikom.The complex interplay between religion and the media is the subject of interest of many theorists. Thus, by focusing on the topic of religion in the media (in terms of appearance and presentation of institutional religion in the media), we have tried to gain insight into the way in which religion is presented on the three most visited Croatian Internet portals (24sata.hr, Index.hr and Net.hr, according to the GemiusAudience data for Croatia). Studies have shown that Croatian citizens place most of their confidence in the information available on the Internet. Also, 63% of Croatian citizens above the age of 15 availed themselves of the Internet in 2011 according to GfK research. It is clear therefore that Croatian Internet portals are an important factor in shaping the public sphere as well as Croatian social reality. On the other hand, due to the pressure for increased usage, ultimately resulting in increased profits, the fact remains that Internet portals have resorted to the tabloidization of content, negativism and reporting of banal and shocking news. The purpose of this article was to determine the way in which religious content is presented on the three most visited Croatian Internet portals. The aim was to analyze religious articles published on the front page of these portals with regard to the period between November 20 to December 20, 2012, and in so doing to try to determine in how far the tabloid approach to journalism applies to religious content, that is, to determine the main features of articles with religious themes