Dyslipidemia in children and adolescents: determining factors and recommendations for diagnosis and management

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo identificar los factores y determinantes que inciden en la dislipidemia infantil y adolescente, así como las recomendaciones existentes sobre el diagnóstico, manejo y seguimiento clínico. Se realizó una revisión narrativa consultando en PubMed, Web of Science y SciELO de artículos publicados entre 2010-2017, en población infantil y adolescente, que incluyan descripción de la patología, programas, manejo y tratamiento. Se hallaron 193 artículos. Se seleccionaron 32 que cumplían los criterios de inclusión, distribuidos en 2 grupos: uno que contiene 19 estudios originales describiendo factores para la aparición de esta patología y otro que agrupa 13 estudios correspondientes a recomendaciones para su diagnóstico y manejo. Respecto a los determinantes de las dislipidemias, el sobrepeso y/u obesidad en niños se ha descrito como el principal factor desencadenante. Aunque se observan avances sobre los tratamientos recomendados y cierto consenso acerca de las fases del mismo, todavía no existen recomendaciones unificadas con respecto a su detección precoz. Algunos autores apoyan la realización del cribado en toda la población infantil, mientras otros únicamente lo consideran necesario en niños con riesgo elevado. El tratamiento de primera línea se basa en cambios dietéticos y de actividad física, relegando al farmacológico como última opción.The present article aims to identify the factors and determinants that affect childhood and adolescent dyslipidemia, as well as the existing recommendations on diagnosis, management and clinical follow-up. A narrative review was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science and SciELO of articles published between 2010-2017, in children population, including description of pathology, programs, management and treatment. Found 193 articles. We selected 32 who fulfilled the inclusion criteria, distributed in 2 groups: One of them containing 19 original studies describing factors for the onset of this pathology and the other one lists 13 studies corresponding to recommendations for diagnosis and management. Regarding the determinants of dyslipidemia, overweight and/or obesity in children has been described as the main triggering factor. Although there is progress on recommended treatments and some consensus on the phases of the treatments, there are still no unified recommendations regarding their early detection. Some authors support screening in the entire child population, while others only consider it necessary in children at high risk. First-line treatment is based on dietary changes and physical activity, relegating to pharmacological as the last option

Relationship between quality of facilities, animal-based welfare indicators and measures of reproductive and productive performances on dairy farms in the northwest of Spain

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of facility comfort level on animal-based welfare indicators as well as on productive and reproductive parameters of 187 dairy farms in the northwest of Spain. Fifty-eight facility-based parameters, which included both housing facili- ties and management parameters, were evaluated in each farm and used to classify the 187 farms in 5 groups (from 1: top farms to 5: worst farms). Animal-based welfare indicators and reproductive and productive parameters were compared among farm groups. Lameness score significantly differed (p<.005) in top farms (67% of cows having normal gait) versus groups 4 (55%) and 5 (53%). The proportion of cows with dirty lower legs and udder was lower (p<.05) in top farms (80% and 31%, respectively) than in groups 4 (92% and 51%) and 5 (95% and 56%). Other animal-based indicators were not different among farm groups. Heat detection rate was higher (p<.001) in top farms (56.5%) versus groups 4 (51%) and 5 (47%), and milk produc- tion/cow/day was also significantly higher (p<.001) in top farms (34.4 L) versus groups 3 (31.2 L), 4 (30.5 L) and 5 (27.4 L). Other reproductive or productive parameters were not different among farm groups. Facility-based measures were compared only between the top and worst farms. In top farms, most facility-based parameters met the welfare-related objectives, whereas in the worst farms only a few facility-based parameters met the welfare objectives.This study was partly supported by the Diputación Provincial de Lugo [Convenio 2015-CP011]S

Subclinical Endometritis in Dairy Cattle

Subclinical endometritis is recognized as a cause of poor reproductive performance in dairy cows. Inflammation of the endometrium persisting after postpartum uterine involution has been related with prolonged calving-conception intervals and low fertility in dairy cows. The subclinical nature of this condition makes it necessary in the use of endometrial cytology or biopsy for diagnosing it. There are some controversies among authors in relation to the postpartum period from which a physiological endometrial inflammation should be considered a pathological subclinical endometritis. Therefore, depending on the sampling period after calving, different studies establish a different degree of polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration as cutoff point to diagnose subclinical endometritis. Controversies also exist regarding the pathogenesis of the disease and its consequences on the fertility of dairy cattle. The aim of this chapter was to review the current knowledge on this uterine pathology

¿Cómo generar un mayor bienestar entre los turistas? Potencial de la cocreación de valor online y de la imagen slow del destino para turistas rurales y de costa

Esta investigación llevada a cabo desde la Cátedra de Gestión Turística, Empleo y Desarrollo de la Universidad de Granada pone de manifiesto la importancia de conocer los mecanismos que pueden contribuir a producir un mayor bienestar entre los turistas. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar si fomentar una imagen de “destino slow” contribuye a aumentar el bienestar de los turistas y si la co-creación de valor online es un mecanismo válido para transmitir una imagen de “destino slow” y generar un mayor bienestar entre los turistas que seleccionan distintos tipos de turismo (rural vs de costa). Para lograr este objetivo se lleva a cabo un estudio empírico cuantitativo que muestra que (a) potenciar una imagen de “destino slow” puede contribuir al bienestar del turista, independientemente del tipo de turismo que lleve a cabo (como por ejemplo rural o de costa), (b) la co-creación de valor online contribuye a que se genere una imagen de “destino slow” para ambos tipos de turismo (rural y de costa), aunque ofrece un mayor potencial para el turismo rural, y (c) la co-creación de valor online contribuye en el bienestar de los turistas rurales, mientras que para el caso de los turistas de costa su efecto sólo se alcanza de forma indirecta a través de la imagen de “destino slow”.Cátedra de Gestión Turística, Empleo y Desarrollo (Universidad de Granada

Three Decades of progress in Artificial Insemination in Rabbit Farming: a Review

[EN] The commercial use of artificial insemination (AI) in rabbit farming is relatively recent, especially when compared to other species such as cattle or swine, in which AI has been used for more than 60 years. The large-scale use of AI in rabbit farming dates back to the late 80s. However, despite its short journey, it has not stopped evolving. Although there have been numerous changes, in this review article we aim to highlight two important milestones in optimisation of this technique: the introduction of biostimulation and the addition of Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues to the seminal dose to induce ovulation. In the former case, by means of different methods of biostimulation, such as feed and light flushing and/or separation of the litter in the days prior to AI, the use of hormones to synchronise heat with the moment of AI was practically eliminated. Nowadays, the possibility of using pheromones with the same objective is under research, even to increase ovulation rate or improve semen production. Although there are pheromones on the market labelled for use in other species, in the case of rabbit the knowledge of them is limited. Nevertheless, given the verified effects that pheromones produce in other animals, expectations are high. In the latter case, after several attempts by using other methods, the technique commonly used to induce ovulation was the intramuscular administration of GnRH or its synthetic analogues. However, in recent years, it has been proven that administration of GnRH through the vagina is possible, added to the seminal dose, which offers numerous advantages regarding health, animal welfare and the workforce needed. Recently, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved this practice, so in the near future it will probably become the most widely used method. Even so, there is still room for improvement, as the dosage of GnRH needed is higher than the one administered intramuscularly. Research on this topic allows us to predict that this problem should be solved in the coming years. Other alternatives such as the ?-Nerve Growth Factor need further research to become a feasible option.The study was supported by the Xunta de Galicia (Plan Gallego de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Proyectos Ref. 1999/CG321; Ref. 2000/CG3452) and the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica, Técnica y de Innovación, Proyecto Ref. PID2021-127814OB-I00). The co-authors Yáñez U. and Villamayor P. were funded by Xunta de Galicia (Predoctoral Contract Ref. 2020/122 and ED481A-2020/491430 respectively). We also thank COGAL SL (Pontevedra, Spain) for providing the facilities and animals used in this study, as well as technical support.Quintela Arias, LÁ.; Becerra González, JJ.; Peña Martínez, AI.; Yáñez Ramíl, U.; Rodríguez Villamayor, PR.; Sánchez-Quinteiro, P.; Martínez Portela, P.... (2023). Three Decades of progress in Artificial Insemination in Rabbit Farming: a Review. World Rabbit Science. 31(2):93-107. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2023.186619310731

¿Cómo un destino turístico puede ayudar a que un turista logre el bienestar que busca cuando viaja, especialmente tras una crisis sanitaria?

Los resultados de la investigación llevada a cabo por la Cátedra de Gestión Turística, Empleo y Desarrollo: ¿Cómo un destino turístico puede ayudar a que un turista logre el bienestar que busca cuando viaja, especialmente tras una crisis sanitaria? Ponen de manifiesto la importancia de conocer el comportamiento del turista cross-cultural para que los destinos puedan adaptarse a sus necesidades tras una crisis sanitaria. Conocer cómo la cultura de los turistas afecta a la relación entre la actitud hacia una crisis sanitaria sobre las experiencias transformadoras y la autenticidad del destino puede contribuir a que los destinos atraigan a un mayor número de turistas y que a su vez éstos perciban un mayor bienestar. Las experiencias turísticas transformadoras involucran a los turistas en situaciones novedosas y desconocidas en un destino y requieren que se desarrollen recursos y se deba responder de manera creativa a este desafío. Por otro lado, la autenticidad del destino pretende que el turista se integre en la cultura local y sienta una inmersión real. Tras una crisis sanitaria, las experiencias transformadoras y la autenticidad del destino tienen una influencia importante en el comportamiento del turista cross-cultural durante su visita y posteriormente puede afectar a sus patrones de conducta. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las empresas y los gestores de destinos turísticos deben ofrecer experiencias que destaquen en la mente de los turistas y que actúen de garantía para volver a visitar el destino para lo que se debe tener en cuenta la cultura de origen del turista dado que afecta a la forma en que se relacionan con el destino y con las actividades y experiencias que van a disfrutar. Concretamente, el efecto de la actitud hacia una crisis sanitaria sobre la experiencia transformadora y la autenticidad del destino es mayor para los turistas colectivistas y con tendencia a corto plazo que para los individualistas y con tendencia a largo plazo. Mientras que el efecto de la experiencia transformadora sobre el bienestar es mayor para los turistas colectivistas y el efecto de la autenticidad sobre el bienestar es mayor para turistas individualistas.Cátedra de Gestión Turística, Empleo y Desarrollo (Universidad de Granada

Housing assessment in farms in the Northwest of Spain: main facility weaknesses and strengths

The aim of this research communication was to examine and report the current situation of dairy farms in the province of Lugo (Galicia, Spain) regarding facility problems. We assessed the facilities of 168 free-stall dairy farms, housing in total 9228 Holstein cows in milk. Housing factors related to the resting area, circulation area, feeding area, ventilation area and milking area, as well as animal-handling features, were evaluated. Distance measurements were performed using a laser metre or a roll metric tape. A survey was conducted to gather information about cleaning and preventive protocols. Our results showed that most farms do not comply with the objective for cubicle measurements, width of the crossovers, type of flooring and presence of a quarantine pen, which may have a negative impact on the health and productivity of the animals. Therefore, to maximise the profits of the farm, the recommendations given in this study may be useful as a guide when building a new farm or remodelling the existing onesThis study was partially supported by Diputación Provincial de Lugo (Convenio 2015-CP011). Uxía Yáñez Ramil holds a predoctoral contract (Ref. 2020/122) from the Xunta de GaliciaS

Myeloid cells in vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease: Possible therapeutic targets?

Growing evidence supports the suggestion that the peripheral immune system plays a role in different pathologies associated with cognitive impairment, such as vascular dementia (VD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this review is to summarize, within the peripheral immune system, the implications of different types of myeloid cells in AD and VD, with a special focus on post-stroke cognitive impairment and dementia (PSCID). We will review the contributions of the myeloid lineage, from peripheral cells (neutrophils, platelets, monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages) to central nervous system (CNS)-associated cells (perivascular macrophages and microglia). Finally, we will evaluate different potential strategies for pharmacological modulation of pathological processes mediated by myeloid cell subsets, with an emphasis on neutrophils, their interaction with platelets and the process of immunothrombosis that triggers neutrophil-dependent capillary stall and hypoperfusion, as possible effector mechanisms that may pave the way to novel therapeutic avenues to stop dementia, the epidemic of our time.Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MCIN), Grant/Award Number: PID2019-106581RB-I00; Leducq Foundation for Cardiovascular Research, Grant/Award Numbers: TNE19CVD01, TNE-21CVD04; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) and cofinanced by the European Development Regional Fund “A Way to Achieve Europe”, Grant/Award Numbers: PI20/00535, RICORSICTUSRD21/0006/0001; Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence, Grant/Award Number: CEX2020-001041-S.S

Influence of subclinical endometritis on the reproductive performance of dairy cows

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of subclinical endometritis (SE) on the reproductive performance of dairy cows. Ninety-four dairy cows of parity 1 to 8, distributed in 25 herds, were examined once between 30 and 45 days in milk using transrectal palpation, vaginoscopy and ultrasonography. A cytological sample of the endometrium was taken only from cows with an apparent healthy uterus (n=65). Serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, total proteins, albumin, urea and hepatic enzymes were analyzed. Reproductive indexes were recorded during the next 11 months. Endometrial cytology was considered indicative of SE if percentage of polymorphonuclear neutrophils was superior to 5% of all cells present in the smear, except erythrocytes. Results indicated that 14.9% of the cows sampled for uterine cytology had SE, and that healthy cows become pregnant significantly before than those with SE (hazard ratio=2.35; 95% confidece interval: 1.05-5.3). From all the metabolic and productive variables analyzed, only triglycerides affected negatively to reproduction; serum albumin concentration, body condition score and milk production had positive effects on the reproductive performance. In conclusion, our results indicate that SE has a negative impact on reproductive performance and uterine cytology is necessary to diagnose it since almost 15% of the affected animals were not detected by other diagnosis methodsXunta de Galicia (Programa Sectorial de Medio Rural, Proyecto Ref. PGIDIT07MRU002E) and FEFRIGA, Santiago de Compostela, SpainS

Metaanálisis del uso de semillas y aceites en la dieta de ovejas y cabras

The objective of this work was to use meta‑analysis to study the productive results of ewe and goat fed oil and seed, rich in unsatured fat acid. Twenty‑two experiments with ewes (63 treatments) and 21 experiments with goats (76 treatments) were used. Average extra fat intake was 83.6±33.6 g per day in ewes, and 73.4±38.7 g per day in goats. In ewes, extra fat intake did not affect dry matter intake, but increased milk fat yield (from 91.4 to 98.8 g per day) and reduced milk protein content (from 5.41 to 5.24%). There were no differences in the sum of fat and protein contents. In goats, extra fat included in the diet reduced dry matter intake (from 2.13 to 2.08 kg per day), and increased milk fat percentage (from 4.11 to 4.43%) and the sum of fat and protein contents (from 7.41 to 7.76%). The yield responses to the intake of diets enriched with unsaturated fatty acids differ between ewes and goats. However, milk commercial value is not affected because of the absence of negative effects on the sum of fat and protein contents in both species.El objetivo de este trabajo fue utilizar el metaanálisis para estudiar los resultados productivos de ovejas y cabras de ordeño, alimentadas con aceites y semillas ricas en ácidos grasos insaturados. Se utilizaron 22 experimentos con ovejas (63 tratamientos) y 21 con cabras (76 tratamientos). El consumo medio de grasa extra fue de 83,6±33,6 g por día en ovejas y 73,4±38,7 g por día en cabras. En ovejas, la grasa extra no afectó al consumo de materia seca, pero aumentó la producción de grasa (de 91,4 a 98,8 g por día) y redujo el contenido proteico (de 5,41 a 5,24%) de la leche. No hubo diferencias en el extracto quesero. En cabras, la inclusión de grasa en la dieta redujo el consumo de materia seca (de 2,13 a 2,08 kg por día) y aumentó el porcentaje de grasa láctea (de 4,11 a 4,43%) y el extracto quesero (de 7,41 a 7,76%). La respuesta productiva de ovejas y cabras al consumo de dietas ricas en ácidos grasos insaturados es diferente. Sin embargo, el valor comercial de la leche no se ve afectado, debido a la ausencia de efectos negativos sobre el extracto quesero en ambas especies