Cement equivalence factor evaluations for fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue

Fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue (FC3R) is a waste material that can be used as a Portland cement replacement in pastes, mortars, and concrete. The flow table results show that FC3R is a water demanding addition; nevertheless, this effect can be compensated with the use of superplasticizers. The pozzolanic activity of FC3R was studied observing the mechanical strength evolution with time. Pastes and mortars with FC3R incorporated show higher mechanical strengths than control specimens, indicating the pozzolanic activity of the waste. Cement equivalence factor (k-factor) evaluations were carried out. The k-factor values for the FC3R pastes and mortars were always greater than one, indicating that in order to maintain the same compressive mechanical strength of the control specimen it is sufficient to replace cement with a smaller amount of catalyst residue, due to the high pozzolanic activity of FC3R. There is a strong agreement between the k-factor values obtained in pastes and mortars.This work was supported by Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Spain (Project MAT 2001-2694).Paya Bernabeu, JJ.; Monzó Balbuena, JM.; Borrachero Rosado, MV.; Velazquez Rodriguez, S. (2013). Cement equivalence factor evaluations for fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue. Cement and Concrete Composites. 39:12-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.03.011S12173

Alkali activated materials based on fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue (FCC): Influence ofSiO2/Na2O and H2O/FCC ratio on mechanical strength and microstructure

Reuse of industrial and agricultural wastes as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in concrete and mortar productions contribute to sustainable development. In this context, fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue (spent FCC), a byproduct from the petroleum industry and petrol refineries, have been studied as SCM in blended Portland cement in the last years. Nevertheless, another environmental friendly alternative has been conducted in order to produce alternative binders with low CO2 emissions. The use of aluminosilicate materials in the production of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) is an on going research topic which can present low CO2 emissions associated. Hence, this paper studies some variables that can influence the production of AAM based on spent FCC. Specifically, the influence of SiO2/Na2O molar ratio and the H2O/spent FCC mass ratio on the mechanical strength and microstructure are assessed. Some instrumental techniques, such as SEM, XRD, pH and electrical conductivity measurements, and MIP are performed in order to assess the microstructure of formed alkali-activated binder. Alkali activated mortars with compressive strength up to 80 MPa can be formed after curing for 3 days at 65 C. The research demonstrates the potential of spent FCC to produce alkali-activated cements and the importance of SiO2/Na2O molar ratio and the H2O/spent FCC mass ratio in optimising properties and microstructure.Authors would like to thank to the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MICINN) of the Spanish Government (BIA2011-26947) and to FEDER for funding, and also to the PROPG - UNESP "Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho'', Brazil.Mitsuuchi Tashima, M.; Akasaki, JL.; Melges, J.; Soriano Martínez, L.; Monzó Balbuena, JM.; Paya Bernabeu, JJ.; Borrachero Rosado, MV. (2013). Alkali activated materials based on fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue (FCC): Influence ofSiO2/Na2O and H2O/FCC ratio on mechanical strength and microstructure. Fuel. 108:833-839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.02.052S83383910

Estudio del comportamiento de diversos residuos de catalizadores de craqueo catalítico (FCC) en cemento Portland

The fluidized-bed catalytic cracking catalyst (FCC) it is a residue from the industry of the petroleum that shows a high pozzolanic reactivity and, in cementing matrix, it significantly improves their mechanical behaviour as well as durability. In this research a comparative study on residues of catalyst from different sources has been carried out, in order to know if these residues can be used jointly in an indiscriminate way or, on the contrary, it is necessary to classify them according to their characteristics. Thus, a study on five different FCC residues, supplied from different companies, has been carried out, and their physical-chemical characteristics, pozzolanic reactivity by means of thermogravimetric analysis and the evolution of the mechanical strength of mortars were studied. After analyzing all the aspects, it can be concluded that no significant differences among the different tested catalysts were found.El catalizador de craqueo catalítico (FCC) es un residuo de la industria del petróleo que posee una elevada reactividad puzolánica y en matrices cementicias mejora de manera importante los aspectos mecánicos así como de durabilidad. En este trabajo se realiza un estudio comparativo sobre residuos de catalizador de distintos orígenes, para poder conocer si se pueden utilizar conjuntamente de forma indiscriminada o por el contrario hay que catalogarlos según su origen. Para ello, se realizó un estudio sobre cinco residuos de catalizador de craqueo catalítico distintos, suministrados por diferentes empresas y se estudiaron sus características fisicoquímicas, reactividad puzolánica a través de estudios termogravimétricos y la evolución de las resistencias mecánicas en morteros. Tras analizar todos los aspectos se concluye que no existen diferencias significativas entre los distintos catalizadores empleados

Refluxed rice husk ash/NaOH suspension for preparing alkali activated binders

Geopolymers simultaneously containing two waste materials have been developed: fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (FCC) as mineral admixture and rice husk ash (RHA) for preparing an alkaline activator. Alkaline activators were prepared by refluxing aqueous mixtures of ground or original RHA with NaOH. All mortars with alkaline activator containing RHA show compressive strength (cured at 65 °C for 1 day) in the range of 31 41 MPa, which is similar to control mortar prepared using an equivalent mixture of NaOH and water glass. Refluxing times between 30 and 240 min yielded good performance mortars. This new way of valorisation would imply economic and environmental benefits in geopolymer production.GEOCEDEM Project BIA 2011-26947 was financed by Spanish Government, Project 3018/2009 was financed by Generalitat Valenciana, Project AP/35235/11 was financed by AECID, COMBURES Project was financed by Centro de Cooperacion al Desarrollo de la Universitat Politecnica de Valencia ADSIDEO COOPERACIO and OMYA Clariana S.A. and Maicerias Espanolas DACSA S.A. supplied FCC and RHA samples respectively.Bouzón, N.; Paya Bernabeu, JJ.; Borrachero Rosado, MV.; Soriano Martínez, L.; Mitsuuchi Tashima, M.; Monzó Balbuena, JM. (2014). Refluxed rice husk ash/NaOH suspension for preparing alkali activated binders. Materials Letters. 115:72-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2013.10.001S727411

Indicators for Responsible Research and Innovation: A Methodological Proposal for Context-Based Weighting

[EN] In the last decade, the term Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) has rapidly attracted the attention of policy-makers and researchers of Europe, mainly due to its promotion by the European Commission (EC). The concretion of this framework of RRI has been articulated by the EC around six key areas: governance, public engagement, gender equality, science education, open access, and open science and ethics. The indicators to measure these dimensions have been proposed recently. In our opinion the set of indicators available so far has two weaknesses: a lack of context-based indicators and a need for hierarchical ordering. Our aim is to provide tools for policy-and decision-makers that might need to identify the more important indicators in a specific context. In this work, we explored how the multicriteria analysis technique Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) can be used to prioritize indicators for RRI by involving experts in the specific context. The AHP method allowed weighting indicators according to experts in the different areas and producing four different options to select indicators. The method of AHP can be an appropriated instrument to select the most suitable indicators for RRI policies and initiatives.This research work was realized under the project "Propuesta de indicadores para impulsar el diseno de una politica orientada al desarrollo de Investigacion e Innovacion Responsable en Espana" (INPERRI). This project is funded by the Spanish National Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness (reference: CSO2016-76828-R). The funds received under this project covered the cost to publish in open access.Monsonís-Payá, I.; García-Melón, M.; Lozano, JF. (2017). Indicators for Responsible Research and Innovation: A Methodological Proposal for Context-Based Weighting. Sustainability. 9(12):1-29. https://doi.org/10.3390/su912216812991

New geopolymeric binder based on fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue (FCC)

This paper provides information about the synthesis and mechanical properties of geopolymers based on fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue (FCC). FCC was alkali activated with solutions containing different SiO 2/Na 2O ratios. The microstructure and mechanical properties were analysed by using several instrumental techniques. FCC geopolymers are mechanically stable, yielding compressive strength about 68 MPa when mortars are cured at 65°C during 3 days. The results confirm the viability of producing geopolymers based on FCC. © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.We acknowledge the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (MICINN) of the Spanish Government and FEDER funds (MAT-2011-19934 project) and the PROPG-UNESP "Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho", Brazil.Mitsuuchi Tashima, M.; Akasaki, JL.; Castaldelli, V.; Soriano Martínez, L.; Monzó Balbuena, JM.; Paya Bernabeu, JJ.; Borrachero Rosado, MV. (2012). New geopolymeric binder based on fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue (FCC). Materials Letters. 80:50-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2012.04.051S50528

Some ozone advanced oxidation processes to improve the biological removal of selected pharmaceutical contaminants from urban wastewater

Removal of nine pharmaceutical compounds¿acetaminophen (AAF), antipyrine (ANT), caffeine (CAF), carbamazepine (CRB), diclofenac (DCF), hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), ketorolac (KET), metoprolol (MET) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX)¿spiked in a primary sedimentation effluent of a municipal wastewater has been studied with sequential aerobic biological and ozone advanced oxidation systems. Combinations of ozone, UVA black light and Fe(III) or Fe3O4 constituted the chemical systems. During the biological treatment (hydraulic residence time, HRT = 24 h), only AAF and CAF were completely eliminated,MET, SMX and HCT reached partial removal rates and the rest of compounds were completely refractory. With any ozone advanced oxidation process applied, the remaining pharmaceuticals disappear in less than 10 min. Fe3O4 or Fe(III) photocatalytic ozonation leads to 35% mineralization compared to 13% reached during ozonation alone after about 30-min reaction. Also, biodegradability of the treated wastewater increased 50% in the biological process plus another 150% after the ozonation processes. Both untreated and treated wastewater was non-toxic for Daphnia magna (D. magna) except when Fe(III) was used in photocatalytic ozonation. In this case, toxicity was likely due to the ferryoxalate formed in the process. Kinetic information on ozone processes reveals that pharmaceuticals at concentrations they have in urban wastewater are mainly removed through free radical oxidation.The authors thank the Spanish CICYT and Feder funds for the economic support through project CTQ2009/13459/C05/05. Also, Chemical Engineer A. Espejo thanks Gobierno de Extremadura for providing her a FPI grant.Espejo, A.; Aguinaco, A.; Amat Payá, AM.; Beltrán, FJ. (2014). Some ozone advanced oxidation processes to improve the biological removal of selected pharmaceutical contaminants from urban wastewater. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A-Toxic/Hazardous Substances&Environmental Engineering. 49(4):410-421. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2014.854652S410421494Moldovan, Z. (2006). Occurrences of pharmaceutical and personal care products as micropollutants in rivers from Romania. Chemosphere, 64(11), 1808-1817. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.003Bartelt-Hunt, S. L., Snow, D. D., Damon, T., Shockley, J., & Hoagland, K. (2009). The occurrence of illicit and therapeutic pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent and surface waters in Nebraska. Environmental Pollution, 157(3), 786-791. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2008.11.025Santos, J. L., Aparicio, I., Callejón, M., & Alonso, E. (2009). Occurrence of pharmaceutically active compounds during 1-year period in wastewaters from four wastewater treatment plants in Seville (Spain). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(2-3), 1509-1516. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.09.073Sim, W.-J., Lee, J.-W., & Oh, J.-E. (2010). Occurrence and fate of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants and rivers in Korea. Environmental Pollution, 158(5), 1938-1947. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2009.10.036Sui, Q., Huang, J., Deng, S., Yu, G., & Fan, Q. (2010). Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals, caffeine and DEET in wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China. Water Research, 44(2), 417-426. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.07.010Calza, P., Massolino, C., Monaco, G., Medana, C., & Baiocchi, C. (2008). Study of the photolytic and photocatalytic transformation of amiloride in water. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 48(2), 315-320. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2008.01.014Camacho-Muñoz, D., Martín, J., Santos, J. L., Aparicio, I., & Alonso, E. (2010). Occurrence, temporal evolution and risk assessment of pharmaceutically active compounds in Doñana Park (Spain). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183(1-3), 602-608. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.067Boyd, G. R., Reemtsma, H., Grimm, D. A., & Mitra, S. (2003). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface and treated waters of Louisiana, USA and Ontario, Canada. Science of The Total Environment, 311(1-3), 135-149. doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(03)00138-4ROBERTS, P., & THOMAS, K. (2006). The occurrence of selected pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent and surface waters of the lower Tyne catchment. Science of The Total Environment, 356(1-3), 143-153. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.04.031Kim, S. D., Cho, J., Kim, I. S., Vanderford, B. J., & Snyder, S. A. (2007). Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in South Korean surface, drinking, and waste waters. Water Research, 41(5), 1013-1021. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.034Yoon, Y., Ryu, J., Oh, J., Choi, B.-G., & Snyder, S. A. (2010). Occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products in the Han River (Seoul, South Korea). Science of The Total Environment, 408(3), 636-643. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.049Ternes, T. A., Stüber, J., Herrmann, N., McDowell, D., Ried, A., Kampmann, M., & Teiser, B. (2003). Ozonation: a tool for removal of pharmaceuticals, contrast media and musk fragrances from wastewater? Water Research, 37(8), 1976-1982. doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00570-5Rosal, R., Rodríguez, A., Perdigón-Melón, J. A., Mezcua, M., Hernando, M. D., Letón, P., … Fernández-Alba, A. R. (2008). Removal of pharmaceuticals and kinetics of mineralization by O3/H2O2 in a biotreated municipal wastewater. Water Research, 42(14), 3719-3728. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.06.008Fatta-Kassinos, D., Vasquez, M. I., & Kümmerer, K. (2011). Transformation products of pharmaceuticals in surface waters and wastewater formed during photolysis and advanced oxidation processes – Degradation, elucidation of byproducts and assessment of their biological potency. Chemosphere, 85(5), 693-709. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.082Kasprzyk-Hordern, B., Dinsdale, R. M., & Guwy, A. J. (2009). The removal of pharmaceuticals, personal care products, endocrine disruptors and illicit drugs during wastewater treatment and its impact on the quality of receiving waters. Water Research, 43(2), 363-380. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.047Fernández, C., González-Doncel, M., Pro, J., Carbonell, G., & Tarazona, J. V. (2010). Occurrence of pharmaceutically active compounds in surface waters of the henares-jarama-tajo river system (madrid, spain) and a potential risk characterization. Science of The Total Environment, 408(3), 543-551. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.009Deblonde, T., Cossu-Leguille, C., & Hartemann, P. (2011). Emerging pollutants in wastewater: A review of the literature. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 214(6), 442-448. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.08.002Rosal, R., Rodríguez, A., Perdigón-Melón, J. A., Petre, A., García-Calvo, E., Gómez, M. J., … Fernández-Alba, A. R. (2010). Occurrence of emerging pollutants in urban wastewater and their removal through biological treatment followed by ozonation. Water Research, 44(2), 578-588. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.07.004Rodríguez, E., Fernández, G., Ledesma, B., Álvarez, P., & Beltrán, F. J. (2009). Photocatalytic degradation of organics in water in the presence of iron oxides: Influence of carboxylic acids. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 92(3-4), 240-249. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.07.013Rodríguez, E. M., Núñez, B., Fernández, G., & Beltrán, F. J. (2009). Effects of some carboxylic acids on the Fe(III)/UVA photocatalytic oxidation of muconic acid in water. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 89(1-2), 214-222. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.11.030Moore, W. A., Kroner, R. C., & Ruchhoft, C. C. (1949). Dichromate Reflux Method for Determination of Oxygen Consumed. Analytical Chemistry, 21(8), 953-957. doi:10.1021/ac60032a020Means, J. L., & Anderson, S. J. (1981). Comparison of five different methods for measuring biodegradability in aqueous environments. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 16(3), 301-315. doi:10.1007/bf01046911Stookey, L. L. (1970). Ferrozine---a new spectrophotometric reagent for iron. Analytical Chemistry, 42(7), 779-781. doi:10.1021/ac60289a016Bader, H., & Hoigné, J. (1981). Determination of ozone in water by the indigo method. Water Research, 15(4), 449-456. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(81)90054-3Petala, M., Kokokiris, L., Samaras, P., Papadopoulos, A., & Zouboulis, A. (2009). Toxicological and ecotoxic impact of secondary and tertiary treated sewage effluents. Water Research, 43(20), 5063-5074. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2009.08.043Tothill, I. E., & Turner, A. P. F. (1996). Developments in bioassay methods for toxicity testing in water treatment. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 15(5), 178-188. doi:10.1016/0165-9936(96)80640-6Farré, M., & Barceló, D. (2003). Toxicity testing of wastewater and sewage sludge by biosensors, bioassays and chemical analysis. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 22(5), 299-310. doi:10.1016/s0165-9936(03)00504-1Ten Berge, W. F. (1978). Breeding Daphnia magna. Hydrobiologia, 59(2), 121-123. doi:10.1007/bf00020772American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 1987.Standard Guide for Conducting Renewal Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests with Daphnia Magna. Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol. E 1193, 765–781. Philadelphia: ASTM.Radjenović, J., Petrović, M., & Barceló, D. (2009). Fate and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and sewage sludge of the conventional activated sludge (CAS) and advanced membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment. Water Research, 43(3), 831-841. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.043Lin, A. Y.-C., Lin, C.-A., Tung, H.-H., & Chary, N. S. (2010). Potential for biodegradation and sorption of acetaminophen, caffeine, propranolol and acebutolol in lab-scale aqueous environments. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 183(1-3), 242-250. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.017Yang, S.-F., Lin, C.-F., Yu-Chen Lin, A., & Andy Hong, P.-K. (2011). Sorption and biodegradation of sulfonamide antibiotics by activated sludge: Experimental assessment using batch data obtained under aerobic conditions. Water Research, 45(11), 3389-3397. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.052Ternes, T. A., Herrmann, N., Bonerz, M., Knacker, T., Siegrist, H., & Joss, A. (2004). A rapid method to measure the solid–water distribution coefficient (Kd) for pharmaceuticals and musk fragrances in sewage sludge. Water Research, 38(19), 4075-4084. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2004.07.015Stevens-Garmon, J., Drewes, J. E., Khan, S. J., McDonald, J. A., & Dickenson, E. R. V. (2011). Sorption of emerging trace organic compounds onto wastewater sludge solids. Water Research, 45(11), 3417-3426. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.056Dionisi, D., Bertin, L., Bornoroni, L., Capodicasa, S., Papini, M. P., & Fava, F. (2006). Removal of organic xenobiotics in activated sludges under aerobic conditions and anaerobic digestion of the adsorbed species. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 81(9), 1496-1505. doi:10.1002/jctb.1561Byrns, G. (2001). The fate of xenobiotic organic compounds in wastewater treatment plants. Water Research, 35(10), 2523-2533. doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00529-7Hyland, K. C., Dickenson, E. R. V., Drewes, J. E., & Higgins, C. P. (2012). Sorption of ionized and neutral emerging trace organic compounds onto activated sludge from different wastewater treatment configurations. Water Research, 46(6), 1958-1968. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.01.012Yang, S.-F., Lin, C.-F., Wu, C.-J., Ng, K.-K., Yu-Chen Lin, A., & Andy Hong, P.-K. (2012). Fate of sulfonamide antibiotics in contact with activated sludge – Sorption and biodegradation. Water Research, 46(4), 1301-1308. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2011.12.035Feng, W., & Nansheng, D. (2000). Photochemistry of hydrolytic iron (III) species and photoinduced degradation of organic compounds. A minireview. Chemosphere, 41(8), 1137-1147. doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00024-2Rodríguez, E. M., Fernández, G., Álvarez, P. M., Hernández, R., & Beltrán, F. J. (2011). Photocatalytic degradation of organics in water in the presence of iron oxides: Effects of pH and light source. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 102(3-4), 572-583. doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2010.12.041Beltrán, F. J., Aguinaco, A., García-Araya, J. F., & Oropesa, A. (2008). Ozone and photocatalytic processes to remove the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole from water. Water Research, 42(14), 3799-3808. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.07.019García-Araya, J. F., Beltrán, F. J., & Aguinaco, A. (2010). Diclofenac removal from water by ozone and photolytic TiO2 catalysed processes. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 85(6), 798-804. doi:10.1002/jctb.2363Rivas, F. J., Beltrán, F. J., & Encinas, A. (2012). Removal of emergent contaminants: Integration of ozone and photocatalysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 100, 10-15. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.01.025Rivas, F. J., Beltrán, F. J., Gimeno, O., & Acedo, B. (2001). Wet Air Oxidation Of Wastewater From Olive Oil Mills. Chemical Engineering & Technology, 24(4), 415-421. doi:10.1002/1521-4125(200104)24:43.0.co;2-cGIMENO, O., CARBAJO, M., BELTRAN, F., & RIVAS, F. (2005). Phenol and substituted phenols AOPs remediation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 119(1-3), 99-108. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2004.11.024Beltrán, F. J., Gimeno, O., Rivas, F. J., & Carbajo, M. (2006). Photocatalytic ozonation of gallic acid in water. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 81(11), 1787-1796. doi:10.1002/jctb.1605Aguinaco, A., Beltrán, F. J., García-Araya, J. F., & Oropesa, A. (2012). Photocatalytic ozonation to remove the pharmaceutical diclofenac from water: Influence of variables. Chemical Engineering Journal, 189-190, 275-282. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2012.02.072Trovó, A. G., Pupo Nogueira, R. F., Agüera, A., Fernandez-Alba, A. R., & Malato, S. (2011). Degradation of the antibiotic amoxicillin by photo-Fenton process – Chemical and toxicological assessment. Water Research, 45(3), 1394-1402. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.029Trovó, A. G., Pupo Nogueira, R. F., Agüera, A., Fernandez-Alba, A. R., & Malato, S. (2012). Paracetamol degradation intermediates and toxicity during photo-Fenton treatment using different iron species. Water Research, 46(16), 5374-5380. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2012.07.015Hoigné, J., & Bader, H. (1983). Rate constants of reactions of ozone with organic and inorganic compounds in water—II. Water Research, 17(2), 185-194. doi:10.1016/0043-1354(83)90099-4Javier Rivas, F., Sagasti, J., Encinas, A., & Gimeno, O. (2011). Contaminants abatement by ozone in secondary effluents. Evaluation of second-order rate constants. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 86(8), 1058-1066. doi:10.1002/jctb.2609Huber, M. M., Canonica, S., Park, G.-Y., & von Gunten, U. (2003). Oxidation of Pharmaceuticals during Ozonation and Advanced Oxidation Processes. Environmental Science & Technology, 37(5), 1016-1024. doi:10.1021/es025896hReal, F. J., Acero, J. L., Benitez, F. J., Roldán, G., & Fernández, L. C. (2010). Oxidation of hydrochlorothiazide by UV radiation, hydroxyl radicals and ozone: Kinetics and elimination from water systems. Chemical Engineering Journal, 160(1), 72-78. doi:10.1016/j.cej.2010.03.009Benner, J., Salhi, E., Ternes, T., & von Gunten, U. (2008). Ozonation of reverse osmosis concentrate: Kinetics and efficiency of beta blocker oxidation. Water Research, 42(12), 3003-3012. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2008.04.002Beltrán, F. J., Aguinaco, A., & García-Araya, J. F. (2009). Mechanism and kinetics of sulfamethoxazole photocatalytic ozonation in water. 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Use of hyghly reactive rice husk ash in the production of cement matrix reinforced with Green coconut fiber

[EN] This study evaluated the influence of partial replacement of Portland cement by rice husk ash (RHA) to enable the use of green coconut husk fiber as reinforcement for cementitious matrix. The use of highly reactive pozzolanic ash contributes for decreasing the alkaline attack on the vegetable fiber, originated from waste materials. The slurry dewatering technique was used for dispersion of the raw materials in aqueous solution, followed by vacuum drainage of water and pressing for the production of pad composites, as a simplified simulation of the Hatschek process for industrial manufacture. Five formulations were evaluated, two of them without any mineral additions. One of the mixtures served as a reference (without green coconut fibers) and the remaining ones were reinforced with the green coconut fibers (5% by weight of binder) and with the content of Portland cement replacement by RHA equal to 0, 30, 40 and 50%. The composites were analyzed at 28 days of age and after aging by immersion in warm wáter (65 ◦C), which lasted for 28 additional days. Physical and mechanical tests were applied for assessment of the performance of composites. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to observe the consumption of portlandite and chemically combined water content in the hydrated products for pastes presenting the same levels of Portland cement replacement by RHA (i.e., 0 50%) and with the water/binder ratio kept constant and equal to 0.5. The mechanical performance evaluated by bending test after 28 days reached the MOR of 15.7 MPa after the accelerate aging, for the composites reinforced with the green coconut fiber and with high levels of Portland cement replacement by RHA demonstrating that the use of Green coconut fiber for reinforcement can be very promising for the production of binary cement based matrix. The thermogravimetry showed that the replacement of Portland cement by the RHA helped in maintaining the mechanical behavior of the green coconut fiber in the composite subjected to the accelerated aging tests, and resulted in improved mechanical performance, providing a lightweight composite.To the Fundacao de Amparo Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP) for financial support and ICITECH Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for facilitating the research development. To the Federal Agency CNPq, Brazil for grants provided to the USP team. Project 3018/2009 financed by Generalitat Valenciana, COMBURES project financed by Centro de Cooperacion al Desarrollo de la Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (ADSIDEO COOPERACIO) and Maicerias Espanolas DACSA S.A. for supplying RHA samples.Pereira, C.; Savastano, HJ.; Paya Bernabeu, JJ.; Santos, SF.; Borrachero Rosado, MV.; Monzó Balbuena, JM.; Soriano Martínez, L. (2013). Use of hyghly reactive rice husk ash in the production of cement matrix reinforced with Green coconut fiber. Industrial Crops and Products. 49:88-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.04.038S88964