MASS ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT AND ATOMIC CROSS SECTION OF GeO2 IN THE ENERGY RANGE 122-1330KeV

In the present investigation, we have determined here the mass attenuation coefficients (μm) of germanium oxide for energies of 122 -1330 keV. Photon energies are measured using the different radioactive sources Co57, Ba133, Cs137, Na22, Mn54 and Co60. In the current investigation to detect gamma rays NaI(Tl) scintillation detection system were used. The investigated attenuation coefficient values were then used to determine the important parameters i.e. total atomic cross sections (st) for germanium oxide. Graphically it is observed that the variations of μm and st with energy The values of μm, st, are higher at lower energies and they decrease sharply as energy increases. The XCOM data is used to calculate Theoretical values. We were observed that the Theoretical and experimental values are found to be in a good agreement (error < 3-4%)

Tracking development assistance for health and for COVID-19 : a review of development assistance, government, out-of-pocket, and other private spending on health for 204 countries and territories, 1990-2050

Background The rapid spread of COVID-19 renewed the focus on how health systems across the globe are financed, especially during public health emergencies. Development assistance is an important source of health financing in many low-income countries, yet little is known about how much of this funding was disbursed for COVID-19. We aimed to put development assistance for health for COVID-19 in the context of broader trends in global health financing, and to estimate total health spending from 1995 to 2050 and development assistance for COVID-19 in 2020. Methods We estimated domestic health spending and development assistance for health to generate total health-sector spending estimates for 204 countries and territories. We leveraged data from the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database to produce estimates of domestic health spending. To generate estimates for development assistance for health, we relied on project-level disbursement data from the major international development agencies' online databases and annual financial statements and reports for information on income sources. To adjust our estimates for 2020 to include disbursements related to COVID-19, we extracted project data on commitments and disbursements from a broader set of databases (because not all of the data sources used to estimate the historical series extend to 2020), including the UN Office of Humanitarian Assistance Financial Tracking Service and the International Aid Transparency Initiative. We reported all the historic and future spending estimates in inflation-adjusted 2020 US$, 2020 US$ per capita, purchasing-power parity-adjusted US$per capita, and as a proportion of gross domestic product. We used various models to generate future health spending to 2050. Findings In 2019, health spending globally reached$8. 8 trillion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8.7-8.8) or $1132 (1119-1143) per person. Spending on health varied within and across income groups and geographical regions. Of this total,$40.4 billion (0.5%, 95% UI 0.5-0.5) was development assistance for health provided to low-income and middle-income countries, which made up 24.6% (UI 24.0-25.1) of total spending in low-income countries. We estimate that $54.8 billion in development assistance for health was disbursed in 2020. Of this,$13.7 billion was targeted toward the COVID-19 health response. $12.3 billion was newly committed and$1.4 billion was repurposed from existing health projects. $3.1 billion (22.4$2.4 billion (17.9%) was for supply chain and logistics. Only $714.4 million (7.7$1519 (1448-1591) per person in 2050, although spending across countries is expected to remain varied. Interpretation Global health spending is expected to continue to grow, but remain unequally distributed between countries. We estimate that development organisations substantially increased the amount of development assistance for health provided in 2020. Continued efforts are needed to raise sufficient resources to mitigate the pandemic for the most vulnerable, and to help curtail the pandemic for all. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

TETRAGONOCEPHALUM AURANGABADENSIS M. SP. (CESTODA : LECANICEPHALIDAE) FROM TRYGON SEPHEN AT RATNAGIRI, INDIA

The present communication deals with a new species of the genus Tetragonocephalum, Shipley et. Horneel 1905 i.e. T. aurangabadensis n.sp. It differentiates from the earlier known species of the genus with the characters like, Scolex divided into two regions and suckers placed at corners, short neck, testes 26-28 in numbers, oval, cirrus pouch oval to spherical, ovary 'U' shaped, uterus tubular and Vitellaria granular

TYLOCEPHALUM YESHWANROAE N. SP. (LECANICEPHALIDAE : BRAUN, 1900) FROM TRYGON SEPHEN AT RATNAGIRI, INDIA

The present communication deals with the new species yeshwantraoae from the genus Tylocephalum (Linton, 1890) is having scolex globular, some what rounded and divided into two regions, anterior is almost conical, posterior semicircular, neck, elongated, testes oval 20-30 in number, cirrus pouch in the middle of the segment, ovary "V" shaped, shell glands post ovarian. vitellaria follicular

A NEW PROTEOCEPHALUS SANGAMESHWARIENSIS N.SP.(PROTEOCEPHALIDAE : LARUE,1911) CESTODE PARASITE FROM MASTACEMBELLUS ARMATUS AT RATNAGIRI

The present communication deals with a new species of the genus Proteocephalus, Weinland. 1958 Protocephalus sangameshwariensis n. sp. It is differentiated from the earlier known species of the genus with the characters like anteriorly conical scolex, five suckers, large neck, testes 140­144 in number, W-shaped ovary, vagina thin tube, short receptaculum seminis, rounded ootype, Jok marginal genital pore and granular vitellaria