Tumor necrosis factor alpha -308 promoter polymorphism and insulin resistance inoverweight and obese adolescent

Study Model/Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study with a sample of 104 overweight/obese adolescents, with a mean weight of 52.98 kg ± 22.00, mean age 16.01 ± 2.91 years. We used the homeostasis model assessment-estimated IR (HOMA-IR) index to quantify the insulin resistance (IR). The -308 polymorphism of the promoter of TNF-α was performed using polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism technique. Statistical analysis of the quantitative measures was conducted with a student’s t-test. For correlation between the genotype and alleles, we used chisquare statistical test. To test the heterogeneity between HOMA-IR and the anthropometric parameters the Mann-Whitney test was used, associated with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The association between -308G/A polymorphism of the promoter of TNF-α and HOMA-IR was tested by univariate linear regression analysis. Objective: Investigate the association between -308G/A polymorphism in the promoter of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and susceptibility to IR in overweight/obese adolescents. Results: The prevalence of IR was 18.30% according to the HOMA-IR. The frequency of GG, AG and AA genotype was found 75 (72.12%), 28 (26.92%) and 1.0 (0.96%) respectively. Allele frequencies for guanine (G) and adenine (A) were 178 (85.58%) and 30 (14.42%), respectively. The allele A as well as GA and AA genotype contributed to increase RI (14.42% and 27.88% respectively). Conclusion: The - 308 G/A polymorphism of the promoter of TNF-α can contribute to the IR increase in obese adolescents with GA and AA genotypes.Modelo de Estudo / Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com uma amostra de 104 adolescentes com sobrepeso/ obesidade, com peso médio de 52,98 kg ± 22,00, média de idade de 16,01 ± 2,91 anos. Utilizamos o índice estimado (HOMA-IR) do modelo de homeostase para quantificar a resistência insulínica (RI). O polimorfismo do promotor -308 do TNF-α foi realizado utilizando a técnica de polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmento de restrição. A análise estatística das medidas quantitativas foi realizada com o teste t student. Para a correlação entre o genótipo e os alelos, utilizamos o teste estatístico qui-quadrado. Para testar a heterogeneidade entre HOMA-IR e os parâmetros antropométricos foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney associado ao equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. A associação entre o polimorfismo -308G/A do promotor do TNF-α e HOMA-IR foi testada por análise de regressão linear univariada. Objetivo: investigar a associação entre o polimorfismo -308G/A no promotor do fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α) e a susceptibilidade à RI em adolescentes com sobrepeso/ obesidade. Resultados: A prevalência de RI foi de 18,30% de acordo com o HOMA-IR. A frequência dos genótipos GG, AG e AA encontrados foram 75 (72,12%), 28 (26,92%) e 1,0 (0,96%), respectivamente. As frequências de alelos para guanina (G) e adenina (A) foram 178 (85,58%) e 30 (14,42%), respectivamente. O alelo A, bem como o genótipo GA e AA, contribuíram para aumentar o RI (respectivamente 14,42% e 27,88%). Conclusão: O polimorfismo -308 G / A do promotor do TNF-α pode contribuir para o incremento de RI em adolescentes sobrepesos/obesos com genótipos GA e AA

Análise dos impactos causados pela extração da areia em um trecho do rio Poti na cidade de Teresina-Pi / Analysis of the impacts caused by sand extraction on a stretch of the Poti river in the city of Teresina-Pi

O presente trabalho faz uma avaliação dos impactos sociais e ambientais causados pela atividade de extração de areia no município de Teresina, capital do estado do Piauí. O objetivo do estudo, é contribuir para a avaliação dos impactos socioambientais gerados pela atividade por meio da proposição de uma matriz de interação, assim como, a interferência da ação no Potencial Hidrogeniônico (pH) e turbidez da água da região. A construção civil assim como a economia do país teve um desenvolvimento significativo nos últimos anos, esse desenvolvimento resulta no aumento da solicitação por recursos naturais. No caso da construção civil, um dos principais recursos naturais necessários é a areia. A atividade de extração de areia é de grande relevância para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico, no entanto, também é causadora de inúmeros impactos ambientais negativos, como a depreciação da qualidade das águas, incidência de processos erosivos, retirada de mata ciliar e alteração na flora e fauna da região. Os resultados obtidos por meio do método de matriz de interação possibilitaram detectar 9 ações decorrentes do projeto, divididos em fase de instalação e fase de operação, e 17 fatores ambientais relevantes, totalizando assim, em 153 possíveis relações de impacto. Desses, 29 (18,95 %) foram classificados como impacto positivo, 66 (43,14 %) como impacto negativo e 58 (37,9 %) como impacto neutro. A matriz de interação proposta foi aplicada a um estudo de caso, localizado na zona urbana de Teresina, nas proximidades do rio Poti. A principal conclusão com este estudo é que a atividade de extração é necessária, mas desde que seja sustentável e que respeite a legislação.

An interrelationship between neuroinflammation and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) / A inter-relação entre a neuroinflamação e a progressão da Doença de Alzheimer (DA)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is among the major neurodegenerative diseases in the world, characterized by progressive decline in cognitive abilities, behavioral abnormalities and functional loss in daily activities. Several studies indicate the effectiveness of using biomarkers as a diagnostic source of the disease, as well as suggesting the analysis of inflammatory cytokines as accompanying factors. There are several inflammatory cytokines that are well described in the pathogenesis of AD, such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1ß, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-?), oxidative stress, among others. Some chemokines, although presenting a protective and modulating character of neuroinflammation, also appear as proinflammatory proteins, depending on the course of the disease, such as CX3C. This review considers that neuroinflammation has a degenerative character in the Central Nervous System (CNS), and understands that it needs more evidence regarding these data, especially in the pharmacotherapy question

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Aspectos epidemiológicos e moleculares da transmissão da dengue no estado da Bahia

Submitted by Repositório Arca ([email protected]) on 2019-08-06T11:28:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Ana Maria Fiscina Sampaio ([email protected]) on 2019-08-19T16:46:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Paulo Roberto Santana de Melo Aspectos...2009.pdf: 47870568 bytes, checksum: e7134f39fffa8a8b2931b5f8fe897d36 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-08-19T16:46:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Paulo Roberto Santana de Melo Aspectos...2009.pdf: 47870568 bytes, checksum: e7134f39fffa8a8b2931b5f8fe897d36 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009FIOCRUZ, CNPq e a FAPESB.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil.Neste trabalho foram avaliados três importantes aspectos da dengue na Bahia. Inicialmente, determinamos a distribuição dos sorotipos do vírus no estado da Bahia durante 2001, 2002 e 2003 baseando-se nos isolamentos virais realizados pelo Laboratório Central do Estado (LACEN). Em 2001, houve 169 isolamentos de DENV-1 e 53 de DENV-2. Em 2002, foram isolados 123 DENV-1, 50 DENV-2, além do aparecimento do DENV-3 (273 isolamentos). Em janeiro de 2002, com DENV-1 e DENV-2 sendo isolados em todo o estado, 95% de todos os isolamentos de DENV-3 foram de amostras da capital, Salvador, e os 5% restantes foram do município de Lauro de Freitas conurbado à mesma, onde se situa o aeroporto de Salvador. Em fevereiro de 2002, a epidemia estava distribuída em cidades onde as três principais rodovias dão acesso. A distribuição do DENV-3 em 2002 foi distintamente diferente dos sorotipos circulantes na Bahia refletindo a introdução de um novo sorotipo no estado provavelmente por Salvador. A fim de obter informações sobre as cepas de DENV circulantes foi realizada entre 2006 e 2007 vigilância molecular a partir das amostras isoladas pelo LACEN. Baseado nos resultados de sequenciamento da junção das proteínas E/NS1 de 32 amostras foram demonstrados os genótipos Indiano e Asiático para os sorotipos DENV-3 e DENV-2, respectivamente. DENV-2 apesar de em toda a América ter sido relacionado com a ocorrência de FHD, na Bahia sua introdução não causou aparecimento dessa forma da doença. Interessantemente, as amostras estudadas para DENV-3 agruparam-se com isolados de anos muito diferentes apesar de os valores de bootstrap significativos (acima de 70%), adicionalmente, amostras de diferentes locais do Brasil e América do Sul agruparam-se muito próximas das testadas, confirmando o potencial epidêmico deste genótipo vira/. Finalmente, foi aplicada uma abordagem no estudo da estrutura genética da população de Aedes aegypti em Salvador através da utilização de marcadores de microssatélites. Após primers previamente publicados terem sido testados e falharem com nossas amostras, novos marcadores foram testados e desenvolvidos. Amostras de Aedes aegypti foram coletadas no entorno da Baía de Todos os Santos. Foram definidas três regiões geográficas, Norte, Central e Sul de Salvador a fim de testarmos a hipótese de isolamento geográfico das populações de Aedes aegypti através do valor de Fst. Os valores de Fst foram determinados entre Norte-Central 0,0073; Sul-Norte entre 0,0182 e Central-Sul 0,0011. Apesar de um pequeno valor de Fst, encontrou-se uma relação direta entre distância geográfica e estes valores, indicando que distância pode ser um fator limitante para fluxo gênico desse vetar em Salvador. Os resultados indicam que outros obstáculos além da distância podem existir na cidade de Salvador evidenciado pelo valor de Fst entre Norte-Central. Os novos marcadores de microssatélites descritos em nosso trabalho poderão ser utilizados na composição de uma ferramenta de entomologia molecular para estudos de estrutura genética de população de Aedes aegypti no ambiente urbano em diferentes localidades.In this work were evaluated three important issues of the dengue in Bahia. It was deternnined the serotypes distribution between 2001, 2002 and 2003 based in the viral isolation for the State Central Laboratory (LACEN). In 2001, 169 DENV-1 were isolated and 53 of DENV-2. In 2002 123 DENV-1, 50 DENV-2 and the new appearance of the DENV-3 (273 isolating) were isolated. In January of 2002, with DENV-1 and DENV-2 been detected in all state, 95% of all isolating was from Salvador, and only 5% were from Lauro de Freitas close to the capital, where the airport is located. In February of 2002, the outbreak occurred in different cities following the main roads pattern. The DENV-3 distribution in this period was very different of the previous serotypes circulating indicating the introduction of a new virus probably through Salvador. To investigate DENV strains circulating in Bahia state, we did molecular surveillance between 2006 and 2007 of the samples analyzed by LACEN. Based in the sequencing results of the junction of the E/NS1 proteins of 32 samples were determined that Indian and Asia West genotypes for the DENV-3 and DENV-2 respectively. The relationship between this DENV-2 genotype and FHD found in all America Continent was not present in Bahia state. In other hand, of the DENV-3 samples studied were clustered with isolates from different years with high bootstrap values (higher than 70%), Additionally, samples from different places in Brazil and South America were closely related, confirming that this strain have a very high epidemic power causing outbreaks since of its introduction. Finally, was applied a strategy to study the genetic structure of Abstract Aedes aegypti in Salvador applying microsatellite markers. After test markers previously published which failed in our hands, new markers were tested and developed and samples of Aedes aegypti were collected around the All Saints Bay. Three regions were defined as North, Central and South of Salvador, and the hypothesis of geographic isolation was tested based in the Fst values. These values were determined between North-Central 0.0073; South-North 0.018, and Central-South 0.0011, respectively. The results indicate that obstacles further distance could be present in Salvador showed by the Fst values. The potential of these new microsatellite markers to be applied as a molecular entomological tool in population genetic studies of Aedes aegypti in urban landscape like Salvador in future studies

Investigation of polymorphisms in the genome of dengue virus

Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-30T12:01:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 14.pdf: 707652 bytes, checksum: 50b4141ab4bac6163bc5c3ce68aed501 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz. Núcleo de Biologia Computacional e Gestão de Informações Biotecnológicas. Itabuna, BA, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas. Ilhéus, BA, Brasil.Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz. Núcleo de Biologia Computacional e Gestão de Informações Biotecnológicas. Ilhéus, BA, Brasil.O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar qualitativamente e quantitativamente o polimorfismo entre os quatro genótipos do vírus da Dengue - DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 e DENV-4. Estudou-se a Densidade de Substituição Nucleotídica (NSD - Nucleotide Substitution Density) ao longo de cada genoma, identificando as regiões com maior taxa de mutação e/ou conservação. Posteriormente calculou-se a Densidade Média de Substituição Nucleotídica (ANSD - Average Nucleotide Substitution Density) para cada sorotipo. Observou-se que a ANSD do DENV-2 é 44,21% maior que a do DENV-1, 85% maior que a do DENV-3 e 163,31% maior que a do DENV-4. Observou-se que, contrariamente a DENV-2 e DENV-4, DENV-1 e DENV-3 têm padrões de comportamento mutacional similar entre eles. O domínio do gene da NS5 correspondente à RNA polimerase RNA-dependente do DENV-2 também tem taxa de mutação superior aos outros DENV. Isto sugere que a taxa de polimorfismo e a virulência podem estar correlacionados no DENV-2, o que poderia contribuir para o estudo da evolução da doença.In the present study, we investigated the nucleotide polymorphisms among the four genotypes of the Dengue virus - DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 - by qualitative and quantitative characterization. We studied the Nucleotide Substitution Density (NSD) along each genome identifying the regions with higher degree of mutation and/or conservation. Then, we calculated the Average Nucleotide Substitution Density (ANSD) for each serotype. We observed that the ANSD of DENV-2 is larger than for DENV-1 by 44.21%, DENV-3 by 85%, and DENV-4 by 163.31%. In contrast to DENV-2 and DENV-4, DENV-1 and DENV-3 showed a similar mutational behavior. The NS5 domain from DENV-2 that corresponds to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase also has a higher mutation rate compared to that of the other DENVs. This suggests that the polymorphism and the virulence can be correlated in DENV-2, which could contribute to the understanding of the disease evolution

GRADING SCALE OF VISCERAL ADIPOSE TISSUE THICKNESS AND THEIR RELATION TO THE NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE

ContextThe mesenteric fat is drained by the portal system, being related to the metabolic syndrome which is an impor­tant risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).ObjectivesGraduate of visceral fat thickness and correlate with the NAFLD degree through ultrasonography method.MethodsWe studied 352 subjects for age, gender, measures of subcutaneous fat thickness and visceral fat thickness as well as the presence and degree of liver fatty. Was analyzed the independent relationship between visceral fat thickness and NAFLD, and linear regression analysis was used in order to predict the visceral fat thickness from subcutaneous fat thickness.ResultsThe mean age of 225 women (63.9%) and 127 men (36.1%) was 47.5 ± 14.0 (18-77) years, 255 subjects had normal examinations, 97 had NAFLD thus distributed, 37 grade 1, 32 grade 2, and 28 grade 3. The subcutaneous fat thickness ranged from 0.26 to 3.50 cm with a mean of 1.3 ± 0.6 cm and visceral fat thickness ranged from 0.83 to 8.86 cm with a mean of 3.6 ± 1.7 cm. Linear regression showed that for every increase of 1 cm in subcutaneous fat thickness the visceral fat thickness will increase 0.9 cm.ConclusionsThe visceral fat thickness measured by ultrasonography is a useful and seems to be able to help estimate the risk of NAFLD