Tecnologia de cultivo do cogumelo medicinal Agaricus blazei

O Agaricus blazei foi estudado em projeto temático quanto à tecnologia de cultivo,composição bioquímica e efeitos protetores

Microbial community and physicochemical characterization of kombuchas produced and marketed in Brazil

Kombucha has recently become popular in the Brazilian beverage market as a healthy alternative to soft drinks. However, little is known about the microbial composition and physicochemical characteristics of products available on the market. To investigate the microbial profile of kombuchas, high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA and ITS genes, in samples belonging to six brands was utilized. In addition, the drinks were characterized based on the physicochemical parameters of pH, total acidity and alcohol content. Through the metagenetic analysis, the most abundant prokaryotic species identified were Liquorilactobacillus nagelii, Oenococcus oeni, Komagataeibacter rhaeticus, Liquorilactobacillus ghanensis, Gluconobacter oxydans, Komagataeibacter saccharivorans, Acetobacter peroxydans and Pantoea stewartii, while the mainly eukaryotic species were Dekkera bruxellensis, Dekkera anomala, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lanchancea fermentati. Interestingly, we identified six different oligotypes of D. bruxellensis, showing a wide diversity of strains belonging to this species. The results obtained for the physicochemical analyses, within the shelf life of the products, presented a range between 2.88 ± 0.06 and 3.43 ± 0.04 of pH, values between 1.80 ± 0.59 and 4.86 ± 0.72 for the total titratable acidity and 1.03 ± 0.24 to 2.54 ± 0.39 referring to alcohol content, demonstrating significant differences between brand. In addition, all samples had alcohol content above 0.5%, resulting in the classification of alcoholic beverages, which need proper labelling. The data generated in this work helped to understand the composition of the kombuchas available in the Brazilian market, as well as in the development of the identity and quality standard of the drink

In-Depth Genomic Characterization of a Meropenem-nonsusceptible Pseudomonas otitidis Strain Contaminating Chicken Carcass

Background: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in food-animal production has a major impact on public health, particularly in terms of contributing to the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the food-animal production chain. Although Pseudomonas species are recognized as important spoilage organisms in foodstuff, they are also known as opportunistic pathogens associated with hospital-acquired infections. Furthermore, Pseudomonas can play a role as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes, which may be horizontally transferred to other bacteria. Considering that cephalosporins (3rd and higher generations) and carbapenems are critically important beta-lactam antimicrobials in human medicine, this study reports the occurrence and genomic characterization of a meropenem-nonsusceptible Pseudomonas otitidis strain recovered from a chicken carcass in Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: During the years 2018-2019, 72 frozen chicken carcasses were purchased on the retail market from different regions in Brazil. Aliquots from individual carcass rinses were screened for Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria in MacConkey agar supplemented with 1mg.L-1 cefotaxime. Phenotypically resistant isolates were further tested for resistance to other antimicrobials and confirmed as ESBL-producers by means of disk-diffusion method using Müller-Hinton agar. Only one meropenen-nonsusceptible isolate was detected and submitted to whole genome sequencing (WGS) in Illumina Miseq. The strain was identified as Pseudomonas otitidis by local alignment of the 16S rRNA sequence using BLASTn and confirmed by Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analysis using JspeciesWS database. Genes encoding for antimicrobial resistance were detected by means of Resfinder and Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) databases. The phenotypic non-susceptibility to meropenen was attributed to the gene blaPOM-1. A total of 192 different genes encoding for quorum sensing system, antiphagocytosis, iron uptake, efflux pump, endotoxin and toxin, adherence, and secretion systems were detected by means of Virulence Factor Database (VFDB). Pseudomonas otitidis-pan genome was built using Roary-rapid large-scale prokaryote pan genome analysis using the present strain (K_25) and other two P. otitidis genomes (PAM-1, DSM 17224) publicly available at the NCBI. The core genome analysis of the two human strains resulted in similar percentages.Discussion: Carbapenems are critically important drugs for human health and bacterial strains resistant to these antimicrobials pose a public health problem. The blaPOM-1 gene harbored by the Pseudomonas otitidis K_25 strain encodes a metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) conferring resistance to carbapenems. Pseudomonas otitidis was the first confirmed pathogenic Pseudomonas species expressing MBL constitutively in the absence of inducible beta-lactamase genes. Furthermore, the several virulence genes associated with the capacity of the P. otitidis K_25 to colonize, evade the immune system and cause lesions in the human host confirm this strain as a potential opportunistic pathogen contaminating foodstuff. These reinforce the need to address antimicrobial resistance in a One Health perspective, in which resistant bacteria and resistance determinants circulate among environment, animals and humans

In-depth genomic characterization of a meropenem-nonsusceptible Pseudomonas otitidis strain contaminating chicken carcass

Background: The indiscriminate use of antibiotics in food-animal production has a major impact on public health, particularly in terms of contributing to the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in the food-animal production chain. Although Pseudomonas species are recognized as important spoilage organisms in foodstuff, they are also known as opportunistic pathogens associated with hospital-acquired infections. Furthermore, Pseudomonas can play a role as potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes, which may be horizontally transferred to other bacteria. Considering that cephalosporins (3rd and higher generations) and carbapenems are critically important beta-lactam antimicrobials in human medicine, this study reports the occurrence and genomic characterization of a meropenem-nonsusceptible Pseudomonas otitidis strain recovered from a chicken carcass in Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: During the years 2018-2019, 72 frozen chicken carcasses were purchased on the retail market from different regions in Brazil. Aliquots from individual carcass rinses were screened for Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria in MacConkey agar supplemented with 1mg.L-1 cefotaxime. Phenotypically resistant isolates were further tested for resistance to other antimicrobials and confirmed as ESBL-producers by means of disk-diffusion method using Müller-Hinton agar. Only one meropenen-nonsusceptible isolate was detected and submitted to whole genome sequencing (WGS) in Illumina Miseq. The strain was identified as Pseudomonas otitidis by local alignment of the 16S rRNA sequence using BLASTn and confirmed by Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) analysis using JspeciesWS database. Genes encoding for antimicrobial resistance were detected by means of Resfinder and Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) databases. The phenotypic non-susceptibility to meropenen was attributed to the gene blaPOM-1. A total of 192 different genes encoding for quorum sensing system, antiphagocytosis, iron uptake, efflux pump, endotoxin and toxin, adherence, and secretion systems were detected by means of Virulence Factor Database (VFDB). Pseudomonas otitidis-pan genome was built using Roary-rapid large-scale prokaryote pan genome analysis using the present strain (K_25) and other two P. otitidis genomes (PAM-1, DSM 17224) publicly available at the NCBI. The core genome analysis of the two human strains resulted in similar percentages. Discussion: Carbapenems are critically important drugs for human health and bacterial strains resistant to these antimicrobials pose a public health problem. The blaPOM-1 gene harbored by the Pseudomonas otitidis K_25 strain encodes a metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) conferring resistance to carbapenems. Pseudomonas otitidis was the first confirmed pathogenic Pseudomonas species expressing MBL constitutively in the absence of inducible beta-lactamase genes. Furthermore, the several virulence genes associated with the capacity of the P. otitidis K_25 to colonize, evade the immune system and cause lesions in the human host confirm this strain as a potential opportunistic pathogen contaminating foodstuff. These reinforce the need to address antimicrobial resistance in a One Health perspective, in which resistant bacteria and resistance determinants circulate among environment, animals and humans

O ensino de matemática no ensino fundamental anos finais sob a luz da BNCC: métodos e práticas pedagógicas / Teaching mathematics in the final years of elementary school in light of the BNCC: methods and pedagogical practices

O presente artigo foi organizado, a partir da análise da Base Nacional Comum Curricular – BNCC, com a finalidade de fazer algumas reflexões sobre o ensino de Matemática nos Anos Finais do Ensino Fundamental, ações pedagógicas a partir das competências e habilidades a serem desenvolvidas, baseadas nas diretrizes do letramento Matemático, do raciocínio lógico e desenvolvimento do senso crítico dos discentes para atuação transformadora de sua realidade. De acordo com o documento que define as aprendizagens essenciais a serem garantidas a todos os estudantes. Trata – se, portanto, de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de natureza bibliográfica, cujo arcabouço de análise foi a BNCC. O texto conclui que, além da organização das habilidades por competências, o documento valoriza também os pressupostos pedagógicos de aprendizagem a partir da sistematização das unidades temáticas, objetos de conhecimento e estratégias de ensino articuladas com experiências vividas no convívio na sociedade. Garantindo níveis de aprendizagens seriadas ao desenvolvimento das competências e habilidades relativas aos seus processos de reflexão e abstração

A Disciplina Geologia Geral - Sistema Terra, Introdutória ao Curso de Geologia da USP: Conteúdo e Reflexão

The discipline General Geology - The Earth System was introduced in the Geology course curriculum with the objective of providing first year students an ample and integrated view of physical, chemical and biological processes that affect Earth's geosphere, and of their complex interactions. Through a familiarization with basic theoretical and field geological concepts the discipline aims at allowing students to be able to interpret geological phenomena, thus stimulating them to enlarge their knowledge of the Geosciences throughout the rest of the curriculum. More general topics treated include a view of the Earth as part of the Solar system, of areas of professional activities of geologists and the important contribution they can make to Earth's environment sustainability. The discipline begins in the first semester with lectures on the evolution of the geological thought, origin of the Universe and the solar system. These are followed by talks on Earth's internal dynamics, in the context of global tectonics, and rock generation processes. Lab classes include recognition of most important mineral and rock types, and use of the Brunton compass. Topics of external dynamics follow, including weathering processes and origin, transport and deposition of sediments. At the end of the semester a series of lectures are given on glacial, eolian, fluvial and marine processes as external dynamic agents. The second semester initiates with lectures on geological time from the paleontological, stratigraphic and geochronological view points. Themain geological structures are then dealt with in connection with the use of the Brunton compass in their three-dimensional reconstruction. Examination of topographic and geological maps serves as a basis for understanding the geological evolution of an area. The final part of the program is devoted to lectures on Earth's geological resources, such as water, fossil fuels and minerals, as well as on the importance of Geology to Engineering. These are complemented by talks by invited, well-known, professional geologists from different specialties. During the two semesters, classroom and laboratory classes are intercalated with short (one day) field activities. A broad familiarization with the geology of State of São Paulo and Brazil completes the class-room activities of the discipline. A first experience with geological mapping is then offered, during a two-day field trip at the end of the semester, for which the presentation of reports is required. This is followed by presentation of seminars by the students on themes treated in classroom. As a general rule the teaching team of ST tries to restrict the use of specialized technical terms as a way to facilitate the transfer of knowledge from one topic to another by the students.A disciplina Geologia Geral - Sistema Terra, foi concebida com o objetivo de proporcionar, a alunos do curso de Geologia, o entendimento amplo e integrado, embora introdutório, dos processos atuantes na geosfera terrestre e suas complexas interações. Por meio da familiarização com conceitos e técnicas geológicas básicas, a disciplina visa capacitar os estudantes a interpretar fenômenos geológicos, motivando-os a ampliar seus conhecimentos das Geociências. Tópicos mais gerais tratados incluem a visão da Terra como parte do Sistema Solar, as áreas de atuação profissional do geólogo e sua responsabilidade frente à sustentabilidade da Terra. A disciplina tem iní­cio, no primeiro semestre, com apresentação da evolução do pensamento geológico e, em seguida, com apresentações sobre a origem do Universo e do Sistema Solar. Prossegue com os conceitos básicos da dinãmica interna do planeta, com ênfase na Tectônica Global e nos processos formadores de rocha. Aulas práticas incluem o reconhecimento de minerais e rochas mais importantes, visualização de mapas topográficos e geológicos básicos e introdução ao uso de bússola Brunton. Discute-se, a seguir, a dinãmica externa, com aulas sobre intemperismo e origem, transporte e deposição dos sedimentos. Encerra-se o semestre com aulas sobre ação geológica do gelo, rios, ventos e mares. Inicia-se o segundo semestre com a apresentação dos conceitos do tempo geológico, fundamentado com noções sobre Paleontologia, Estratigrafia e Geocronologia. As principais estruturas geológicas são apresentadas, destacando-se o uso da bússola Brunton para medição de atitudes de planos inclinados. A partir do exame de mapas geológicos, é enfatizada a importância de adquirir visões bi e tridimensionais dos terrenos representados, assim como das diferentes etapas da evolução geológica. A parte final da disciplina é dedicada à discussão da importância econômica dos recursos hí­dricos, energéticos e minerais, ainda acrescida de uma aula sobre a contribuição da Geologia nas obras de engenharia e ocupação urbana. Ao transcorrer da disciplina, as aulas são complementadas com palestras ministradas por profissionais das diferentes áreas de atuação profissional. Ao final, `´é apresentado um esboço sobre a geologia do Brasil e do Estado de São Paulo, com introdução sobre técnicas de mapeamento geológico. A primeira experiência de mapeamento é desenvolvida durante atividade de campo de dois dias, para a qual é exigido relatório. Também no final do segundo semestre, os alunos elaboram e apresentam seminários sobre temas tratados na disciplina. A equipe que ministra a disciplina vem buscando restringir ao má­nimo o uso de nomenclatura técnica e aprimorar a concatenação entre os conceitos abordados entre uma aula e outra para, dessa forma, ser atingido o objetivo de apresentar o Planeta Terra de forma sistámica

SOCS2 Is Critical for the Balancing of Immune Response and Oxidate Stress Protecting Against Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury

Acetaminophen (APAP) is usually safe when administrated in therapeutic doses; however, APAP overdose can lead to severe liver injury. APAP can cause direct hepatocyte damage, and stimulates an inflammatory response leading to oxidative stress. Supressor of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) 2 modulates cytokine and growth factor signaling, and plays a role in the regulation of hepatic cellular processes. Our study evaluated the role of SOCS2 in APAP liver injury. The administration of a toxic dose (600 mg/kg) of APAP caused significant liver necrosis in WT mice. In SOCS2−/− mice, there was significantly more necrosis, neutrophil recruitment, and expression of the neutrophil-active chemokine CXCL-1. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, was elevated, while expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-β, was diminished. In vitro, SOCS2−/− hepatocytes expressed more p-NF-kB and produced more ROS than WT hepatocytes when exposed to APAP. SOCS2−/− hepatocytes were more sensitive to cell death in the presence of IL-6 and hydrogen peroxide. The administration of catalase in vitro and in vivo resulted in a pronounced reduction of cells/mice death and necrosis in the SOCS2−/− group. We have demonstrated that SOCS2 has a protective role in the liver by controlling pro-oxidative and inflammatory mechanisms induced by APAP

Diferenciação analítica de vinhos-base para espumantes de duas regiões vitícolas do Rio Grande do Sul

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram caracterizar e diferenciar vinhos-base para espumante (cultivares ‘Chardonnay’ e ‘Pinot Noir’) provenientes da Serra do Nordeste e Serra do Sudeste do Rio Grande do Sul por meio de parâmetros físico-químicos e elementos minerais combinados com técnicas de análise multivariada. Foram analisados nove parâmetros físico-químicos (densidade, grau alcoólico, extrato seco total, extrato seco reduzido, acidez total, acidez volátil, acidez fixa, pH e açúcares redutores), por espectrofotometria no infravermelho, e 11 elementos minerais (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na e Sr), por espectrometria de emissão ótica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES). Os elementos encontrados em maiores concentrações foram K, Mg e Ca e, em menores concentrações, Ba, Fe, Sr e Al. A Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) mostrou que há uma tendência natural de separação entre os vinhos-base da Serra do Nordeste e Serra do Sudeste. Por meio da Análise Discriminante (AD) foram obtidos cinco descritores (Mg, Ca, Mn, pH e grau alcoólico) para os vinhos-base da cultivar ‘Chardonnay’ e seis descritores (B, Mn, Fe, Na, pH e acidez volátil) para a cultivar ‘Pinot Noir’, com capacidade de classificar as amostras de vinhos-base de acordo com a origem geográfica. Os elementos Mn e Mg parecem ser aqueles com maior capacidade de discriminação entre os vinhos-base da Serra do Nordeste e Serra do Sudeste.This research describes the base wines characterization and differentiation (cultivars Chardonnay and Pinot Noir) from Serra do Nordeste and Serra do Sudeste of Rio Grande do Sul by physicochemical parameters and mineral elements followed by multivariate statistical analysis. Nine physicochemical parameters (density, alcoholic content, total dry extract, reduced dry extract, total acidity, volatile acidity, fix acidity, pH and reducing sugars) were analyzed by infrared spectrofotometry and eleven mineral elements (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and Sr) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Elements K, Mg, and Ca were founded in higher concentrations and Ba, Fe, Sr, and Al were founded in lower ones. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed a natural separation tendency between wines from Serra do Nordeste and Serra do Sudeste. Five descriptors were obtained by Discriminant Analysis (DA) for base wines from cultivar Chardonnay (Mg, Ca, Mn, pH and alcoholic content) and six descriptors for base wines from cultivar Pinot Noir (B, Mn, Fe, Na, pH and volatile acidity). These descriptors were capable to classify samples of base wines according to geographical origin. Mn and Mg elements seem to be the elements with higher discrimination capacity between base wines from northwest Serra and Southeast Serra