Thermal springs and active fault network of the central Colca River basin, Western Cordillera, Peru

Thermal waters and vapor discharges (hot springs, geysers, solfataras, and fumaroles) are common phenomena in volcanic regions at active plate boundaries, and the Central Andes are no exception. The Colca River basin in S Peru is a highly diversified and complex thermal region with unresolved questions on the origin of thermal fluids, reservoir temperature, and connections with tectonic and/or volcanic activity. To answer these, we used hydrogeochemical analysis of 35 water samples from springs and geysers, together with isotopic (δ18O and δD) analysis, chemical and mineral studies of precipitates collected in the field around these outflows, and field observations. We aimed (1) to recognize the geochemistry of thermal waters and precipitates in the central part of the Colca River basin, (2) to identify fluid sources and their origin, (3) to estimate the temperature of a potential geothermal reservoir, and (4) to discuss the regional active tectonic and volcanic framework of this geothermal region and mutual relationships. Our results corroborate a heterogeneous and complex geothermal system in the central part of the Colca River basin, with contrasting hydrogeochemical and physical properties, variable isotope composition, different reservoir temperatures, and associated precipitates around thermal springs. Processes controlling water chemistry are closely related to the Ampato-Sabancaya magmatic chamber's activity and tectonic structures that allow complex interactions of meteoric waters with magmatic fluids and gases. With a considerable gradient of pressure owing to local relief and deep incision in the Colca Canyon, these processes led to the differentiation of the thermal waters into three main groups. (1) Chloride-rich, mainly sodium chloride, thermal waters are of meteoric origin but mature within the geothermal reservoir possibly fed by magma degassing. These waters' chemical and isotopic composition results from water-rock interaction and mixing with magmatic waters within the reservoir. These waters discharge at the bottom of the Colca Canyon and Valley, presenting a broad hydrogeochemical spectrum and highly variable mineral phases precipitating at the outflows. The reservoir temperature estimated for these waters ranges from 180 to 200 °C. The group of hottest springs and geysers at the bottom of the Colca Canyon waters are fully equilibrated, with the reservoir temperature ~ 240 °C. (2) Sulfate-rich waters are shallow meteoric waters heated by ascending gases that form an independent group referring to the local water circulation, often controlled by tectonic barriers. (3) Bicarbonate-rich waters are the intermediate meteoric waters, divided into two hydrochemical groups: waters partially equilibrated with reservoir rocks and more similar to chloride-rich waters or additionally enriched with SO4 and more similar to sulfate-rich waters. Studied thermal springs show a clear spatial correlation with active and seismogenic crustal W- to NW-tracing normal and strike-slip faults. These act as barriers to infiltrating meteoric waters, provide pathways to hydrothermal solutions and gases assisting in meteoric water heating, and yield passages for pressured by lithostatic load and heated waters to ascend to the surface

Thermal springs and active fault network of the central Colca River basin, Western Cordillera, Peru

Thermal springs are prevalent water discharges along the Andes of Southern Peru. They are connected with neotectonic movements and high heat flow of the Nazca-South America subduction zone. The aim of the work is to present hydrogeochemical and isotopic characteristics of thermal springs, as well as associated efflorescences precipitating in their vicinity and relationship of geothermal areas to active fault network. The study area is located in the central Colca River basin, between Sibayo and Canco in the Western Cordillera of the Andes in southern Peru. The sampled thermal springs discharge from different sedimentary and magmatic rock formations (Jurassic-Cretaceous to Quaternary) and are situated on altitude range: 1380-2140 m a.s.l. (Colca Canyon floor), 3300-3800 m a.s.l. (Colca Valley floor) and 4330-4750 m a.s.l. (N slopes of the extinct Hualca Hualca volcano). The hydrogeochemical and isotopic (delta D and delta 18O) characteristics of thermal waters in the study area indicates that the reservoir waters originate from a mixture of meteoric and magmatic fluids, with reservoir temperatures, estimated by Na-K geothermometry, varying between 180-220°C and exceeding 240°C in case of Paclla springs at the Colca Canyon floor. The temperature of the thermal water discharges varied from 30°C to 93°C. Different mixing ratio of deep-originated fluids with meteoric waters at shallow depth results in dilution of chloride (Na-Cl) waters controlled by magma degassing and by water-rock interactions and enriching with SO4-2 and HCO3- ions. TDS of these waters varied from 1370 mg/L to 4398 mg/L. Another group of thermal springs constitute outflows of shallow steam-heated meteoric water which are dominantly sulphate and bicarbonate waters, with significantly lower TDS (275-1270 mg/L). Efflorescences accompanying the studied springs form mainly white, yellow and colourless coatings, encrustations and single crystals. Dominating mineral phases are K, Al, Mg, Fe, Na, Ca, NH4 sulphates, Ca, Na carbonates and Na, Ca-Al chlorides. Elemental sulphur was also identified. In many cases, especially in the area of Paclla/Llahuar and Pinchollo, studied thermal springs show clear correlation with crustal normal and strike-slip faults. In other sectors their relation to active faults is less pronounced

Geosites and Geotouristic Attractions Proposed for the Project Geopark Colca and Volcanoes of Andagua, Peru

The Colca Canyon (Central Andes, Southern Peru), about 100 km long and 1–3 km deep, forms a magnificent cross section of the Earth’s crust giving insight into mutual relations between lithostratigraphical units, and allowing relatively easy interpretation of the fascinating geological history written in the rocky beds and relief. Current activity of tectonic processes related to the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South American Plate exposed the geological heritage within study area. Welldeveloped tectonic structures present high scientific values. The volcanic landforms in the Valley of the Volcanoes and around the Colca Canyon include lava flows, scoria cones and small lava domes. They represent natural phenomena which gained recognition among tourists, scientists and local people. Studies performed by the Polish Scientific Expedition to Peru since 2003 recognized in area of Colca Canyon and Valley of the Volcanoes high geodiversity, potential for geoturism but also requirements for protectection. The idea of creating geopark gained recently the approval of regional and local authorities with support from the local National Geological Survey (INGEMMET). The Geopark Colca and Volcanoes of Andagua would strengthen the relatively poor system of the protected areas in the Arequipa department, increasing the touristic attractiveness and determine constraints for sustained regional development

Driving sustainability in dairy farming from a TBL perspective: insights from a case study in the West Region of Santa Catarina, Brazil

All companies in agribusiness supply chains need to be aware of the best use of available resources, which demands an integrated assessment of environmental, economic and social aspects, i.e., the Triple Bottom Line (TBL). Such analysis allows us to get a more balanced and complete understanding of the real performance of companies, supply chains and industries. Companies in the upstream of agribusinesses supply chains present some limitations, but can contribute significantly to the overall sustainability of the entire value chain. The objective of this research was to understand the role of the drivers of sustainability in dairy farming from a TBL perspective, such as assistance to producers and the value chain, and the use of better technology and management practices. A sample of 54 rural farms in the dairy supply chain of the western region of Santa Catarina, Brazil, was used to test four hypotheses about what can drive sustainability. Furthermore, first- and second-order structural equation models using SMART PLS software were used for the analysis of the data. The results obtained show that social sustainability is positively influenced by the use of good management practices, and the latter, as well as public policies, positively influence economic sustainability. Furthermore, it was found that improvements in production techniques positively influence environmental sustainability, and this is mostly influenced by the use of good management practices, and less so by policies directed at the supply chain. Finally, from the analysis of the second-order variable for sustainability, it was highlighted that the economic dimension prevails in the eyes of the farmers, as the main dimension of sustainability, and that environmental aspects are still neglected.Authors Diones and Francieli are supported by the Coordination for the Improvement of HigherEducation Personnel—Brazil (CAPES

Supplementary material for the article: Macháčková, K.; Chrudinová, M.; Radosavljević, J.; Potalitsyn, P.; Křížková, K.; Fábry, M.; Selicharová, I.; Collinsová, M.; Brzozowski, A. M.; Žáková, L.; et al. Converting Insulin-like Growth Factors 1 and 2 into High-Affinity Ligands for Insulin Receptor Isoform A by the Introduction of an Evolutionarily Divergent Mutation. Biochemistry 2018, 57 (16), 2373– 2382. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01260

Supplementary material for: [https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01260]Related to published version: [http://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2135

A convex analysis approach to entropy functions, variational principles and equilibrium states

The first aims of this work are to endorse the advent of finitely additive set functions as equilibrium states and the possibility to replace the metric entropy by an upper semi-continuous map associated to a general variational principle. More precisely, using methods from Convex Analysis, we construct for each generalized convex pressure function an upper semi-continuous entropy-like map (which, in the context of continuous transformations acting on a compact metric space and the topological pressure, turns out to be the upper semi-continuous envelope of the Kolmogorov-Sinai metric entropy), then establish a new abstract variational principle and prove that equilibrium states, possibly finitely additive, always exist. This conceptual approach provides a new insight on dynamical systems without a measure with maximal entropy, prompts the study of finitely additive ground states for non-uniformly hyperbolic maps and grants the existence of finitely additive Lyapunov equilibrium states for singular value potentials generated by linear cocycles over continuous maps. We further investigate several applications, including a new thermodynamic formalism for systems driven by finitely generated semigroup or countable sofic group actions. On the final pages of the manuscript we provide a list of open problems in a wide range of topics suggested by our main results.Comment: The exposition was improved and we made small corrections. Final version, to be published by Comm. Math. Phy

Generations, intergenerational relationships, generational policy: a multilingual compendium (edition 2014/15)

The members of the International Network for the Analysis of Intergenerational Relations (Generationes) proudly present the most recent issue of the jointly produced compendium “Generations, Intergenerational Relations and Generational Policy”. This new version includes seven languages (English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Polish (New) and Portuguese (New)). Its layout is designed for using it to translate the specific concepts and terminology of research into generations and intergenerational relations from one language into another