The Norwegian particles jo and nok in second language writing. A qualitative study of three learner groups from the ASK-corpus

Authors retain the copyright for all the materials published in the journal. This journal adheres the Open Access policy and is a so-called "golden" journal that publishes contributions in "Libre Open Access" mode under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY-SA 4.0 International license (full text available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode (CC BY-SA 4.0 International).This paper deals with the topic of lexical modality in Norwegian as a second language. Basing on data obtained from the ASK-corpus – The Norwegian Language Learner Corpus containing second language texts written in a language examination, the authors analyse the use of two modal particles, jo and nok, by three groups of Norwegian as a second language writers: English, Polish and German. The focus of the study is on analysing lexical patterns for co-occurrence of the modal particles. The patterns used by the learners are compared with the ones used by the native speakers of Norwegian and between the learner groups. The discrepancies found in the data are discussed within the broader framework of second language development and second language writing. The findings suggest that the second language writers’ use of modal particles is influenced by several factors, such as general interlanguage tendencies, transfer from the learners’ first languages and the perception of textual norms.publishedVersio

Modyfikowany tlenek grafenu w zatężaniu i oznaczaniu śladowych ilości metali ciężkich

Graphene oxide (GO) is one of the most interesting carbon nanomaterials that have been used in analytical chemistry in recent years. Such an interest in GO can be explained by its excellent adsorptive properties, which result from its large surface area and presence of functional groups containing oxygen atoms, i.e. carbonyl, hydroxyl and epoxy ones. Oxygen-functional groups on the surface of GO are responsible for metal ions complexation. Unfortunately, GO is not selective toward metal ions. Therefore, in order to improve the selectivity of GO, it is necessary to modify its structure. The aim of the PhD thesis was the synthesis of chemically modified GO that can be used for the development of new analytical procedures enabling determination of metal ions. New adsorbents such as GO-SH, GO-1N, GO-2N i GO-3N were prepared through grafting silanes containing thiol and different number of amino groups on the GO surface, respectively. They were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. In the next step adsorptive properties of nanomaterials were investigated. The parameters such as pH, sample volume and contact time between analytes and adsorbent were evaluated. Then, the maximum adsorption capacity of the GO derivatives were determined. Due to excellent dispersibility of developed GO-based nanomaterials in water, they were applied in dispersive micro-solid phase extraction (DMSPE) for preconcentration of metal ions. Total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF) was used for determination of Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), As(III), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions adsorbed on the GO-SH surface. The proposed procedure allows achieving low detection limits ranging from 0.054–0.11 ng mL-1. The GO-1N was applied for preconcentration of Pb(II) and Cr(VI) ions. In that case electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET–AAS) and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) were used as detection techniques which allowed to obtain very low detection limits, i.e. 0.009 and 0.17 ng mL-1 for Pb(II) and Cr(VI), respectively. The developed methods were successfully applied for the analysis of lake, river, tap and sea water

Selective adsorption and determination of hexavalent chromium ions using graphene oxide modified with amino silanes

Novel adsorbents are described for the preconcentration of chromium(VI). Graphene oxide (GO) was modified with various amino silanes containing one, two, or three nitrogen atoms in the molecule. These include 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), N-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediamine (TMSPEDA), and N1-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine (TMSPDETA). The resulting GO derivatives were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). Adsorption studies show that these GO based sorbents are highly selective for Cr(VI) in the presence of Cr(III) at pH 3.5. Although the amino silanes applied in modification of GO contain different numbers of nitrogen atoms, the maximum adsorption capacities of GO derivatives are very similar (13.3–15.1 mg·g−1). Such results are in accordance with spectroscopy studies which show that the amount of amino silanes attached to GO decreases in the order of APTES > TMSPEDA > TMSPDETA. The APTES-modified GO was applied to selective and sensitive extraction of Cr(VI) ions prior to quantitation by low-power EDXRF using the Cr Kα line. The Cr(VI) ions need not be eluted from the solid adsorbent. The method has a 0.17 ng·mL−1 detection limit, and the recovery is 99.7 ± 2.2% at a spiking level of 10 ng·mL−1. The method was successfully applied to the determination of Cr(VI) in water samples

Meriderma species (Myxomycetes) from the Polish Carpathians: a taxonomic revision using SEM-visualized spore ornamentation

Meriderma represents a recently described genus of nivicolous myxomycetes with high morphological variability. Due to many complications in its taxonomy and species recognition in the past, the group was considered a morphologically variable complex. Recent clarifications and recognition of morphological boundaries into species and morphotypes has fostered a classification revision of specimens found in the Carpathians. Material used in this study was systematically collected in the Polish part of the Carpathians from 2004 to 2009. As a result of micro- and macroscopic observations of 54 collections, we recorded nine taxa of Meriderma. Seven of these (all but M. carestiae and M. cribrarioides) are the first records for Poland and for the Carpathians overall. Our observations based on analysis of spore ornamentation by SEM are in accordance with recently proposed classification and confirm segregation of taxa based on spore ornamentation pattern

Meriderma species (Myxomycetes) from the Polish Carpathians: a taxonomic revision using SEM-visualized spore ornamentation

Meriderma represents a recently described genus of nivicolous myxomycetes with high morphological variability. Due to many complications in its taxonomy and species recognition in the past, the group was considered a morphologically variable complex. Recent clarifications and recognition of morphological boundaries into species and morphotypes has fostered a classification revision of specimens found in the Carpathians. Material used in this study was systematically collected in the Polish part of the Carpathians from 2004 to 2009. As a result of micro- and macroscopic observations of 54 collections, we recorded nine taxa of Meriderma. Seven of these (all but M. carestiae and M. cribrarioides) are the first records for Poland and for the Carpathians overall. Our observations based on analysis of spore ornamentation by SEM are in accordance with recently proposed classification and confirm segregation of taxa based on spore ornamentation pattern

Norske pragmatiske partikler i andrespråksbruk. En studie med data fra ASK-korpuset

Denne studien tar for seg emnet norske pragmatiske partikler i andrespråksbruk. På basis av data fra ASK-korpuset utviklet ved Universitetet i Bergen analyserer vi hvorvidt brukere av norsk som andrespråk(heretter norsk S2-brukere) skiller seg fra morsmålsbrukere av norsk når det gjelder frekvensen av utvalgte partikler. Av språktypologiske grunner har vi valgt tre grupper norsk S2-brukere som har henholdsvis polsk, engelsk og tysk som morsmål. Hypotesen vi framsetter er at de tyske informantene, på grunn av likhet med sitt førstespråk, vil bruke signifikant flere partikler i sine tekster enn de polske og de engelske informantene. Vi undersøker også om man kan koble partikkelfrekvensen med andre variabler, som språklig ferdighetsnivå og lengden på oppholdet i Norge. Resultatene vil kunne ha nytteverdi i undervisningssammenheng. Dessuten antyder undersøkelsen hvilke av partiklene som er de lettest tilgjengelige for norsk som S2-brukere, og hvilke av dem som ser ut til å unngås

Medical confidentiality in the work of a urologist, andrologist and sexologist — special situations

The authors of this paper discuss the scope of medical confidentiality in terms of the urologist, andrologist and sexologist. They draw attention to special situations such as the problem of male infertility or other sexual problems in a relationship and the obligation of medical confidentiality. The paper also addresses the issue of how to deal with a patient under the age of 18 with intimate problems. The paper reviews the legislation addressing the aspect of medical confidentiality in everyday situations in the practice of urologists, andrologists and sexologists, taking into account special situations. The issues discussed include medical confidentiality in the use of data related to the patient and his/her procedure, the use of medical records for educational and scientific activities and the presence of bystanders during the medical examination, issues related to photo and video documentation of the procedure. The article covers topics related to medical confidentiality that will also be useful for doctors of other specialties.The authors of this paper discuss the scope of medical confidentiality in terms of the urologist, andrologist and sexologist. They draw attention to special situations such as the problem of male infertility or other sexual problems in a relationship and the obligation of medical confidentiality. The paper also addresses the issue of how to deal with a patient under the age of 18 with intimate problems. The paper reviews the legislation addressing the aspect of medical confidentiality in everyday situations in the practice of urologists, andrologists and sexologists, taking into account special situations. The issues discussed include medical confidentiality in the use of data related to the patient and his/her procedure, the use of medical records for educational and scientific activities and the presence of bystanders during the medical examination, issues related to photo and video documentation of the procedure. The article covers topics related to medical confidentiality that will also be useful for doctors of other specialties

The bone microstructure from anterior cruciate ligament footprintsis similar after ligament reconstruction and does not affect long‑termoutcomes

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of the bone tissue microstructure from the footprints of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and its impact on late follow-up outcomes in patients who undergo anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Methods The records of 26 patients diagnosed with a completely torn ACL who underwent ACLR were collected. During the surgery performed using the Felmet method, bone blocks from the native ACL footprints were collected. The primary measurements of the bone microstructure were made using a microtomographic scanner. In late follow-up examinations, a GNRB arthrometer was used. Results There was no significant difference in the bone microstructure assessed using micro-CT histomorphometric data according to the blood test results, plain radiographs, age or anthropometric data. There was no difference in the bone volume/total volume ratio or trabecular thickness in the area of the native ACL footprints. Routine preoperative examinations werenot relevant to the quality of the bone microstructure. The elapsed time from an ACL injury to surgery had no relevance to the results of arthrometry. Conclusion The similarities in the microstructure of bone blocks from ACL footprints from the femur and tibia allow the variable use of these blocks to stabilize grafts in the Felmet method. The bone microstructure is not dependent on the time from injury to surgery. Histomorphometric values of the structure of the femoral and tibial ACL footprints have no impact on the long-term stability of the operated knee joint. Trial registration The approval of the Bioethics Committee of the Silesian Medical Chamber in Katowice, Poland (resolution 16/2014) was given for this research