Magneto-optical characterization of magnetic thin films and interface structures

178 p.Por medio de técnicas experimentales entre las que destacan el efecto Kerr magneto-óptico (MOKE) y una extensión del mismo, la elipsometría magneto-óptica generalizada (GME), investigo fenómenos relacionados con el magnetismo y la espintrónica en láminas finas metálicas fabricadas por medio de deposición catódica, recurriendo a la modelización numérica para interpretar los resultados. Por un lado, estudio la detección con GME de la acumulación de espín en la superficie de metales debido al efecto Hall de espín (SHE). Separando señales espurias de señales MOKE observo que estas últimas, relacionadas con el SHE, son mucho menores que las reportadas en la literatura previa. Por otro lado, investigo los efectos de una capa ultrafina de Ru sobre las propiedades magnéticas de Co con anisotropía magnetocristalina uniaxial en el plano. Observo que el Ru induce una rotación de la magnetización del Co fuera del plano en remanencia que explico con una modulación espacial de la interacción de Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya. Por último, exponiendo un material ferromagnético a un campo magnético externo que oscila, estudio cómo al variar el periodo del campo se da una transición de fase entre un estado dinámicamente ordenado y otro dinámicamente desordenado. Examinando el diagrama de fase de esta transición y comparándolo con el diagrama de fase de la transición de fase termodinámica convencional se observan diferencias anteriormente desconocida

Judging Offensiveness: A Rubric for Privacy Torts

How do we judge whether a violation of someone's privacy is offensive? Currently, U.S. tort law requires privacy violations be "highly offensive to a reasonable person" to afford redress. However, our research reveals that there is no effective analysis--or rhyme or reason--to determine what conduct, disclosure, or implication is offensive. Our review of hundreds of privacy tort cases concludes that the ambiguity of the offensiveness prong has created opportunity for both significant legal errors and thriving biases, which often lead to discriminatory and neglectful treatment of women, racial minorities, and other marginalized groups. This is particularly alarming because the offensiveness analysis figures prominently in not only the most consequential privacy-related cases of our day, including data collection, geolocation tracking, revenge porn, sexual harassment, and transgender bathroom access, but also in corporate boardrooms, universities and schools, and policymaking bodies. This Article argues that we must develop a systematic mechanism to judge offensiveness, if the concept is to continue as a gatekeeper for privacy violations. Despite the concept's social significance and pervasiveness, alarmingly few legal scholars have written about offensiveness vis-a-vis privacy and its effects in entrenching social privilege and questionable norms. This Article seeks to fill this gap in privacy law with a view towards informing legal reform (including the upcoming Restatement (Third) of Torts) and providing guidelines for an unbiased analysis for judges and other decision-makers who must increasingly decide whether an alleged invasion of privacy is offensive. Guided by social science and philosophy, the Article proposes a factor-based rubric to guide decision-makers in determining whether conduct or content is highly offensive in the privacy context

Ab initio study of anharmonicity in high pressure Cmca-4 metallic hydrogen

Hydrogen is the only atom for which the Schr odinger equation is solvable. Consisting only of a proton and an electron, hydrogen is the lightest element and, nevertheless, is far from being simple. Under ambient conditions, it forms diatomic molecules H2 in gas phase, but di erent temperature and pressures lead to a complex phase diagram, which is not completely known yet. Solid hydrogen was rst documented in 1899 [1] and was found to be isolating. At higher pressures, however, hydrogen can be metallized. In 1935 Wigner and Huntington predicted that the metallization pressure would be 25 GPa [2], where molecules would disociate to form a monoatomic metal, as alkali metals that lie below hydrogen in the periodic table. The prediction of the metallization pressure turned out to be wrong: metallic hydrogen has not been found yet, even under a pressure as high as 320 GPa. Nevertheless, extrapolations based on optical measurements suggest that a metallic phase may be attained at 450 GPa [3]. The interest of material scientist in metallic hydrogen can be attributed, at least to a great extent, to Ashcroft, who in 1968 suggested that such a system could be a hightemperature superconductor [4]. The temperature at which this material would exhibit a transition from a superconducting to a non-superconducting state (Tc) was estimated to be around room temperature. The implications of such a statement are very interesting in the eld of astrophysics: in planets that contain a big quantity of hydrogen and whose temperature is below Tc, superconducting hydrogen may be found, specially at the center, where the gravitational pressure is high. This might be the case of Jupiter, whose proportion of hydrogen is about 90%. There are also speculations suggesting that the high magnetic eld of Jupiter is due to persistent currents related to the superconducting phase [5]. Metallization and superconductivity of hydrogen has puzzled scientists for decades, and the community is trying to answer several questions. For instance, what is the structure of hydrogen at very high pressures? Or a more general one: what is the maximum Tc a phonon-mediated superconductor can have [6]? A great experimental e ort has been carried out pursuing metallic hydrogen and trying to answer the questions above; however, the characterization of solid phases of hydrogen is a hard task. Achieving the high pressures needed to get the sought phases requires advanced technologies. Diamond anvil cells (DAC) are commonly used devices. These devices consist of two diamonds with a tip of small area; for this reason, when a force is applied, the pressure exerted is very big. This pressure is uniaxial, but it can be turned into hydrostatic pressure using transmitting media. Nowadays, this method makes it possible to reach pressures higher than 300 GPa, but even at this pressure hydrogen does not show metallic properties. A recently developed technique that is an improvement of DAC can reach pressures as high as 600 GPa [7], so it is a promising step forward in high pressure physics. Another drawback is that the electronic density of the structures is so low that X-ray di raction patterns have low resolution. For these reasons, ab initio studies are an important source of knowledge in this eld, within their limitations. When treating hydrogen, there are many subtleties in the calculations: as the atoms are so light, the ions forming the crystalline lattice have signi cant displacements even when temperatures are very low, and even at T=0 K, due to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Thus, the energy corresponding to this zero-point (ZP) motion is signi cant and has to be included in an accurate determination of the most stable phase. This has been done including ZP vibrational energies within the harmonic approximation for a range of pressures and at T=0 K, giving rise to a series of structures that are stable in their respective pressure ranges [8]. Very recently, a treatment of the phases of hydrogen that includes anharmonicity in ZP energies has suggested that relative stability of the phases may change with respect to the calculations within the harmonic approximation [9]. Many of the proposed structures for solid hydrogen have been investigated. Particularly, the Cmca-4 structure, which was found to be the stable one from 385-490 GPa [8], is metallic. Calculations for this structure, within the harmonic approximation for the ionic motion, predict a Tc up to 242 K at 450 GPa [10]. Nonetheless, due to the big ionic displacements, the harmonic approximation may not su ce to describe correctly the system. The aim of this work is to apply a recently developed method to treat anharmonicity, the stochastic self-consistent harmonic approximation (SSCHA) [11], to Cmca-4 metallic hydrogen. This way, we will be able to study the e ects of anharmonicity in the phonon spectrum and to try to understand the changes it may provoque in the value of Tc. The work is structured as follows. First we present the theoretical basis of the calculations: Density Functional Theory (DFT) for the electronic calculations, phonons in the harmonic approximation and the SSCHA. Then we apply these methods to Cmca-4 hydrogen and we discuss the results obtained. In the last chapter we draw some conclusions and propose possible future work

El derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva frente a la facultad de rechazo in Limine de las acciones promovidas ante la sala constitucional de la corte suprema de justicia del Paraguay

En este trabajo se analizará el derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva de las personas frente a la facultad de rechazo sin sustanciación de las acciones de inconstitucionalidad planteadas ante la Sala Constitucional de la Corte Suprema de Justicia del Paraguay. Se parte del reconocimiento del rol del Poder Judicial como órgano protector y reparador de derechos, así como de la importancia de la seguridad jurídica en el régimen democrático. Con esta reflexión, pretendemos dar una opinión objetiva, respecto a la necesidad de reglar el estadio procesal de estudio de admisibilidad en sede constitucional, conforme a criterios flexibles y razonables que permitan garantizar efectivamente el derecho de acceso al sistema de justicia

The Balance of Payments and International Investment Position of Spain in 2023

Rationale The balance of payments and international investment position provide insight into Spain’s economic relations with the rest of the world, which have important implications for the domestic economy. Analysis of these statistics takes on added significance against a backdrop of global uncertainty. Takeaways •In 2023 the Spanish economy’s net lending as a percentage of GDP reached its highest level since 1995, driven by the improvement in the trade balance and positive developments in services, with record high credits in both travel services and other services. •The negative net international investment position declined further in 2023 to stand at 52.8% of GDP (its lowest level in 19 years), as a result of GDP growth and the positive balance of financial transactions with the rest of the world. •Spain’s outward and inward foreign direct investment positions increased in 2023 due to the positive amount of financial transactions, although these were down slightly on the previous year, and the likewise positive amount of revaluations

La Balanza de Pagos y la Posición de Inversión Internacional de España en 2023

Motivación La Balanza de Pagos y la Posición de Inversión Internacional informan de las relaciones económicas de España con el resto del mundo. Son relevantes por el impacto que dichas relaciones tienen en la economía nacional. En un contexto de incertidumbre internacional, su análisis resulta todavía de mayor interés. Ideas principales •En 2023, la capacidad de financiación de la economía española como porcentaje del PIB alcanzó su máximo histórico desde 1995, debido a la mejora del saldo comercial y a la evolución positiva de los servicios, con el turismo y los otros servicios batiendo récords de ingresos. •La Posición de Inversión Internacional deudora neta continuó disminuyendo en 2023, hasta situarse en el 52,8 % del PIB, el nivel más bajo en 19 años, como consecuencia del avance del PIB y del importe positivo de las transacciones financieras con el exterior. •La posición de la inversión directa de España en el exterior y la del exterior en España aumentaron en 2023 debido a unas transacciones de signo positivo, aunque ligeramente inferiores a las del año anterior, y por el signo también positivo de las revalorizaciones

Spanish cultural adaptation and inter-rater reliability of the Revised Knox Preschool Play Scale

[Abstract] Background: The Revised Knox Preschool Play Scale (RKPPS) is a comprehensive assessment test that observes the level of play development; however, there is no culturally adapted version available with stable psychometric values that would allow its widespread use and provide objective information during clinical evaluations. Methods: Cross-cultural adaptation included direct and retrospective translations, along with cognitive interviews with pediatric occupational therapists to analyze the comprehensibility of the translation. In addition, a final phase of linguistic revision was carried out to determine the grammatical and semantic fit of the adapted version. Finally, inter-rater reliability was analyzed in a sample of typically developing children aged four to six years old. Results: The processes of translation and back-translation, cognitive interview, and linguistic review determined an adequate grammatical and semantic equivalence to the Spanish cultural context. Almost perfect agreement, with values between 0.82 and 0.94, was obtained for items and play dimensions, indicating that the precision of the measurements between both evaluators was excellent. Conclusions: The cross-culturally adapted version of the RKPPS meets the necessary adjustments for the sociocultural context and can be used in the clinical practice of occupational therapy

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Magneto-optical characterization of magnetic thin films and interface structures

178 p.Por medio de técnicas experimentales entre las que destacan el efecto Kerr magneto-óptico (MOKE) y una extensión del mismo, la elipsometría magneto-óptica generalizada (GME), investigo fenómenos relacionados con el magnetismo y la espintrónica en láminas finas metálicas fabricadas por medio de deposición catódica, recurriendo a la modelización numérica para interpretar los resultados. Por un lado, estudio la detección con GME de la acumulación de espín en la superficie de metales debido al efecto Hall de espín (SHE). Separando señales espurias de señales MOKE observo que estas últimas, relacionadas con el SHE, son mucho menores que las reportadas en la literatura previa. Por otro lado, investigo los efectos de una capa ultrafina de Ru sobre las propiedades magnéticas de Co con anisotropía magnetocristalina uniaxial en el plano. Observo que el Ru induce una rotación de la magnetización del Co fuera del plano en remanencia que explico con una modulación espacial de la interacción de Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya. Por último, exponiendo un material ferromagnético a un campo magnético externo que oscila, estudio cómo al variar el periodo del campo se da una transición de fase entre un estado dinámicamente ordenado y otro dinámicamente desordenado. Examinando el diagrama de fase de esta transición y comparándolo con el diagrama de fase de la transición de fase termodinámica convencional se observan diferencias anteriormente desconocida

Magneto-optical characterization of magnetic thin films and interface structures

178 p.Por medio de técnicas experimentales entre las que destacan el efecto Kerr magneto-óptico (MOKE) y una extensión del mismo, la elipsometría magneto-óptica generalizada (GME), investigo fenómenos relacionados con el magnetismo y la espintrónica en láminas finas metálicas fabricadas por medio de deposición catódica, recurriendo a la modelización numérica para interpretar los resultados. Por un lado, estudio la detección con GME de la acumulación de espín en la superficie de metales debido al efecto Hall de espín (SHE). Separando señales espurias de señales MOKE observo que estas últimas, relacionadas con el SHE, son mucho menores que las reportadas en la literatura previa. Por otro lado, investigo los efectos de una capa ultrafina de Ru sobre las propiedades magnéticas de Co con anisotropía magnetocristalina uniaxial en el plano. Observo que el Ru induce una rotación de la magnetización del Co fuera del plano en remanencia que explico con una modulación espacial de la interacción de Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya. Por último, exponiendo un material ferromagnético a un campo magnético externo que oscila, estudio cómo al variar el periodo del campo se da una transición de fase entre un estado dinámicamente ordenado y otro dinámicamente desordenado. Examinando el diagrama de fase de esta transición y comparándolo con el diagrama de fase de la transición de fase termodinámica convencional se observan diferencias anteriormente desconocida