10 research outputs found
Sortilin: A Protein Involved in Ldl Metabolism and Atherosclerosis
- Author
- Publication venue
- ScholarlyCommons
- Publication date
- 01/01/2015
- Field of study
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been used to identify novel genes and loci that contribute to lipid traits and coronary heart disease (CHD) in a causal manner. A locus on chromosome 1p13, which harbors the gene sortilin-1 (SORT1) encoding the protein sortilin is the locus in the human genome with the strongest association with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and is also one of the strongest loci associated with CHD. Homozygosity for the minor allele haplotype at 1p13 is associated with a \u3e10 fold increase in hepatic SORT1 expression, a mean 16 mg/dL reduction in plasma LDL-C, and a 40% reduction in CHD risk. Sortilin has been extensively studied in the central nervous system, where it traffics multiple ligands from the Golgi apparatus to the lysosome and also serves as a cell surface endocytosis receptor for a variety of ligands. However, the role of sortilin in other cell types, most notably hepatocytes and macrophages, which are key regulators of lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis development, has not been well studied. Through a series of overexpression and mutagenesis studies in cells and mice, the Rader lab has previously shown that increased sortilin expression in liver reduces plasma LDL-C both by promoting the presecretory lysosomal degradation of the LDL precursor very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and by serving as an endocytosis receptor for LDL. The Rader lab has also shown that total body Sort1 deficiency is associated with compromised LDL clearance consistent with overexpression studies; however, it is also associated with a paradoxical reduction in VLDL secretion. Using a variety of liver specific Sort1 deficiency models, as well as reconstitution and mutagenesis studies, I showed that liver specificity is not responsible for the secretion paradox and instead demonstrated that sortilin plays a dual role in VLDL trafficking, serving as a chaperone that facilitates VLDL secretion as well as a transporter that promotes the presecretory degradation of VLDL, depending on the conditions and level of sortilin expression.
Sortilin is strongly associated both with LDL-C levels and with CHD/atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is driven by elevated LDL-C, thus it is tempting to speculate that the strong association of the SORT1 locus with atherosclerosis is due solely to the LDL-C association. Because sortilin is expressed in macrophages, I hypothesized that macrophage sortilin might influence atherogenesis. Through careful interrogation of the role of sortilin in macrophages, I demonstrated that sortilin plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis independent of plasma LDL-C levels. Specifically, I showed that sortilin serves as an endocytosis receptor for LDL on macrophages, and this represents a physiologically important pathway by which LDL cholesterol enters macrophages and contributes to foam cell formation and atherosclerosis. This work increases our understanding of the role of hepatic and macrophage sortilin in LDL metabolism and atherogenesis, and provides insight into the relationship of the SORT1 locus with LDL-C levels and CHD risk
National Network of Depression Centers\u27 Recommendations on Harmonizing Clinical Documentation of Electroconvulsive Therapy
- Author
- Achtyes Eric
- Bhati Mahendra T
- Carr Brent R
- Conroy Susan K
- Cristancho Mario
- Dubin Marc J
- Francis Andrew
- Glazer Kara
- Husain Mustafa
- Ingram Wendy
- Khurshid Khurshid
- Maixner Daniel F
- McClintock Shawn M
- McDonald William M
- Morreale Michael
- Patel Paresh D
- Pinjari Omar F
- Reeves Kevin
- Reti Irving M
- Rodriguez Nelson F
- Sampson Shirlene
- Seiner Stephen J
- Selek Salih
- Sheline Yvette
- Smetana Roy W
- Soda Takahiro
- Trapp Nicholas T
- Weiner Richard D
- Wright Jesse H
- Zandi Peter P
- Publication venue
- DigitalCommons@TMC
- Publication date
- 01/09/2022
- Field of study
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a highly therapeutic and cost-effective treatment for severe and/or treatment-resistant major depression. However, because of the varied clinical practices, there is a great deal of heterogeneity in how ECT is delivered and documented. This represents both an opportunity to study how differences in implementation influence clinical outcomes and a challenge for carrying out coordinated quality improvement and research efforts across multiple ECT centers. The National Network of Depression Centers, a consortium of 26+ US academic medical centers of excellence providing care for patients with mood disorders, formed a task group with the goals of promoting best clinical practices for the delivery of ECT and to facilitate large-scale, multisite quality improvement and research to advance more effective and safe use of this treatment modality. The National Network of Depression Centers Task Group on ECT set out to define best practices for harmonizing the clinical documentation of ECT across treatment centers to promote clinical interoperability and facilitate a nationwide collaboration that would enable multisite quality improvement and longitudinal research in real-world settings. This article reports on the work of this effort. It focuses on the use of ECT for major depressive disorder, which accounts for the majority of ECT referrals in most countries. However, most of the recommendations on clinical documentation proposed herein will be applicable to the use of ECT for any of its indications
Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbas Jaffar
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasi Madineh Akram
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdelwahab Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abdurehman Ame Mehadi
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abedi Aidin
- Abedi Armita
- Abegaz Tadesse M
- Abeldaño Zuñiga Roberto Ariel
- Abhilash E S
- Abiodun Olugbenga Olusola
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abrigo Michael R M
- Abtahi Dariush
- Abu Rumeileh Samir
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Aburuz Salahdein
- Acuna Juan Manuel
- Adair Tim
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Adebayo Oladimeji M
- Adegboye Oyelola A
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Aden Bashir
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun
- Adeyeoluwa Temitayo Esther
- Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel
- Adha Rishan
- Adibi Amin
- Adikusuma Wirawan
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afework Abel
- Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
- Afraz Ali
- Afyouni Shadi
- Afzal Saira
- Agasthi Pradyumna
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agodi Antonella
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Muayyad M
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadzade Amir Mahmoud
- Ahmadzade Mohadese
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Ajumobi Olufemi
- Akalu Gizachew Taddesse
- Akara Essona Matatom
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akkala Sreelatha
- Akyirem Samuel
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al Homsi Ammar
- Al Qadire Mohammad
- AL-Ahdal Tareq Mohammed Ali
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Eyadhy Ayman
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled
- Al-Jumaily Adel
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Maweri Sadeq Ali Ali
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Ala Moein
- Aladelusi Timothy Olukunle
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Alam Khurshid
- Alam Manjurul
- Alam Zufishan
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Aldridge Robert W
- Alemi Sharifullah
- Alhabib Khalid F
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Ali Abid
- Ali Akhtar
- Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir
- Ali Hassam
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Ali Zahid
- Alian Samakkhah Shohreh
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Aligol Mohammad
- Alimi Rasoul
- Aliyi Ahmednur Adem
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Almahmeed Wael
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Almidani Omar
- Alomari Mahmoud A
- Alonso Nivaldo
- Alqahtani Jaber S
- Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
- Altaf Awais
- Altirkawi Khalid A
- Alvi Farrukh Jawad
- Alwafi Hassan
- Aly Hany
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Amare Azmeraw T
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amhare Abebe Feyissa
- Amin Tarek Tawfik
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Aminian Dehkordi Javad
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amu Hubert
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Amzat Jimoh
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Andrade Pedro Prata
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Andrei Tudorel
- Angappan Dhanalakshmi
- Anil Abhishek
- Anjum Afifa
- Antony Catherine M
- Antriyandarti Ernoiz
- Anuoluwa Iyadunni Adesola
- Anwar Sumadi Lukman
- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Appiah Seth Christopher Yaw
- Aqeel Muhammad
- Arab-Zozani Morteza
- Arabloo Jalal
- Arabzadeh Bahri Razman
- Arafat Mosab
- Araújo Ana Margarida
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y
- Aremu Abdulfatai
- Ariffin Hany
- Aripov Timur
- Armocida Benedetta
- Arooj Mahwish
- Artamonov Anton A
- Artanti Kurnia Dwi
- Arulappan Judie
- Aruleba Idowu Thomas
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Arumugam Ashokan
- Asaad Malke
- Asgary Saeed
- Ashemo Mubarek Yesse
- Ashraf Muhammad
- Asika Marvellous O
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi
- Atreya Alok
- Attia Sameh
- Aujayeb Avinash
- Avan Abolfazl
- Awotidebe Adedapo Wasiu
- Ayala Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina
- Ayanore Martin Amogre
- Ayele Getnet Melaku
- Ayuso-Mateos Jose L
- Ayyoubzadeh Seyed Mohammad
- Azadnajafabad Sina
- Azhar Gulrez Shah
- Aziz Shahkaar
- Azzam Ahmed Y
- Babashahi Mina
- Babu Abraham Samuel
- Badar Muhammad
- Badawi Alaa
- Badiye Ashish D
- Baghdadi Soroush
- Bagheri Nasser
- Bagherieh Sara
- Bah Sulaiman
- Bahadorikhalili Saeed
- Bai Jianjun
- Bai Ruhai
- Baker Jennifer L
- Bakkannavar Shankar M
- Bako Abdulaziz T
- Balakrishnan Senthilkumar
- Balogun Saliu A
- Baltatu Ovidiu Constantin
- Bam Kiran
- Banach Maciej
- Bandyopadhyay Soham
- Banik Biswajit
- Banik Palash Chandra
- Bansal Hansi
- Barati Shirin
- Barchitta Martina
- Bardhan Mainak
- Barker-Collo Suzanne Lyn
- Barone-Adesi Francesco
- Barqawi Hiba Jawdat
- Barr Ronald D
- Barrero Lope H
- Basharat Zarrin
- Bashir Asma'u I J
- Bashiru Hameed Akande
- Baskaran Pritish
- Basnyat Buddha
- Bassat Quique
- Basso João Diogo
- Basu Saurav
- Batra Kavita
- Batra Ravi
- Baune Bernhard T
- Bayati Mohsen
- Bayileyegn Nebiyou Simegnew
- Beaney Thomas
- Bedi Neeraj
- Begum Tahmina
- Behboudi Emad
- Behnoush Amir Hossein
- Beiranvand Maryam
- Bejarano Ramirez Diana Fernanda
- Belgaumi Uzma Iqbal
- Bell Michelle L
- Bello Aminu K
- Bello Muhammad Bashir
- Bello Olorunjuwon Omolaja
- Belo Luis
- Beloukas Apostolos
- Bendak Salaheddine
- Bennett Derrick A
- Bensenor Isabela M
- Benzian Habib
- Berezvai Zombor
- Berman Adam E
- Bermudez Amiel Nazer C
- Bettencourt Paulo J G
- Beyene Habtamu B
- Beyene Kebede A
- Bhagat Devidas S
- Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth
- Bhala Neeraj
- Bhalla Ashish
- Bhandari Dinesh
- Bhardwaj Nikha
- Bhardwaj Pankaj
- Bhardwaj Prarthna V
- Bhargava Ashish
- Bhaskar Sonu
- Bhat Vivek
- Bhatti Gurjit Kaur
- Bhatti Jasvinder Singh
- Bhatti Manpreet S
- Bhatti Rajbir
- Bhutta Zulfiqar A
- Bikbov Boris
- Binmadi Nada
- Bintoro Bagas Suryo
- Biondi Antonio
- Bisignano Catherine
- Bisulli Francesca
- Biswas Atanu
- Biswas Raaj Kishore
- Bitaraf Saeid
- Bjørge Tone
- Bleyer Archie
- Boampong Mary Sefa
- Bodolica Virginia
- Bodunrin Aadam Olalekan
- Bolarinwa Obasanjo Afolabi
- Bonakdar Hashemi Milad
- Bonny Aime
- Bora Basara Berrak
- Bora Kaustubh
- Borodo Safiya Bala
- Borschmann Rohan
- Botero Carvajal Alejandro
- Bouaoud Souad
- Boudalia Sofiane
- Boyko Edward J
- Bragazzi Nicola Luigi
- Braithwaite Dejana
- Brenner Hermann
- Britton Gabrielle
- Browne Annie J
- Brunoni Andre R
- Bulamu Norma B
- Bulto Lemma N
- Buonsenso Danilo
- Burkart Katrin
- Burns Richard A
- Burugina Nagaraja Sharath
- Busse Reinhard
- Bustanji Yasser
- Butt Zahid A
- Caetano dos Santos Florentino Luciano
- Cai Tianji
- Calina Daniela
- Campos Luciana Aparecida
- Campos-Nonato Ismael R
- Cao Chao
- Cardenas Carlos Alberto
- Carr Sinclair
- Carreras Giulia
- Carrero Juan J
- Carugno Andrea
- Carvalho Felix
- Carvalho Márcia
- Castaldelli-Maia Joao Mauricio
- Castañeda-Orjuela Carlos A
- Castelpietra Giulio
- Catalá-López Ferrán
- Catapano Alberico L
- Cattaruzza Maria Sofia
- Caye Arthur
- Cámera Luis Alberto
- Cárdenas Rosario
- Cederroth Christopher R
- Cembranel Francieli
- Cenderadewi Muthia
- Cercy Kelly M
- Cerin Ester
- Cevik Muge
- Chacón-Uscamaita Pamela R Uscamaita
- Chahine Yaacoub
- Chakraborty Chiranjib
- Chan Jeffrey Shi Kai
- Chang Chin-Kuo
- Charalampous Periklis
- Charan Jaykaran
- Chattu Vijay Kumar
- Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou Victoria
- Chavula Malizgani Paul
- Cheema Huzaifa Ahmad
- Chen An-Tian
- Chen Haowei
- Chen Lingxiao
- Chen Meng Xuan
- Chen Simiao
- Cherbuin Nicolas
- Chew Derek S
- Chi Gerald
- Chirinos-Caceres Jesus Lorenzo
- Chitheer Abdulaal
- Cho So Mi Jemma
- Cho William C S
- Chong Bryan
- Chopra Hitesh
- Choudhary Rahul
- Chowdhury Rajiv
- Chu Dinh-Toi
- Chukwu Isaac Sunday
- Chung Eric
- Chung Eunice
- Chung Sheng-Chia
- Cini Karly I
- Clark Cain C T
- Coberly Kaleb
- Columbus Alyssa
- Comfort Haley
- Conde Joao
- Conti Sara
- Cortesi Paolo Angelo
- Costa Vera Marisa
- Cousin Ewerton
- Cowden Richard G
- Criqui Michael H
- Cruz-Martins Natália
- Culbreth Garland T
- Cullen Patricia
- Cunningham Matthew
- D'Amico Emanuele
- da Silva e Silva Daniel
- Dadana Sriharsha
- Dadras Omid
- Dai Zhaoli
- Dalal Koustuv
- Dalli Lachlan L
- Damiani Giovanni
- Daneshvar Sara
- Darwesh Aso Mohammad
- Das Jai K
- Das Saswati
- Dash Nihar Ranjan
- Dashti Mohsen
- Davis Weaver Nicole
- Davletov Kairat
- Dávila-Cervantes Claudio Alberto
- De Leo Diego
- Debele Aklilu Tamire
- Degenhardt Louisa
- Dehbandi Reza
- Deitesfeld Lee
- Delgado-Enciso Ivan
- Delgado-Ortiz Laura
- Demant Daniel
- Demessa Berecha Hundessa
- Demetriades Andreas K
- Deng Xinlei
- Denova-Gutiérrez Edgar
- Deribe Kebede
- Dervenis Nikolaos
- Des Jarlais Don C
- Desai Hardik Dineshbhai
- Desai Rupak
- Deuba Keshab
- Devanbu Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan
- Dey Sourav
- Dhali Arkadeep
- Dhama Kuldeep
- Dhimal Mandira Lamichhane
- Dhimal Meghnath
- Dhingra Sameer
- Dias da Silva Diana
- Diaz Daniel
- Dima Adriana
- Ding Delaney D
- Dirac M Ashworth
- Dixit Abhinav
- Dixit Shilpi Gupta
- do Prado Camila Bruneli
- Do Thanh Chi
- Do Thao Huynh Phuong
- Dodangeh Masoud
- Dokova Klara Georgieva
- Dolecek Christiane
- Dorsey E Ray
- dos Santos Wendel Mombaque
- Doshi Rajkumar
- Doshmangir Leila
- Douiri Abdel
- Dowou Robert Kokou
- Driscoll Tim Robert
- Dsouza Haneil Larson
- Dube John
- Dumith Samuel C
- Dunachie Susanna J
- Duncan Bruce B
- Duraes Andre Rodrigues
- Duraisamy Senbagam
- Durojaiye Oyewole Christopher
- Dutta Sulagna
- Dzianach Paulina Agnieszka
- Dziedzic Arkadiusz Marian
- Ebenezer Oluwakemi
- Eboreime Ejemai
- Ebrahimi Alireza
- Echieh Chidiebere Peter
- Ed-Dra Abdelaziz
- Edinur Hisham Atan
- Edvardsson David
- Edvardsson Kristina
- Efendi Defi
- Efendi Ferry
- Eghdami Shayan
- Eikemo Terje Andreas
- Eini Ebrahim
- Ekholuenetale Michael
- Ekpor Emmanuel
- Ekundayo Temitope Cyrus
- El Arab Rabie Adel
- El Morsi Doaa Abdel Wahab
- El Sayed Zaki Maysaa
- El Tantawi Maha
- Elbarazi Iffat
- Elemam Noha Mousaad
- Elgar Frank J
- Elgendy Islam Y
- ElGohary Ghada Metwally Tawfik
- Elhabashy Hala Rashad
- Elhadi Muhammed
- Elmeligy Omar Abdelsadek Abdou
- Elshaer Mohammed
- Elsohaby Ibrahim
- Emami Zeydi Amir
- Emamverdi Mehdi
- Emeto Theophilus I
- Engelbert Bain Luchuo
- Erkhembayar Ryenchindorj
- Eshetie Tesfahun C
- Eskandarieh Sharareh
- Espinosa-Montero Juan
- Estep Kara
- Etaee Farshid
- Eze Ugochukwu Anthony
- Fabin Natalia
- Fadaka Adewale Oluwaseun
- Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis
- Fahimi Saman
- Falzone Luca
- Farinha Carla Sofia e Sá
- Faris MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud
- Farjoud Kouhanjani Mohsen
- Faro Andre
- Farrokhpour Hossein
- Fatehizadeh Ali
- Fattahi Hamed
- Fauk Nelsensius Klau
- Fazeli Pooria
- Feigin Valery L
- Fekadu Ginenus
- Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad
- Feroze Abdullah Hamid
- Ferrante Daniela
- Ferrara Pietro
- Ferreira Nuno
- Fetensa Getahun
- Filip Irina
- Fischer Florian
- Flavel Joanne
- Flaxman Abraham D
- Flor Luisa S
- Florin Bobirca Teodor
- Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin
- Foley Kristen Marie
- Fomenkov Artem Alekseevich
- Force Lisa M
- Fornari Carla
- Foroutan Behzad
- Foschi Matteo
- Francis Kate Louise
- Franklin Richard Charles
- Freitas Alberto
- Friedman Joseph
- Friedman Sara D
- Fukumoto Takeshi
- Fuller John E
- Gaal Peter Andras
- Gadanya Muktar A
- Gaihre Santosh
- Gaipov Abduzhappar
- Gakidou Emmanuela
- Galali Yaseen
- Galehdar Nasrin
- Gallus Silvano
- Gan Quan
- Gandhi Aravind P
- Ganesan Balasankar
- Garg Jalaj
- Gau Shuo-Yan
- Gautam Prem
- Gautam Rupesh K
- Gazzelloni Federica
- Gebregergis Miglas W
- Gebrehiwot Mesfin
- Gebremariam Tesfay Brhane
- Gerema Urge
- Getachew Motuma Erena
- Getachew Tamirat
- Gething Peter W
- Ghafourifard Mansour
- Ghahramani Sulmaz
- Ghailan Khalid Yaser
- Ghajar Alireza
- Ghanbarnia Mohammad Javad
- Ghasemi MohammadReza
- Ghasemzadeh Afsaneh
- Ghassemi Fariba
- Ghazy Ramy Mohamed
- Ghimire Sailaja
- Gholamian Asadollah
- Gholamrezanezhad Ali
- Ghorbani Vajargah Pooyan
- Ghozali Ghozali
- Ghozy Sherief
- Ghuge Arun Digambarrao
- Gialluisi Alessandro
- Gibson Ruth Margaret
- Gil Artyom Urievich
- Gill Paramjit Singh
- Gill Tiffany K
- Gillum Richard F
- Ginindza Themba G
- Girmay Alem
- Glasbey James C
- Gnedovskaya Elena V
- Goel Amit
- Goldust Mohamad
- Golechha Mahaveer
- Goleij Pouya
- Golestanfar Arefeh
- Golinelli Davide
- Gona Philimon N
- Goudarzi Houman
- Goudarzian Amir Hossein
- Goyal Anmol
- Göbölös Laszlo
- Greenhalgh Scott
- Grivna Michal
- Guarducci Giovanni
- Gubari Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen
- Gudeta Mesay Dechasa
- Guha Avirup
- Guicciardi Stefano
- Gunawardane Damitha Asanga
- Gunturu Sasidhar
- Guo Cui
- Gupta Anish Kumar
- Gupta Bhawna
- Gupta Indarchand Ratanlal
- Gupta Rajat Das
- Gupta Sapna
- Gupta Veer Bala
- Gupta Vijai Kumar
- Gupta Vivek Kumar
- Gutiérrez Reyna Alma
- Habibzadeh Farrokh
- Habibzadeh Parham
- Hachinski Vladimir
- Haddadi Mohammad
- Haddadi Rasool
- Haep Nils
- Hajj Ali Adel
- Halboub Esam S
- Halim Sobia Ahsan
- Hall Brian J
- Haller Sebastian
- Halwani Rabih
- Hamadeh Randah R
- Hamagharib Abdullah Kanaan
- Hamidi Samer
- Hamiduzzaman Mohammad
- Hammoud Ahmad
- Hanifi Nasrin
- Hankey Graeme J
- Hannan Md Abdul
- Haque Md Nuruzzaman
- Harapan Harapan
- Haro Josep Maria
- Hasaballah Ahmed I
- Hasan Faizul
- Hasan Ikramul
- Hasan M Tasdik
- Hasani Hamidreza
- Hasanian Mohammad
- Hasanpour- Dehkordi Ali
- Hassan Abbas M
- Hassan Amr
- Hassanian-Moghaddam Hossein
- Hassanipour Soheil
- Haubold Johannes
- Havmoeller Rasmus J
- Hay Simon I
- Hbid Youssef
- Hebert Jeffrey J
- Hegazi Omar E
- Heidari Golnaz
- Heidari Mohammad
- Heidari-Foroozan Mahsa
- Heidari-Soureshjani Reza
- Helfer Bartosz
- Herteliu Claudiu
- Hesami Hamed
- Hettiarachchi Dineshani
- Heyi Demisu Zenbaba
- Hezam Kamal
- Hiraike Yuta
- Hoffman Howard J
- Holla Ramesh
- Horita Nobuyuki
- Hossain Md Belal
- Hossain Md Mahbub
- Hossain Sahadat
- Hosseini Mohammad-Salar
- Hosseinzadeh Hassan
- Hosseinzadeh Mehdi
- Hostiuc Mihaela
- Hostiuc Sorin
- Hsairi Mohamed
- Hsieh Vivian Chia-rong
- Hu Chengxi
- Huang Junjie
- Huda Md Nazmul
- Hugo Fernando N
- Hultström Michael
- Hussain Javid
- Hussain Salman
- Hussein Nawfal R
- Huy Le Duc
- Huynh Hong-Han
- Hwang Bing-Fang
- Ibitoye Segun Emmanuel
- Idowu Oluwatope Olaniyi
- Ijo Desta
- Ikuta Kevin S
- Ilaghi Mehran
- Ilesanmi Olayinka Stephen
- Ilic Irena M
- Ilic Milena D
- Immurana Mustapha
- Inbaraj Leeberk Raja
- Iradukunda Arnaud
- Iravanpour Farideh
- Iregbu Kenneth Chukwuemeka
- Islam Md Rabiul
- Islam Mohammad Mainul
- Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
- Islami Farhad
- Ismail Nahlah Elkudssiah
- Isola Gaetano
- Iwagami Masao
- Iwu Chidozie C D
- Iwu-Jaja Chinwe Juliana
- Iyer Mahalaxmi
- J Linda Merin
- Jaafari Jalil
- Jacob Louis
- Jacobsen Kathryn H
- Jadidi-Niaragh Farhad
- Jafarinia Morteza
- Jaggi Khushleen
- Jahankhani Kasra
- Jahanmehr Nader
- Jahrami Haitham
- Jain Akhil
- Jain Nityanand
- Jairoun Ammar Abdulrahman
- Jakovljevic Mihajlo
- Jalilzadeh Yengejeh Reza
- Jamshidi Elham
- Jani Chinmay T
- Janko Mark M
- Jatau Abubakar Ibrahim
- Jayapal Sathish Kumar
- Jayaram Shubha
- Jeganathan Jayakumar
- Jema Alelign Tasew
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- Thum Chern Choong Chern
- Tian Jing
- Tichopad Ales
- Ticoalu Jansje Henny Vera
- Tiruye Tenaw Yimer
- Tohidast Seyed Abolfazl
- Tonelli Marcello
- Touvier Mathilde
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Tram Khai Hoan
- Tran Nghia Minh
- Trico Domenico
- Trihandini Indang
- Tromans Samuel Joseph
- Truong Vien T
- Truyen Thien Tan Tri Tai
- Tsermpini Evangelia Eirini
- Tumurkhuu Munkhtuya
- Tung Kang
- Tyrovolas Stefanos
- Ubah Chukwudi S
- Udoakang Aniefiok John
- Udoh Arit
- Ulhaq Inam
- Ullah Saeed
- Ullah Sana
- Umair Muhammad
- Umar Tungki Pratama
- Umeokonkwo Chukwuma David
- Umesh Anushri
- Unim Brigid
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Upadhyay Era
- Urso Daniele
- Vacante Marco
- Vahdani Amir Mohammad
- Vaithinathan Asokan Govindaraj
- Valadan Tahbaz Sahel
- Valizadeh Rohollah
- Van den Eynde Jef
- Varavikova Elena
- Varga Orsolya
- Varma Siddhartha Alluri
- Vart Priya
- Varthya Shoban Babu
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Veerman Lennert J
- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
- Venugopal Deneshkumar
- Verghese Nicholas Alexander
- Verma Madhur
- Verma Pratibha
- Veroux Massimiliano
- Verras Georgios-Ioannis
- Vervoort Dominique
- Vieira Rafael José
- Villafañe Jorge Hugo
- Villani Leonardo
- Villanueva Gabriela Ines
- Villeneuve Paul J
- Violante Francesco S
- Visontay Rachel
- Vlassov Vasily
- Vo Bay
- Vollset Stein Emil
- Volovat Simona Ruxandra
- Volovici Victor
- Vongpradith Avina
- Vos Theo
- Vujcic Isidora S
- Vukovic Rade
- Wado Yohannes Dibaba
- Wafa Hatem A
- Waheed Yasir
- Wamai Richard G
- Wang Cong
- Wang Denny
- Wang Fang
- Wang Shu
- Wang Song
- Wang Yanzhong
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Ward Paul
- Watson Stefanie
- Weaver Marcia R
- Weerakoon Kosala Gayan
- Weiss Daniel J
- Weldemariam Abrha Hailay
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- Wen Yi Feng
- Werdecker Andrea
- Westerman Ronny
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Wijeratne Tissa
- Wilson Shadrach
- Wojewodzic Marcin W
- Wool Eve E
- Woolf Anthony D
- Wu Dongze
- Wulandari Ratna Dwi
- Xiao Hong
- Xu Bin
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Yadav Lalit
- Yaghoubi Sajad
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yao Yao
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yesera Gesila Endashaw
- Yesodharan Renjulal
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yip Paul
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yu Chuanhua
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zadnik Vesna
- Zafari Nima
- Zahedi Mohammad
- Zahid Muhammad Nauman
- Zahir Mazyar
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zakzuk Josefina
- Zamagni Giulia
- Zaman Burhan Abdullah
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zamora Nelson
- Zand Ramin
- Zandi Milad
- Zandieh Ghazal G Z
- Zanghì Aurora
- Zare Iman
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zeariya Mohammed G M
- Zeng Youjie
- Zhai Chunxia
- Zhang Chen
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Hongwei
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhaofeng
- Zhang Zhenyu
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhao Yang
- Zhao Yong
- Zheng Peng
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Bin
- Zhu Zhaohua
- Ziaeefar Pardis
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zweck Elric
- Zyoud Samer H
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2024
- Field of study
Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic
Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdollahi Arash
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abeldaño Zuñiga Roberto Ariel
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME
- Abualruz Hasan
- Ackerman Ilana N
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Addolorato Giovanni
- Adebiyi Akindele Olupelumi
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adewuyi Habeeb Omoponle
- Afyouni Shadi
- Afzal Saira
- Afzal Sina
- Agodi Antonella
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Shahzaib
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ajami Marjan
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akkaif Mohammed Ahmed
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Omari Basem
- Al-Wardat Mohammad Sami
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- Aldridge Robert W
- Alemu Meseret Desalegn
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Alene Kefyalew Addis
- Alharrasi Maryam
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Alomari Mahmoud A
- Altaany Zaid
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Alvis-Zakzuk Nelson J
- Alwafi Hassan
- Aly Safwat
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Amare Azmeraw T
- Amegbor Prince M
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amin Tarek Tawfik
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Anderson David B
- Andrade Pedro Prata
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Ansari Hossein
- Antony Catherine M
- Anwar Saleha
- Anwar Sumadi Lukman
- Anwer Razique
- Anyanwu Philip Emeka
- Arab Juan Pablo
- Arabloo Jalal
- Arafat Mosab
- Araki Daniel T
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y
- Arkew Mesay
- Armocida Benedetta
- Arndt Michael Benjamin
- Arooj Mahwish
- Artamonov Anton A
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Arumugam Ashokan
- Ashbaugh Charlie
- Ashemo Mubarek Yesse
- Ashraf Muhammad
- Asika Marvellous O
- Askari Elaheh
- Astell-Burt Thomas
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atorkey Prince
- Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi
- Atreya Alok
- Aujayeb Avinash
- Ausloos Marcel
- Avan Abolfazl
- Awotidebe Adedapo Wasiu
- Awuviry-Newton Kofi
- Ayala Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina
- Ayuso-Mateos Jose L
- Azadnajafabad Sina
- Azevedo Rui M S
- Babu Abraham Samuel
- Badar Muhammad
- Badiye Ashish D
- Baghdadi Soroush
- Bagheri Nasser
- Bah Sulaiman
- Bai Ruhai
- Baker Jennifer L
- Bakkannavar Shankar M
- Bako Abdulaziz T
- Balakrishnan Senthilkumar
- Bam Kiran
- Banik Palash Chandra
- Barchitta Martina
- Bardhan Mainak
- Bardideh Erfan
- Barker-Collo Suzanne Lyn
- Barqawi Hiba Jawdat
- Barrow Amadou
- Barteit Sandra
- Barua Lingkan
- Bashiri Aliabadi Somaye
- Basiru Afisu
- Basu Sanjay
- Basu Saurav
- Bathini Prapthi Persis
- Batra Kavita
- Baune Bernhard T
- Bayileyegn Nebiyou Simegnew
- Behnam Babak
- Behnoush Amir Hossein
- Beiranvand Maryam
- Bejarano Ramirez Diana Fernanda
- Bell Michelle L
- Bello Olorunjuwon Omolaja
- Beloukas Apostolos
- Bensenor Isabela M
- Berezvai Zombor
- Bernabe Eduardo
- Bernstein Robert S
- Bettencourt Paulo J G
- Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth
- Bhala Neeraj
- Bhandari Dinesh
- Bhargava Ashish
- Bhaskar Sonu
- Bhat Vivek
- Bhatti Gurjit Kaur
- Bhatti Jasvinder Singh
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- Bikbov Boris
- Bishai Jessica Devin
- Bisignano Catherine
- Bitra Veera R
- Bjørge Tone
- Bodolica Virginia
- Bodunrin Aadam Olalekan
- Bogale Eyob Ketema
- Bonakdar Hashemi Milad
- Bonny Aime
- Bora Basara Berrak
- Borhany Hamed
- Boxe Christopher
- Brady Oliver J
- Bragazzi Nicola Luigi
- Braithwaite Dejana
- Brant Luisa C
- Brauer Michael
- Breitner Susanne
- Brenner Hermann
- Brown Julie
- Brugha Traolach
- Bulamu Norma B
- Buonsenso Danilo
- Burkart Katrin
- Burns Richard A
- Busse Reinhard
- Bustanji Yasser
- Butt Zahid A
- Byun Justin
- Caetano dos Santos Florentino Luciano
- Calina Daniela
- Campos-Nonato Ismael R
- Cao Chao
- Capodici Angelo
- Carr Sinclair
- Carreras Giulia
- Carugno Andrea
- Carvalho Márcia
- Castaldelli-Maia Joao Mauricio
- Castañeda-Orjuela Carlos A
- Castelpietra Giulio
- Catapano Alberico L
- Cattaruzza Maria Sofia
- Caye Arthur
- Cámera Luis Alberto
- Cegolon Luca
- Cembranel Francieli
- Cenderadewi Muthia
- Cerin Ester
- Chakraborty Promit Ananyo
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- Chan Raymond N C
- Chandika Rama Mohan
- Chandrasekar Eeshwar K
- Charalampous Periklis
- Chattu Vijay Kumar
- Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou Victoria
- Chen An-Tian
- Chen Angela W
- Chen Catherine S
- Chen Haowei
- Chen Nathalie M
- Cheng Esther T W
- Chimed-Ochir Odgerel
- Chimoriya Ritesh
- Ching Patrick R
- Cho William C S
- Choi Sungchul
- Chong Bryan
- Chong Yuen Yu
- Choudhari Sonali Gajanan
- Chowdhury Rajiv
- Christensen Steffan Wittrup McPhee
- Chu Dinh-Toi
- Chukwu Isaac Sunday
- Chung Eric
- Chung Eunice
- Chutiyami Muhammad
- Claassens Mareli M
- Cogen Rebecca M
- Columbus Alyssa
- Conde Joao
- Cortesi Paolo Angelo
- Cousin Ewerton
- Criqui Michael H
- Cruz-Martins Natália
- D'Oria Mario
- Dadras Omid
- Dai Siyu
- Dai Xiaochen
- Dai Zhaoli
- Dalaba Maxwell Ayindenaba
- Damiani Giovanni
- Das Jai K
- Das Saswati
- Dashti Mohsen
- Davletov Kairat
- Dávila-Cervantes Claudio Alberto
- De Leo Diego
- Debele Aklilu Tamire
- Debopadhaya Shayom
- DeCleene Nicole K
- Deeba Farah
- Degenhardt Louisa
- Del Bo' Cristian
- Delgado-Enciso Ivan
- Demetriades Andreas K
- Denova-Gutiérrez Edgar
- Dervenis Nikolaos
- Desai Hardik Dineshbhai
- Desai Rupak
- Deuba Keshab
- Dhama Kuldeep
- Dharmaratne Samath Dhamminda
- Dhingra Sameer
- Dias da Silva Diana
- Diaz Daniel
- Diaz Luis Antonio
- Diaz Michael J
- Dima Adriana
- Ding Delaney D
- Dirac M Ashworth
- do Prado Camila Bruneli
- Do Thao Huynh Phuong
- Dohare Sushil
- Dominguez Regina-Mae Villanueva
- Dong Wanyue
- Dongarwar Deepa
- Dorsey E Ray
- Doshmangir Leila
- Dowou Robert Kokou
- Driscoll Tim Robert
- Dsouza Haneil Larson
- Dsouza Viola
- Dube John
- Dumith Samuel C
- Duncan Bruce B
- Duraes Andre Rodrigues
- Duraisamy Senbagam
- Durojaiye Oyewole Christopher
- Dzianach Paulina Agnieszka
- Dziedzic Arkadiusz Marian
- Eboreime Ejemai
- Ebrahimi Alireza
- Edinur Hisham Atan
- Edvardsson David
- Eikemo Terje Andreas
- Eini Ebrahim
- Ekholuenetale Michael
- Ekundayo Temitope Cyrus
- El Sayed Iman
- El Tantawi Maha
- Elbarazi Iffat
- Elemam Noha Mousaad
- ElGohary Ghada Metwally Tawfik
- Elhadi Muhammed
- Elmeligy Omar Abdelsadek Abdou
- ELNahas Gihan
- Elshaer Mohammed
- Elsohaby Ibrahim
- Engelbert Bain Luchuo
- Erkhembayar Ryenchindorj
- Eshrati Babak
- Estep Kara
- Fabin Natalia
- Fagbamigbe Adeniyi Francis
- Falzone Luca
- Fareed Mohammad
- Farinha Carla Sofia e Sá
- Faris MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud
- Faro Andre
- Farrokhi Pegah
- Fatehizadeh Ali
- Fauk Nelsensius Klau
- Feigin Valery L
- Feng Xiaoqi
- Fereshtehnejad Seyed-Mohammad
- Feroze Abdullah Hamid
- Ferrari Alize J
- Ferreira Nuno
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- Flavel Joanne
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- Flor Luisa S
- Foigt Nataliya A
- Folayan Morenike Oluwatoyin
- Force Lisa M
- Fortuna Daniela
- Foschi Matteo
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- Furtado João M
- Gaal Peter Andras
- Gadanya Muktar A
- Gaidhane Abhay Motiramji
- Gaihre Santosh
- Galali Yaseen
- Ganbat Mandukhai
- Gandhi Aravind P
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- Gebi Tilaye Gebru
- Gebregergis Miglas W
- Gebrehiwot Mesfin
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- Georgescu Simona Roxana
- Getachew Obsa Abera
- Gething Peter W
- Getie Molla
- Ghadiri Keyghobad
- Ghadirian Fataneh
- Ghailan Khalid Yaser
- Ghajar Alireza
- Ghasemi MohammadReza
- Ghasempour Dabaghi Ghazal
- Ghasemzadeh Afsaneh
- Ghazy Ramy Mohamed
- Gholamrezanezhad Ali
- Ghorbani Mahsa
- Ghotbi Elena
- Gibson Ruth Margaret
- Gill Tiffany K
- Ginindza Themba G
- Girmay Alem
- Glasbey James C
- Godinho Myron Anthony
- Goharinezhad Salime
- Goldust Mohamad
- Golechha Mahaveer
- Goleij Pouya
- Gona Philimon N
- Gorini Giuseppe
- Goulart Alessandra C
- Göbölös Laszlo
- Grada Ayman
- Grivna Michal
- Guan Shi-Yang
- Guarducci Giovanni
- Gubari Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen
- Gudeta Mesay Dechasa
- Guha Avirup
- Guicciardi Stefano
- Gulati Snigdha
- Gulisashvili David
- Gunawardane Damitha Asanga
- Guo Cui
- Gupta Anish Kumar
- Gupta Bhawna
- Gupta Ishita
- Gupta Mohak
- Gupta Rajeev
- Gupta Veer Bala
- Gupta Vijai Kumar
- Gupta Vivek Kumar
- Gutiérrez Reyna Alma
- Habibzadeh Farrokh
- Habibzadeh Parham
- Haddadi Rasool
- Hadi Najah R
- Haep Nils
- Hafezi-Nejad Nima
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- Hagins Hailey
- Halboub Esam S
- Halimi Aram
- Haller Sebastian
- Halwani Rabih
- Hamilton Erin B
- Hankey Graeme J
- Hannan Md Abdul
- Haque Md Nuruzzaman
- Harapan Harapan
- Haro Josep Maria
- Hartvigsen Jan
- Hasaballah Ahmed I
- Hasan Ikramul
- Hasanian Mohammad
- Hasnain Md Saquib
- Hassan Amr
- Haubold Johannes
- Havmoeller Rasmus J
- Hay Simon I
- Hayat Khezar
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- Hegazi Omar E
- Heidari Golnaz
- Helfer Bartosz
- Hemmati Mehdi
- Hendrie Delia
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- Hezam Kamal
- Hiraike Yuta
- Hoan Nguyen Quoc
- Holla Ramesh
- Hon Julia
- Hossain Md Mahbub
- Hosseinzadeh Hassan
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- Hostiuc Sorin
- Hsu Johnathan M
- Huang Junjie
- Hugo Fernando N
- Hushmandi Kiavash
- Hussain Javid
- Hussein Nawfal R
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- Huynh Hong-Han
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- Iannucci Vincent C
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- Ilic Irena M
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- Imam Mohammad Tarique
- Immurana Mustapha
- Irham Lalu Muhammad
- Islam Md Rabiul
- Islam Sheikh Mohammed Shariful
- Islami Farhad
- Ismail Faisal
- Ismail Nahlah Elkudssiah
- Isola Gaetano
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- Iwu Chidozie C D
- Iyer Mahalaxmi
- Jaafari Jalil
- Jacobsen Kathryn H
- Jadidi-Niaragh Farhad
- Jafarinia Morteza
- Jaggi Khushleen
- Jahankhani Kasra
- Jahanmehr Nader
- Jahrami Haitham
- Jain Akhil
- Jain Nityanand
- Jairoun Ammar Abdulrahman
- Jaiswal Abhishek
- Jakovljevic Mihajlo
- Jatau Abubakar Ibrahim
- Javadov Sabzali
- Javaheri Tahereh
- Jayapal Sathish Kumar
- Jayaram Shubha
- Jee Sun Ha
- Jeganathan Jayakumar
- Jeyakumar Angeline
- Jha Anil K
- Jiang Heng
- Jin Yinzi
- Jonas Jost B
- Joo Tamas
- Joseph Abel
- Joseph Nitin
- Joshua Charity Ehimwenma
- Jozwiak Jacek Jerzy
- Jürisson Mikk
- K Vaishali
- Kaambwa Billingsley
- Kabir Ali
- Kabir Zubair
- Kadashetti Vidya
- Kalani Rizwan
- Kalankesh Leila R
- Kaliyadan Feroze
- Kalra Sanjay
- Kamenov Kaloyan
- Kamyari Naser
- Kanagasabai Thanigaivelan
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- Karaye Ibraheem M
- Karim Asima
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- Kayode Gbenga A
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- Kazemian Sina
- Keikavoosi-Arani Leila
- Keller Cathleen
- Kempen John H
- Kerr Jessica A
- Keshtkar Kamyab
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- Keykhaei Mohammad
- Khajuria Himanshu
- Khalaji Amirmohammad
- Khalid Asaad
- Khalid Nauman
- Khalilian Alireza
- Khamesipour Faham
- Khan Asaduzzaman
- Khan Ikramullah
- Khan Maseer
- Khan Moien AB
- Khanmohammadi Shaghayegh
- Khatab Khaled
- Khatami Fatemeh
- Khatatbeh Moawiah Mohammad
- Khater Amir M
- Khayat Kashani Hamid Reza
- Khidri Feriha Fatima
- Khodadoust Elaheh
- Khormali Moein
- Khorrami Zahra
- Kifle Zemene Demelash
- Kim Min Seo
- Kimokoti Ruth W
- Kisa Adnan
- Kisa Sezer
- Knudsen Ann Kristin Skrindo
- Kocarnik Jonathan M
- Kochhar Sonali
- Koh Hyun Yong
- Kolahi Ali-Asghar
- Kompani Farzad
- Koren Gerbrand
- Korzh Oleksii
- Kosen Soewarta
- Koulmane Laxminarayana Sindhura Lakshmi
- Krishan Kewal
- Krishna Varun
- Krishnamoorthy Vijay
- Kuate Defo Barthelemy
- Kuddus Md Abdul
- Kuddus Mohammed
- Kuitunen Ilari
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- Xia Yanjie
- Xiao Hong
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- Xu Yvonne Yiru
- Yadav Lalit
- Yadollahpour Ali
- Yaghoubi Sajad
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- Yang Lin
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- Yao Yao
- Yaribeygi Habib
- Yazdanpanah Mohammad Hosein
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- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yezli Saber
- Yigzaw Zeamanuel Anteneh
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yismaw Yazachew
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yusuf Hadiza
- Zahid Mondal Hasan
- Zakham Fathiah
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- Zamora Nelson
- Zand Ramin
- Zandieh Ghazal G Z
- Zar Heather J
- Zarrintan Armin
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Ning
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhong Panliang
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Zhaohua
- Ziafati Makan
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zimsen Stephanie R M
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zyoud Samer H
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/01/2024
- Field of study
Background: Detailed, comprehensive, and timely reporting on population health by underlying causes of disability and premature death is crucial to understanding and responding to complex patterns of disease and injury burden over time and across age groups, sexes, and locations. The availability of disease burden estimates can promote evidence-based interventions that enable public health researchers, policy makers, and other professionals to implement strategies that can mitigate diseases. It can also facilitate more rigorous monitoring of progress towards national and international health targets, such as the Sustainable Development Goals. For three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has filled that need. A global network of collaborators contributed to the production of GBD 2021 by providing, reviewing, and analysing all available data. GBD estimates are updated routinely with additional data and refined analytical methods. GBD 2021 presents, for the first time, estimates of health loss due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The GBD 2021 disease and injury burden analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries using 100 983 data sources. Data were extracted from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, censuses, household surveys, disease-specific registries, health service contact data, and other sources. YLDs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific prevalence of sequelae by their respective disability weights, for each disease and injury. YLLs were calculated by multiplying cause-age-sex-location-year-specific deaths by the standard life expectancy at the age that death occurred. DALYs were calculated by summing YLDs and YLLs. HALE estimates were produced using YLDs per capita and age-specific mortality rates by location, age, sex, year, and cause. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for all final estimates as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles values of 500 draws. Uncertainty was propagated at each step of the estimation process. Counts and age-standardised rates were calculated globally, for seven super-regions, 21 regions, 204 countries and territories (including 21 countries with subnational locations), and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Here we report data for 2010 to 2021 to highlight trends in disease burden over the past decade and through the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings: Global DALYs increased from 2·63 billion (95% UI 2·44–2·85) in 2010 to 2·88 billion (2·64–3·15) in 2021 for all causes combined. Much of this increase in the number of DALYs was due to population growth and ageing, as indicated by a decrease in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates of 14·2% (95% UI 10·7–17·3) between 2010 and 2019. Notably, however, this decrease in rates reversed during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, with increases in global age-standardised all-cause DALY rates since 2019 of 4·1% (1·8–6·3) in 2020 and 7·2% (4·7–10·0) in 2021. In 2021, COVID-19 was the leading cause of DALYs globally (212·0 million [198·0–234·5] DALYs), followed by ischaemic heart disease (188·3 million [176·7–198·3]), neonatal disorders (186·3 million [162·3–214·9]), and stroke (160·4 million [148·0–171·7]). However, notable health gains were seen among other leading communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases. Globally between 2010 and 2021, the age-standardised DALY rates for HIV/AIDS decreased by 47·8% (43·3–51·7) and for diarrhoeal diseases decreased by 47·0% (39·9–52·9). Non-communicable diseases contributed 1·73 billion (95% UI 1·54–1·94) DALYs in 2021, with a decrease in age-standardised DALY rates since 2010 of 6·4% (95% UI 3·5–9·5). Between 2010 and 2021, among the 25 leading Level 3 causes, age-standardised DALY rates increased most substantially for anxiety disorders (16·7% [14·0–19·8]), depressive disorders (16·4% [11·9–21·3]), and diabetes (14·0% [10·0–17·4]). Age-standardised DALY rates due to injuries decreased globally by 24·0% (20·7–27·2) between 2010 and 2021, although improvements were not uniform across locations, ages, and sexes. Globally, HALE at birth improved slightly, from 61·3 years (58·6–63·6) in 2010 to 62·2 years (59·4–64·7) in 2021. However, despite this overall increase, HALE decreased by 2·2% (1·6–2·9) between 2019 and 2021. Interpretation: Putting the COVID-19 pandemic in the context of a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of causes of health loss is crucial to understanding its impact and ensuring that health funding and policy address needs at both local and global levels through cost-effective and evidence-based interventions. A global epidemiological transition remains underway. Our findings suggest that prioritising non-communicable disease prevention and treatment policies, as well as strengthening health systems, continues to be crucially important. The progress on reducing the burden of CMNN diseases must not stall; although global trends are improving, the burden of CMNN diseases remains unacceptably high. Evidence-based interventions will help save the lives of young children and mothers and improve the overall health and economic conditions of societies across the world. Governments and multilateral organisations should prioritise pandemic preparedness planning alongside efforts to reduce the burden of diseases and injuries that will strain resources in the coming decades. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Analysis of Outcomes in Ischemic vs Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation A Report From the GARFIELD-AF Registry
- Author
- A'Court Christine
- Abdel-Qader Muwafeg
- Abe Masahiko
- Abe Masatake
- Abe Mitsunori
- Abe Sumihisa
- Abe Yukihiko
- Abhayaratna Walter
- Accogli Michele
- Adachi Susumu
- Adachi Toru
- Adak Dhriti
- Adam Matthew
- Adriaansen Henk
- Aegerter Emanuel
- Ageta Masato
- Aggarwala Anil
- Agnelli Giancarlo
- AgnieszkaMetzgier-Gumiela AgnieszkaMetzgier-Gumiela
- Ahlmark Hakan
- Ahmad Kamran
- Ahmad Shahid
- Ahmed Fayzal
- Ahn Jung Joo
- Akers Lori
- Akiyama Masahiro
- Al Mahmeed Wael
- Al-Khalili Faris
- Alberts Mark
- Alborough Elizabeth
- Aldegather Jehad
- Aleksandrova Elena
- Alexandre Almeida Carlos
- Ali Amar
- Ali Gholam
- Alia Pilar Montero
- Allasia Bartolomeo
- Alonso Carmela
- Alonso Concepcion
- Altun Armagan
- Alunni Massimo
- Alvarez Garcia Pere
- Alvarez Douglas
- Alvarez Miguel
- Alzogaray Maria Fernanda
- Amarenco Pierre
- Amaro Marisol
- Ambicka Monika
- Ambrosino Pasquale
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- Zutz Stefan
- Zwenkau Schwarz
- Zyczynska Malgorzata
- Publication venue
- 'American Medical Association (AMA)'
- Publication date
- 01/06/2019
- Field of study
IMPORTANCE Congestive heart failure (CHF) is commonly associated with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF), and their combination may affect treatment strategies and outcomes
Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd Elhafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdollahi Arash
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abegaz Kedir Hussein
- Abeldaño Zuñiga Roberto Ariel
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen Me
- Abualruz Hasan
- Ackerman Ilana
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Addolorato Giovanni
- Adebiyi Akindele Olupelumi
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adewuyi Habeeb Omoponle
- Afyouni Shadi
- Afzal Saira
- Afzal Sina
- Agodi Antonella
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Shahzaib
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Luai
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ajami Marjan
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akkaif Mohammed Ahmed
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Omari Basem
- Al-Wardat Mohammad Sami
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Alalalmeh Samer
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- Aldridge Robert
- Alemu Meseret Desalegn
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Alene Kefyalew Addis
- Alharrasi Maryam
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Alomari Mahmoud
- Altaany Zaid
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Alvis-Zakzuk Nelson
- Alwafi Hassan
- Aly Safwat
- Alzoubi Karem
- Amare Azmeraw
- Amegbor Prince
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amin Tarek Tawfik
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amugsi Dickson
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Anderson David
- Andrade Pedro Prata
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Ansari Hossein
- Antony Catherine
- Anwar Saleha
- Anwar Sumadi Lukman
- Anwer Razique
- Anyanwu Philip Emeka
- Arab Juan Pablo
- Arabloo Jalal
- Arafat Mosab
- Araki Daniel
- Aravkin Aleksandr
- Arkew Mesay
- Armocida Benedetta
- Arndt Michael Benjamin
- Arooj Mahwish
- Artamonov Anton
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Arumugam Ashokan
- Ashbaugh Charlie
- Ashemo Mubarek Yesse
- Ashraf Muhammad
- Asika Marvellous
- Askari Elaheh
- Astell-Burt Thomas
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atorkey Prince
- Atout Maha Moh'D Wahbi
- Atreya Alok
- Aujayeb Avinash
- Ausloos Marcel
- Avan Abolfazl
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- Ayuso-Mateos Jose
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- Azevedo Rui
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- Pillay Julian David
- Piracha Zahra Zahid
- Pirouzpanah Saeed
- Plass Dietrich
- Plotnikov Evgenii
- Poddighe Dimitri
- Polinder Suzanne
- Postma Maarten
- Pourtaheri Naeimeh
- Prada Sergio
- Pradhan Pranil Man Singh
- Prakash V
- Prasad Manya
- Prates Elton Junio Sady
- Priscilla Tina
- Pritchett Natalie
- Puri Pooja
- Puvvula Jagadeesh
- Qasim Nameer Hashim
- Qattea Ibrahim
- Qazi Asma Saleem
- Qian Gangzhen
- Rabiee Rad Mehrdad
- Radhakrishnan Raghu Anekal
- Radhakrishnan Venkatraman
- Raeisi Shahraki Hadi
- Rafferty Quinn
- Raggi Alberto
- Raghav Pankaja Raghav
- Rahim Md Jillur
- Rahman Md Mosfequr
- Rahman Mohammad Hifz Ur
- Rahman Mosiur
- Rahman Muhammad Aziz
- Rahmani Shayan
- Rahmanian Mohammad
- Rahmawaty Setyaningrum
- Rajaa Sathish
- Ramadan Mahmoud Mohammed
- Ramasamy Shakthi Kumaran
- Ramasubramani Premkumar
- Ramazanu Sheena
- Rana Kritika
- Ranabhat Chhabi Lal
- Rancic Nemanja
- Rane Amey
- Rao Chythra
- Rao Kumuda
- Rao Mithun
- Rao Sowmya
- Rashidi Mohammad-Mahdi
- Rathnaiah Babu Giridhara
- Rauniyar Santosh Kumar
- Rawaf David Laith
- Rawaf Salman
- Razo Christian
- Reddy Murali Mohan Rama Krishna
- Redwan Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed
- Reifels Lennart
- Reiner Jr Robert
- Remuzzi Giuseppe
- Renzaho Andre
- Reshmi Bhageerathy
- Reyes Luis Felipe
- Rezaei Hachesu Peyman
- Rezaei Nazila
- Rezaei Negar
- Rezaei Nima
- Rezaeian Mohsen
- Rickard Jennifer
- Rodrigues Célia Fortuna
- Rodriguez Jefferson Antonio Buendia
- Roever Leonardo
- Ronfani Luca
- Roshandel Gholamreza
- Rotimi Kunle
- Rout Himanshu Sekhar
- Roy Bedanta
- Roy Nitai
- Roy Priyanka
- Rubagotti Enrico
- S N Chandan
- Saad Aly
- Saber-Ayad Maha Mohamed
- Sabour Siamak
- Sacco Simona
- Sachdev Perminder
- Saddik Basema
- Saddler Adam
- Sadee Bashdar Abuzed
- Sadeghi Erfan
- Sadeghi Masoumeh
- Saeb Mohammad Reza
- Saeed Umar
- Safi Sher Zaman
- Sagar Rajesh
- Sagoe Dominic
- Saif Zahra
- Sajid Mirza Rizwan
- Sakshaug Joseph
- Salam Nasir
- Salami Afeez Abolarinwa
- Salaroli Luciane
- Saleh Mohamed
- Salem Marwa Rashad
- Salem Mohammed
- Sallam Malik
- Samadzadeh Sara
- Samargandy Saad
- Samodra Yoseph Leonardo
- Samy Abdallah
- Sanabria Juan
- Sanna Francesca
- Santomauro Damian Francesco
- Santos Itamar
- Santric-Milicevic Milena
- Sarasmita Made Ary
- Sarikhani Yaser
- Sarmiento-Suárez Rodrigo
- Sarode Gargi Sachin
- Sarode Sachin
- Sarveazad Arash
- Sathian Brijesh
- Sathyanarayan Anudeep
- Satpathy Maheswar
- Sawhney Monika
- Scarmeas Nikolaos
- Schaarschmidt Benedikt Michael
- Schmidt Maria Inês
- Schneider Ione Jayce Ceola
- Schumacher Austin
- Schwebel David
- Schwendicke Falk
- Sedighi Mansour
- Senapati Sabyasachi
- Senthilkumaran Subramanian
- Sepanlou Sadaf
- Sethi Yashendra
- Setoguchi Soko
- Seylani Allen
- Shadid Jamileh
- Shafie Mahan
- Shah Humaira
- Shah Nilay
- Shah Pritik
- Shahbandi Ataollah
- Shahid Samiah
- Shahid Wajeehah
- Shahwan Moyad Jamal
- Shaikh Masood Ali
- Shakeri Alireza
- Shalash Ali
- Sham Sunder
- Shamim Muhammad Aaqib
- Shamshirgaran Mohammad Ali
- Shamsi Mohammad Anas
- Shanawaz Mohd
- Shankar Abhishek
- Shannawaz Mohammed
- Sharath Medha
- Sharifan Amin
- Sharifi-Rad Javad
- Sharma Manoj
- Sharma Rajesh
- Sharma Saurab
- Sharma Ujjawal
- Sharma Vishal
- Shastry Rajesh
- Shavandi Amin
- Shayan Amir Mehdi
- Shayan Maryam
- Shehabeldine Amr Mohamed Elsayed
- Shetty Pavanchand
- Shibuya Kenji
- Shifa Jemal Ebrahim
- Shiferaw Desalegn
- Shiferaw Wondimeneh Shibabaw
- Shigematsu Mika
- Shiri Rahman
- Shitaye Nebiyu Aniley
- Shittu Aminu
- Shivakumar K
- Shivarov Velizar
- Shokati Eshkiki Zahra
- Shool Sina
- Shrestha Sunil
- Shuval Kerem
- Sibhat Migbar Mekonnen
- Siddig Emmanuel Edwar
- Sigfusdottir Inga Dora
- Silva Diego Augusto Santos
- Silva João Pedro
- Silva Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues
- Silva Soraia
- Simpson Colin
- Singal Anjali
- Singh Abhinav
- Singh Balbir Bagicha
- Singh Harmanjit
- Singh Jasvinder
- Singh Mahendra
- Singh Paramdeep
- Skou Søren
- Sleet David
- Slepak Erica Leigh N
- Solanki Ranjan
- Soliman Sameh
- Song Suhang
- Song Yimeng
- Sorensen Reed
- Soriano Joan
- Soyiri Ireneous
- Spartalis Michael
- Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar
- Stark Benjamin
- Starodubova Antonina
- Stein Caroline
- Stein Dan
- Steiner Caitlyn
- Steiner Timothy
- Steinmetz Jaimie
- Steiropoulos Paschalis
- Stockfelt Leo
- Stokes Mark
- Subedi Narayan Subedi
- Subramaniyan Vetriselvan
- Suemoto Claudia Kimie
- Suleman Muhammad
- Suliankatchi Abdulkader Rizwan
- Sultana Abida
- Sundström Johan
- Swain Chandan Kumar
- Szarpak Lukasz
- Tabaee Damavandi Payam
- Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael
- Tabatabaei Malazy Ozra
- Tabatabaeizadeh Seyed-Amir
- Tabatabai Shima
- Tabche Celine
- Tabish Mohammad
- Tadakamadla Santosh Kumar
- Taheri Abkenar Yasaman
- Taheri Soodejani Moslem
- Taherkhani Amir
- Taiba Jabeen
- Talaat Iman
- Talukder Ashis
- Tampa Mircea
- Tamuzi Jacques Lukenze
- Tan Ker-Kan
- Tandukar Sarmila
- Tang Haosu
- Tavakoli Oliaee Razieh
- Tavangar Seyed Mohammad
- Teimoori Mojtaba
- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
- Teramoto Masayuki
- Thangaraju Pugazhenthan
- Thankappan Kavumpurathu Raman
- Thapar Rekha
- Thayakaran Rasiah
- Thirunavukkarasu Sathish
- Thomas Nihal
- Thomas Nikhil Kenny
- Thum Chern Choong Chern
- Tichopad Ales
- Ticoalu Jansje Henny Vera
- Tillawi Tala
- Tiruye Tenaw Yimer
- Tobe-Gai Ruoyan
- Tonelli Marcello
- Topor-Madry Roman
- Torre Anna
- Touvier Mathilde
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Tran Jasmine
- Tran Mai Thi Ngoc
- Tran Nghia Minh
- Tran Ngoc-Ha
- Trico Domenico
- Tromans Samuel Joseph
- Truyen Thien Tan Tri Tai
- Tsatsakis Aristidis
- Tsegay Guesh Mebrahtom
- Tsermpini Evangelia Eirini
- Tumurkhuu Munkhtuya
- Tyrovolas Stefanos
- Udoh Arit
- Umair Muhammad
- Umakanthan Srikanth
- Umar Tungki Pratama
- Undurraga Eduardo
- Unim Brigid
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Unsworth Carolyn Anne
- Upadhyay Era
- Urso Daniele
- Usman Jibrin Sammani
- Vahabi Seyed Mohammad
- Vaithinathan Asokan Govindaraj
- van den Eynde Jef
- Varga Orsolya
- Varma Ravi Prasad
- Vart Priya
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vasic Milena
- Vaziri Siavash
- Vellingiri Balachandar
- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
- Veroux Massimiliano
- Verras Georgios-Ioannis
- Vervoort Dominique
- Villafañe Jorge Hugo
- Violante Francesco
- Vlassov Vasily
- Vollset Stein Emil
- Volovat Simona Ruxandra
- Vongpradith Avina
- Vos Theo
- Waheed Yasir
- Wang Cong
- Wang Fang
- Wang Ning
- Wang Shu
- Wang Yanzhong
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Ward Paul
- Wassie Emebet Gashaw
- Weaver Marcia
- Weerakoon Kosala Gayan
- Weintraub Robert
- Weiss Daniel
- Weldemariam Abrha Hailay
- Wells Katherine
- Wen Yi Feng
- Whisnant Joanna
- Whiteford Harvey
- Wiangkham Taweewat
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Wilandika Angga
- Wilkerson Caroline
- Willeit Peter
- Wimo Anders
- Woldegebreal Demewoz
- Wolf Axel Walter
- Wong Yen Jun
- Woolf Anthony
- Wu Chenkai
- Wu Felicia
- Wu Xinsheng
- Wu Zenghong
- Wulf Hanson Sarah
- Xia Yanjie
- Xiao Hong
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Xu Yvonne Yiru
- Yadav Lalit
- Yadollahpour Ali
- Yaghoubi Sajad
- Yamagishi Kazumasa
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yao Yao
- Yaribeygi Habib
- Yazdanpanah Mohammad Hosein
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yehualashet Sisay Shewasinad
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yezli Saber
- Yigzaw Zeamanuel Anteneh
- Yismaw Yazachew
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- Younis Mustafa
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yusuf Hadiza
- Zahid Mondal Hasan
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Leila
- Zaki Nazar
- Zaman Burhan Abdullah
- Zamora Nelson
- Zand Ramin
- Zandieh Ghazal
- Zar Heather
- Zarrintan Armin
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Ning
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhong Panliang
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Zhaohua
- Ziafati Makan
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zimsen Stephanie
- Zoladl Mohammad
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zyoud Samer
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/05/2024
- Field of study
International audienc
Appendix: South Africa
- Author
- A.E. Voss
- A.E. Voss
- A.E. Voss
- A.S. de Beer
- Abrahams Lionel
- Abrahams Peter
- Albie Sachs
- Andries Walter Oliphant
- Anthony D. Cavaluzzi
- Anthony Delius
- Aron Geraldine
- Barbara Ludman
- Barbara Masekela
- Barnard Anne
- Beake Lesley
- Becker Jillian
- Belinda Bozzoli
- Benjamin Magura
- Bheki Langa
- Bhekizizwe Petersen
- Bhekizizwe Petersen
- Boetie Dugmore
- Breyten Breytenbach
- Breyten Breytenbach
- Breyten Breytenbach
- Brian Macaskill
- Brink André
- Brutus Dennis
- Butler Guy
- Carol Steinberg
- Case Dianne
- Cecily Lockett
- Cecily Lockett
- Charlotte Bauer
- Charlotte Bauer
- Cherry Clayton
- Chinyere Nwahunanya
- Christopher Fynsk
- Christopher Merret
- Claude Servan-Schreiber
- Clouts Sydney
- Coetzee J.M.
- Coetzee J.M.
- Colin Gardner
- Colin Gardner
- Conyngham John
- Craig MacKenzie
- Craig Tapping
- Cronin Jeremy
- Damon Galgut
- Dangor Achmat
- David Schalkwyk
- Dawn Karim
- De Kok Ingrid
- Dehan Richard
- Dhlomo H.I.E.
- Dike Fatima
- Dorothy Driver
- Dorothy Driver
- Douglas Livingstone
- Du Plessis Menán
- E.A. Mackay
- Elaine Fido
- Elizabeth Green
- Elmar Lehmann
- Elwyn Jenkins
- Es'kia Mphahlele
- Essop Patel
- Essop Ahmed
- Eve Bertelsen
- Faure Bill
- Frank Meintjies
- Frank Meintjies
- Frank Meintjies
- Fugard Athol
- Fugard Sheila
- Gareth Cornwell
- Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
- Gerard Hagg
- Germaine Glueck
- Gibbon Percival
- Gillian Mackay
- Graham Huggan
- Graine Clark
- Gray Stephen
- Guy Willoughby
- Gwala Mafika
- Harriet Gavshon
- Harry Mashabela
- Helize van Vuuren
- Henry Louis Gates Jnr
- Hlatshwayo Mi S'Dumo
- Hope Christopher
- Howarth Anna
- Ian Glenn
- Ian Steadman
- Isobel Hofmeyr
- J. Bardolph
- J.A. Kearney
- J.H. Steyn
- J.M. Coetzee
- J.M. Coetzee
- Jackie Davies
- Jacobson Dan
- James Matthews
- Jan Askelund
- Jane Osborne
- Jane Wilkinson
- Jean-Phillipe Wade
- Jeanette Ferreira
- Jeanne Colleran
- Jenny Williams
- Jensma Wopko
- Jessica Sherman
- Joan Baker
- Johann van der Weshuizen
- John A.
- John Crumley
- John McCallum
- John Mitchell
- Jordan A.C.
- Josaphat B. Kubayanda
- Joyce Johnson
- Judie Newmann
- Judith Coullie
- K.J. Phillips
- Kader Asmal
- Kaizer M. Nyatsumba
- Karel Schoeman
- Karen Scherzinger
- Kelwyn Sole
- Kelwyn Sole
- Kelwyn Sole
- Kente Gibson
- Keorapetse Willie
- Kevin Carlean
- Kevin Magarey
- Kgositsile Baleka
- Khanazulu Ponkie
- Kipling Rudyard
- Kipling Rudyard
- Krige Joel
- Krige Joel
- Kunene Daniel
- Lamb D.
- Lamu Susan
- Lance Nawa
- Lars Engle
- Laura Chrisman
- Le Toit André
- Leloba Molema
- Lewis Nkosi
- Lewis Ethelreda
- Linda Weinhouse
- Lionel Abrahams
- Livingstone Douglas
- Liz Gunner
- Lydia McDermott
- Lynda Gilfillan
- Lynda Gilfillan
- M.C. Andersen
- M.J. Daymond
- Mabuza Lindiwe
- Mafika Gwala
- Maggie Mbele
- Mahendra Raghunath
- Malange Nise
- Malvern van Wyk Smith
- Manaka Matsemela
- Mandla Langa
- Maponya Maishe
- Marcus Ramogale
- Margaret E. Fogarty
- Margaret J. Daymond
- Margaret J. Daymond
- Margaret Lenta
- Margaret Lenta
- Margaret Walters
- Marius Schoon
- Martin Trump
- Matlou Rebecca
- Matshoba Mtutulezi
- Matthews James
- Maya Jaggi
- Maya Jaggi
- Mbulelo Vizikhungo Mzamane
- Mbuli Mzwakhe
- Mchunu Vusi D.
- Mhlophe Gcina
- Michael Chapman
- Michael Chapman
- Michael Gardiner
- Michael Neill
- Michael Thorpe
- Miki Flockemann
- Miller Ruth
- Miller Ruth
- Miller Ruth
- Miller Ruth
- Millin Sarah Gertrude
- Minna Herman Maltz
- Mkhize Khaba
- Modisane Bloke
- Modisane Bloke
- Mofolo Thomas
- Mofolo Thomas
- Mogale Dikobe wa
- Moira Levy
- Mongane Wally Serote
- Mongane Wally Serote
- Mopeli-Paulus A.S.
- Motaung Jumaimah
- Motsisi Casey
- Mphahlele Es'kia
- Mtshali Oswald
- Mtungwa Gloria
- Mutloatse Mothobi
- Mzamane Mbulelo
- Nadine Gordimer
- Nadine Gordimer
- Nakasa Nat
- Nancy Topping Bazin
- Nasionale Film- Video- en Klankargief (Suid Afrika) [National Film, Video and Sound Archives]
- Ngcobo Lauretta
- Ngema Mbongeni
- Nhlapo Mavis
- Nicolaas Vergunst
- Njabulo Ndebele
- Norman Mackenzie
- Nortje Arthur
- Oliphant Andries Walter
- P. W. de Goede
- Pamela Ryan
- Paton Alan
- Penny Smythe
- Peter Anderson
- Peter Horn
- Peter M. Stewart
- Peter N. Thuynsma
- Plomer William
- Poland Marguerite
- Press Karen
- Press Karen
- Pringle Thomas
- Publications Appeal Board.
- Qunta Christine
- Ray Alexander
- Richard Hornby
- Richard Peck
- Rive Richard
- Robert Green
- Robert M. Post
- Roberts Sheila
- Robin Visel
- Robin Visel
- Rory Ryan
- Rosemary Gray
- Rowland Smith
- Sacks Peter
- Sankie Nkondo
- Savory Phyllis
- Seed Jenny
- Seferis George
- Sepamla Sipho
- September Dulcie
- Serge Menager
- Serote Mongane Wally
- Sharpe Colin
- Sheila Roberts
- Sher Anthony
- Shingwenyana Victor
- Sitas Ari
- Skinner Douglas Reid
- Slater F.C.
- Smith Pauline
- Smith Wilbur
- Sol Makgabutlane
- Sol Makgabutlane
- Sole Kelwyn
- Solomon Kotane
- Stephen Clingman
- Stephen Gray
- Stephen Gray
- Stephen Gray
- Stephen M. Finn
- Stephen Watson
- Stephen Watson
- Stephen Watson
- Stephen Watson
- Steven [i.e. Stephen] Watson
- Stotesbury
- Sue Hepker
- Susan Joubert
- Susan Z. Andrade
- T.W. Steward
- Tholo Maria
- Tim Hughes
- Tony Morphet
- Trew Anthony
- Tyrone August
- Veronica Bowker
- Vilane Jeffrey
- Ward Harriet
- Webster Elizabeth Charlotte
- Wicomb Zoë
- Wilhelm Peter
- Yakini Kemp
- Zondi Lawrence
- Publication venue
- 'SAGE Publications'
- Publication date
- Field of study
Implementation of Recommendations on the Use of Corticosteroids in Severe COVID-19
- Author
- Aasiyah Rashan
- Abby Hurd
- Abdou Gai
- Abdulrahman Al-Fares
- Abhijit Duggal
- Abigail Beane
- Abubacarr Jagne
- Adam Ali
- Adam Hall
- Adam Nowinski
- Adrian Ceccato
- Adrian Streinu-Cercel
- Adrian Tey
- Adrien Auvet
- Adrien Lemaignen
- Adrienne Chan
- Agamemnon Bakakos
- Agnès Meybeck
- Agnès Sommet
- Agnieszka Oldakowska
- Agostinho Monteiro
- Ahmad Afiq Ramli
- Ahmad Kashfi Haji Ab Rahman
- Ailbhe Cullen
- Ailbhe Hayes
- Aine McCarthy
- Aine McElroy
- Aisling Murphy
- Akram Zaaqoq
- Al-Awwab Dabaliz
- Alan Hartman
- Alasdair Nazerali-Maitland
- Albert Groenendijk
- Albert Sotto
- Alberto Uribe
- Alberto Zanella
- Albertus Beishuizen
- Aldo Rafael
- Aldric Manuel
- Alejandro Martín-Quiros
- Aleksander Rygh Holten
- Aleksandr Beljantsev
- Alessandra Notari
- Alex Browne
- Alex Nagrebetsky
- Alexa Debard
- Alexander Daniel Cornet
- Alexander J Mentzer
- Alexander Zoufaly
- Alexandra Bedossa
- Alexandra Sperry
- Alexandre Ducancelle
- Alexandre Gaymard
- Alexandre Hoctin
- Alexandros Cavayas
- Alexis F Turgeon
- Ali Ait Hssain
- Ali Hachemi
- Alicia Gonzalez
- Alif Adlan Mohd Thabit
- Alina Kalicinska
- Aline-Marie Florence
- Alison M Meynert
- Alistair D Nichol
- Aliya Mohammed Alameen
- Allison McGeer
- Alpha Diallo
- Alphonsine Diouf
- Am Udara Lakshan Attanyake
- Amal Abrous
- Amanda Corley
- Amanda Rojek
- Amandine Gagneux-Brunon
- Amar Bhatt
- Ami Stuart
- Amiel A Dror
- Amirul Asyraf
- Amna Faheem
- Amy Lester-Grant
- Amy Stone
- Ana Catarino
- Ana Chora Sousa
- Ana da Silva Filipe
- Ana Freitas Ribeiro
- Ana Isabel de Pinho Oliveira
- Ana L Rios
- Ana Marques
- Ana Martins
- Ana Motos
- Ana Raquel Maia
- Anatoliy Gavrylov
- Anca Streinu-Cercel
- Anders Benjamin Kildal
- Anders Benteson Nygaard
- Anders Tveita
- Andra-Maris Post
- Andre Real
- Andrea Angheben
- Andrea Cortegiani
- Andrea Dell'Amore
- Andrea Kelly
- Andrea Rossanese
- Andrea Villoldo
- Andreas Lind
- Andrew Acker
- Andrew Dagens
- Andrew Hershey
- Andrew Letizia
- Andrew Udy
- Andrey Svistunov
- André Cabie
- André Dias
- André Roberto
- Andriy Bal
- Andy Law
- Angel Asensio
- Angel Sanchez-Miralles
- Angela Alberti
- Anika Atique
- Anilawati Mat Jelani
- Anissa Chair
- Anjellica Chen
- Ankana Satya
- Anna Beltrame
- Anna Ciullo
- Anna Greti Everding
- Anna Jung
- Anna Roca
- Anne Conrad
- Anne Guillaumot
- Anne Margarita Dyrhol-Riise
- Anne McCarthy
- Anne Opavsky
- Anne-Hélène Boivin
- Anne-Marie Guerguerian
- Anne-Sophie Boureau
- Anne-Sophie Resseguier
- Annelies Verbon
- Annemarie B Docherty
- Annmarie O Callaghan
- Ansley Hamer
- Anthony L Loschner
- Anthony Lemeur
- Anthony Nghi
- Antoine Cheret
- Antoine Khalil
- Antoine Kimmoun
- Antoine Merckx
- Anton Prinssen
- Antoni Torres
- Antonia Ho
- Antonia Ricchiuto
- Antonio Arcadipane
- Antonio Lalueza
- Antonio Loforte
- Antonio Pesenti
- António Mesquita
- Anuraj Shankar
- Aoife Driscoll
- Aoife Kelly
- Aquiles Rodrigo Henriquez-Trujillo
- Arabella Fahy
- Ardiyan Apriyana
- Argin G
- Arianne Joy Corpuz
- Arie Zainul Fatoni
- Arjen M Dondorp
- Arnaud Scherpereel
- Arne Søraas
- Arsène Kpangon
- Arthur Garan
- Ary Serpa Neto
- Asad Usman
- Asfia Sultana
- Asgar Rishu
- Asma Moin
- Astarini Hidayah
- Atie Suwarti
- Atif Siddiqui
- Audrey Dubot-Pérès
- Aurelius Bonfasius
- Aurélie Papadopoulos
- Aurélie Veislinger
- Aurélie Wiedemann
- Aurore Bousquet
- Axelle Braconnier
- Ayodhia Pitaloka
- B P Sanka Ruwan Sri Darshana
- Bailey Cassandra
- Bailey Williams
- Bairbre McNicholas
- Bakary K Dibba
- Bambang Pujo Semedi
- Bato Hammarström
- Beathe Kiland Granerud
- Beatrice Alex
- Beatriz Amorim Beltrão
- Behzad Nadjm
- Ben Morton
- Benedict Sim Lim Heng
- Benigno Ferreira
- Benjamin Bach
- Benjamin Lefèvre
- Benjamin Smood
- Benjamine Sarton
- Benoit Visseaux
- Benoît Roze
- Benoît Thill
- Bernard Cholley
- Bernardo Ferreira
- Bernhard Roessler
- Bertrand Dussol
- Bénédicte Lefebvre
- Bianca DeBenedictis
- Biing Horng Lee
- Birgitte Stiksrud
- Blake Mergler
- Blandine Rammaert
- Bouchra Loufti
- Bountoy Sibounheuang
- Brenda Molloy
- Brenda Reeve
- Brian Marsh
- Brigid Flynn
- Brigitte Elharrar
- Bruno Levy
- Bruno Lina
- Bruno Pastene
- Bruno Sarmento Banheiro
- Bryan Whelan
- Burrell Aidan J C
- Caitriona Cody
- Calvin Wong
- Cameron J Fairfield
- Camile Bouisse
- Camille Couffignal
- Camirand-Lemyre Félix
- Caren Friedrich
- Carine Roy
- Carla Eira
- Carlos Alexandre Antunes de Brito
- Carlos Cañada Illana
- Carlos Lumbreras Bermejo
- Carlos M Luna
- Carlos Pimentel
- Carmen Infante Dominguez
- Carolien van Netten
- Caroline Martins Rego
- Caroline Mudara
- Carolline Araujo
- Carrol Gamble
- Cassidy Codan
- Cassie Lawrence
- Catarina Espírito Santo
- Catarina Pires
- Catarina Silva
- Catherine A Shaw
- Catherine Blier
- Catherine Chakveatze
- Catherine Chirouze
- Catherine L Hough
- Catherine Marquis
- Catherine Motherway
- Cecile Azoulay
- Cecilia Canepa
- Ceila Maria Sant Ana Malaque
- Celina Turchi Martelli
- Cécile Goujard
- Cécile Mear-Passard
- Cécile Tromeur
- Cécile Yelnik
- Cédric Joseph
- Cédric Laouénan
- Céline Dorival
- Céline Ficko
- Céline Michelanglei
- César Vieira
- Chamira Kodippily
- Chan Chee Eng
- Chantre Lima
- Charlene Da Silveira
- Charles Roberts
- Charline Vauchy
- Charlotte Charpentier
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- Sakshi Lath
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- Sally Shrapnel
- Salma Jaafoura
- Samantha Lissauer
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- Soulichanya Phoutthavong
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- Stanislas Rebaudet
- Steffi Ryckaert
- Stella Huo
- Stephanie Nonas
- Stephanie Yerkovich
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- Stephen R Knight
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- Stéphane Jaureguiberry
- Stéphane Lasry
- Stéphanie Cousse
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- Stijn Van de Velde
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- Subbarao Elapavaluru
- Sudhir Krishnan
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- Synne Jenum
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- Tahira Jamal Mohamed
- Tak-Hyuk Oh
- Takako Akimoto
- Takayuki Ogura
- Taku Tanaka
- Tala Al-Dabbous
- Tamara Seitz
- Tan Pei Wen
- Tarek Elshazly
- Tatiana Fonseca
- Tawnya Ogston
- Tânia Sequeira
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- Teresa Lawrence
- Terese Hammond
- Tessa Broadley
- Thalha Rashan
- Tharmini Ravi
- Tharwat Aisa
- Thavamany Kaleesvran
- Thibault Chiarabini
- Thierry Carmoi
- Thierry Mazzoni
- Thomas Drake
- Thomas Flament
- Thomas Guimard
- Thomas Maitre
- Thomas Perpoint
- Thomas Staudinger
- Thushan de Silva
- Tiago Isidoro
- Tiffany Trouillon
- Timo Brandenburger
- Timothy M Uyeki
- Ting Soo Chow
- Tiphaine Goulenok
- Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan Bharath Kumar
- Tjard Schermer
- Todd C Lee
- Tom Fletcher
- Tom Solomon
- Tomoyuki Endo
- Toni Duculan
- Tony Trapani
- Toshiki Yokoyama
- Touxiong Yiaye
- Tristan Gigante
- Trude Steinsvik
- Tze Vee Soh
- Tze Yuan Tee
- Umberto D'Alessandro
- Usuf Effua
- Vadim Tieroshyn
- Valentine Campana
- Valérie Gaborieau
- Valérie Garrait
- Valérie Gissot
- Valla Sahraei
- Vanessa Sancho-Shimizu
- Vanessa Teotonio
- Vanina Meysonnier
- Vegard Skogen
- Ventzislava Petrov-Sanchez
- Véronique Lemee
- Vicente Souza-Dantas
- Victor Fomin
- Victoria Janes
- Victoria Manda
- Victoria Shaw
- Viladeth Praphasiri
- Vilmaris Quinones-Cardona
- Vincent Dinot
- Vincent Dubee
- Vincent Enouf
- Vincent Langlois
- Vincent Le Moing
- Vincent Peigne
- Vincent Pestre
- Vincent Thibault
- Vinothini Krishnan
- Virginie Williams
- Víctor Quirós González
- Vladislav Mihnovit
- Volkan Korten
- Wai Ching Sin
- Walter Picard
- Wei Han Hoh
- Wei Shen Lim
- Wendy S Barclay
- William A Paxton
- William Dechert
- William Finlayson
- William Greenhalf
- Wilna Oosthuyzen
- Wils Evert-Jan
- Wim Dieperink
- Wing Yiu Ng
- Xavier Duval
- Xin Ci Wong
- Yael Dishon
- Yan Chyi Tan
- Yanay Gorelik
- Yaseen Arabi
- Yash Doshi
- Yasmin Gani
- Yazdan Yazdanpanah
- Yen Tsen Saw
- Yew Sing Wong
- Yi Bin Ho
- Yi Lin Lee
- Yih-Sharng Chen
- Ymkje Stienstra
- Yoan Lavie-Badie
- Yoann Donohue
- Younes Ait Tamlihat
- Younes Kerroumi
- Yun Sii Ing
- Yuri Kida
- Yusing Gu
- Yvelynne Kelly
- Yves Levy
- Zeno Bisoffi
- Zhang Duan Tham
- Zul Amali Che Kamaruddin
- Zulfiqar Sandhu
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 01/12/2023
- Field of study
Importance: Research diversity and representativeness are paramount in building trust, generating valid biomedical knowledge, and possibly in implementing clinical guidelines. Objectives: To compare variations over time and across World Health Organization (WHO) geographic regions of corticosteroid use for treatment of severe COVID-19; secondary objectives were to evaluate the association between the timing of publication of the RECOVERY (Randomised Evaluation of COVID-19 Therapy) trial (June 2020) and the WHO guidelines for corticosteroids (September 2020) and the temporal trends observed in corticosteroid use by region and to describe the geographic distribution of the recruitment in clinical trials that informed the WHO recommendation. Design, setting, and participants: This prospective cohort study of 434 851 patients was conducted between January 31, 2020, and September 2, 2022, in 63 countries worldwide. The data were collected under the auspices of the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infections Consortium (ISARIC)-WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol for Severe Emerging Infections. Analyses were restricted to patients hospitalized for severe COVID-19 (a subset of the ISARIC data set). Exposure: Corticosteroid use as reported to the ISARIC-WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol for Severe Emerging Infections. Main outcomes and measures: Number and percentage of patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 who received corticosteroids by time period and by WHO geographic region. Results: Among 434 851 patients with confirmed severe or critical COVID-19 for whom receipt of corticosteroids could be ascertained (median [IQR] age, 61.0 [48.0-74.0] years; 53.0% male), 174 307 (40.1%) received corticosteroids during the study period. Of the participants in clinical trials that informed the guideline, 91.6% were recruited from the United Kingdom. In all regions, corticosteroid use for severe COVID-19 increased, but this increase corresponded to the timing of the RECOVERY trial (time-interruption coefficient 1.0 [95% CI, 0.9-1.2]) and WHO guideline (time-interruption coefficient 1.9 [95% CI, 1.7-2.0]) publications only in Europe. At the end of the study period, corticosteroid use for treatment of severe COVID-19 was highest in the Americas (5421 of 6095 [88.9%]; 95% CI, 87.7-90.2) and lowest in Africa (31 588 of 185 191 [17.1%]; 95% CI, 16.8-17.3). Conclusions and relevance: The results of this cohort study showed that implementation of the guidelines for use of corticosteroids in the treatment of severe COVID-19 varied geographically. Uptake of corticosteroid treatment was lower in regions with limited clinical trial involvement. Improving research diversity and representativeness may facilitate timely knowledge uptake and guideline implementation
Characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients admitted to hospital with and without respiratory symptoms
- Author
- Abbas Syed Ali
- Abdalasalam Sabriya
- Abdalhadi Alaa Abdalfattah
- Abdalla Fadlalla Asgad Osman
- Abdalla Naana Reyam
- Abdalla Walaa
- Abdalrheem Almthani Hamza
- Abdalsalam Ashraf
- Abdeewi Saedah
- Abdelgaum Esraa Hassan
- Abdelghafar Yomna Ali
- Abdelhalim Mohamed
- Abdelkabir Mohammed
- Abdelrahman Mohammedahmed Manahil Omer
- Abdelrahman Israa
- Abdelrhman Abdallahrs Asia Atif
- Abdukahil Sheryl Ann
- Abdulbaqi Lamees Adil
- Abdulhamid Salaheddin
- Abdulhamid Widyan
- Abdulkadir Nurul Najmee
- Abdullah Duha Milad
- Abdulwahed Eman
- Abdunabi Rawad
- Abe Ryuzo
- Abebrese Franklina Korkor
- Abel Laurent
- Abodina Ahmed Mohammed
- Abrous Amal
- Absil Lara
- Abu Salem Talat Ahmed
- Abusalama Abdurraouf
- Abuzaid Tareg Abdallah
- Acharya Subhash
- Acker Andrew
- Adam Elisabeth
- Adem Safia
- Ademnou Manuella
- Adewhajah Francisca
- Adrião Diana
- Ads Alaa Mohamed
- Adusei Amos Amoako
- Afum-Adjei Awuah Anthony
- Agbogbatey Melvin
- Ahmed Khalil Reham Abdelhamid
- Ahmed Mohamed Abdelaziz Ali Mostafa
- Ahmed Aya Mustafa
- Ahmed Musaab Mohammed
- Ahmed Shakeel
- Ainscough Kate
- Airlangga Eka
- Aisa Tharwat
- Aisha Ali
- Aisha Bugila
- Akimoto Takako
- Akmal Ernita
- Akwani Chika
- Al Ageel Saleh
- Al Qasim Eman
- Al-Aquily Mohammed
- Al-dabbous Tala
- Al-Fares Abdulrahman
- Al-Saba'a Yousef
- Alajeeli Ahmed
- Alali Ahmed
- Alalqam Razi
- Alameen Aliya Mohammed
- Alaraji Zainab Ahmed
- Alaraji Zinah A.
- Albakry Khalid
- Albatni Safa
- Alberti Angela
- Aldabbourosama Osama
- Aldhalia Amer
- Aldoukali Abdulkarim
- Alegesan Senthilkumar
- Alessi Marta
- Alex Beatrice
- Alexandre Kévin
- Alflite Asil
- Alfoudri Huda
- Alhadad Qamrah
- Alhaddad Hoda Salem
- Alhouri Ahmad Nabil
- Alhouri Hasan
- Ali Mohammed Abdelmalek Awad
- Ali Adam
- Ali Imran
- Ali Syed Muneeb
- Alidjnou Kazali Enagnon
- Aljadi Mahmoud
- Aljamal Sarah
- Alkahlout Mohammed
- Alkaseek Akram
- Alkhafajee Qabas
- Allavena Clotilde
- Allou Nathalie
- Almasri Lana
- Almjersah Abdulrahman
- Alqandouz Raja Ahmed
- Alrfaea Walaa
- Alrifaee Moayad
- Alsaadi Rawan
- Alshareea Entisar
- Alshenawy Eslam
- Altaf Aneela
- Alves João
- Alves João Melo
- Alves Rita
- Alyasiri Mohammed Saleh
- Amaral Maria
- Amer Amro Essam
- Amira Nur
- Amuasi John
- Andini Roberto
- Andrejak Claire
- Angheben Andrea
- Angoulvant François
- Ankrah Sophia
- Ansari Muhammad Imran
- Ansart Séverine
- Anthonidass Sivanesen
- Antonelli Massimo
- Antunes de Brito Carlos Alexandre
- Apriyana Ardiyan
- Arabi Yaseen
- Aragao Irene
- Arancibia Francisco
- Araujo Carolline
- Arcadipane Antonio
- Archambault Patrick
- Arenz Lukas
- Argin G.
- Arlet Jean-Benoît
- Arnold-Day Christel
- Arora Lovkesh
- Arora Rakesh
- Artaud-Macari Elise
- Aryal Diptesh
- Ascofare Oumou Maiga
- Asensio Angel
- Ashley Elizabeth A.
- Ashraf Muhammad
- Ashraf Muhammad Sheharyar
- Asiedu-Bekoe Franklin
- Asif Namra
- Asim Mohammad
- Assi Grace
- Assie Jean Baptiste
- Asyraf Amirul
- Atangana Fouda
- Atia Ahmed
- Atif Minahel
- Atikah Ahmad Ridzuan Siti Nurul
- Atique Anika
- Atlowly Moad
- Attanyake AM Udara Lakshan
- Auchabie Johann
- Aumaitre Hugues
- Auvet Adrien
- Axelsen Eyvind W.
- Ayad Ared
- Ayadi Kamaluddin Muhammad Aisar
- Azemar Laurène
- Azizeldin Mohammed
- Azoulay Cecile
- Babatunde Hakeem
- Bach Benjamin
- Bachelet Delphine
- Badr Claudine
- Baig Nadia
- Baillie John Kenneth
- Baird J Kevin
- Bak Erica
- Bakakos Agamemnon
- Bakar Nazreen Abu
- Bakeer Hibah Bileid
- Bakri Ashraf
- Bal Andriy
- Balakrishnan Mohanaprasanth
- Bandoh Irene
- Banheiro Bruno Sarmento
- Bani-Sadr Firouzé
- Barbalho Renata
- Barbosa Nicholas Yuri
- Barclay Wendy S.
- Barnett Saef Umar
- Barnikel Michaela
- Barrasa Helena
- Barrigoto Cleide
- Bartoli Marie
- Baruch Joaquin
- Baruch Joaquín
- Basmaci Romain
- Basri Muhammad Fadhli Hassin
- Bassi Gianluigi Li
- Batool AbdAlkarim
- Battaglini Denise
- Bauer Jules
- Bautista Rincon Diego Fernando
- Beane Abigail
- Bedossa Alexandra
- Bedu-Addo Ama Kwakyewaa
- Bee Ker Hong
- Begum Husna
- Behilill Sylvie
- Beishuizen Albertus
- Bekken Gry Kloumann
- Beljantsev Aleksandr
- Bellemare David
- Beltrame Anna
- Beltrão Beatriz Amorim
- Beluze Marine
- Ben Ashur Abir
- Benech Nicolas
- Benjiman Lionel Eric
- Bennett Suzanne
- Bento Luís
- Berdal Jan-Erik
- Berdeweel Lamis
- Bergeaud Delphine
- Bergin Hazel
- Bertoli Giulia
- Bertolino Lorenzo
- Bessis Simon
- Bevilcaqua Sybille
- Bezulier Karine
- Bhatt Amar
- Bhavsar Krishna
- Bianchi Isabella
- Bianco Claudia
- Bichoka Sandra
- Bidin Farah Nadiah
- Bin Kamarudin Mohd Nazlin
- Binnawara Muhannud
- Binti Mohd Yakop Siti Rohani
- Binti Zaidan Nor Zaila
- Bisoffi Zeno
- Biston Patrick
- Bitker Laurent
- Bittaye Mustapha
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- Blanco-Schweizer Pablo
- Blier Catherine
- Bloos Frank
- Blot Mathieu
- Boccia Filomena
- Bodenes Laetitia
- Bogaert Debby
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- Bolanga Ariel
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- Bolze Pierre-Adrien
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- Bonifasius Aurelius
- Bonney Joe
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- Bouadma Lila
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- Boureau Anne-Sophie
- Bourke John
- Bouscambert Maude
- Bousquet Aurore
- Boyer-Besseyre Marielle
- Boylan Maria
- Bozza Fernando Augusto
- Braconnier Axelle
- Braga Cynthia
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- Brazzi Luca
- Breen Dorothy
- Breen Patrick
- Brewster David
- Brickell Kathy
- Brien Fionnuala O.
- Broadley Tessa
- Brotherton Helen
- Browne Alex
- Brozzi Nicolas
- Brunvoll Sonja Hjellegjerde
- Brusse-Keizer Marjolein
- Bryda Petra
- Buchtele Nina
- Bugaeva Polina
- Buisson Marielle
- Buonsenso Danilo
- Burhan Erlina
- Buri Donald
- Burrell Aidan
- Bustos Ingrid G.
- Butnaru Denis
- Bævre-Jensen Roar
- Cabie André
- Cabral Susana
- Cabrita Joana
- Cabrita Joana Alves
- Caceres Eder
- Cadoz Cyril
- Callaghan Annmarie O.
- Calligy Kate
- Calvache Jose Andres
- Camões João
- Campana Valentine
- Campbell Paul
- Campisi Josie
- Canepa Cecilia
- Cantero Mireia
- Caoili Janice
- Caraux-Paz Pauline
- Cardoso Filipa
- Cardoso Filipe
- Cardoso Nelson
- Cardoso Sofia
- Carelli Simone
- Carlier Nicolas
- Carmoi Thierry
- Carney Gayle
- Carqueja Inês
- Carret Marie-Christine
- Carrier François Martin
- Carroll Ida
- Carson Gail
- Casanova Maire-Laure
- Cascão Mariana
- Casey Siobhan
- Casimiro José
- Cassandra Bailey
- Castanheira Nidyanara
- Castañeda Silvia
- Castor-Alexandre Guylaine
- Castro Ivo
- Catarino Ana
- Catherine François-Xavier
- Cattaneo Paolo
- Cavalin Roberta
- Cavalli Giulio Giovanni
- Cavayas Alexandros
- Cárcel Sheila
- Ceccato Adrian
- Ceesay Masaneh
- Cely Lina Morales
- Cerkovnik Shelby
- Cervantes-Gonzalez Minerva
- Cevik Muge
- Chair Anissa
- Chakveatze Catherine
- Chan Adrienne
- Chand Meera
- Chapplain Jean-Marc
- Charpentier Charlotte
- Chas Julie
- Chaudry Muhammad Mobin
- Chávez Iñiguez Jonathan Samuel
- Che Kamaruddin Zul Amali
- Chen Anjellica
- Chen Yih-Sharng
- Chenard Léo
- Cheng Matthew Pellan
- Cheret Antoine
- Chia Jack Song
- Chiarabini Thibault
- Chica Julian
- Chidambaram Suresh Kumar
- Chirouze Catherine
- Chiumello Davide
- Cho Sung-Min
- Choileain Orna Ni
- Cholley Bernard
- Chommanam Danoy
- Chopin Marie-Charlotte
- Chow Ting Soo
- Chow Yock Ping
- Christy Nathaniel
- Chua Hiu Jian
- Chua Jonathan
- Cidade Jose Pedro
- Cisneros Herreros José Miguel
- Citarella Barbara Wanjiru
- Citarella Barbara Wanjiru
- Ciullo Anna
- Clarke Jennifer
- Claure-Del Granado Rolando
- Clohisey Sara
- Codan Cassidy
- Cody Caitriona
- Coles Jennifer
- Coles Megan
- Colin Gwenhaël
- Collins Michael
- Combs Pamela
- Connolly Jennifer
- Connor Marie
- Conrad Anne
- Conway Elaine
- Cooke Graham S.
- Cordel Hugues
- Corley Amanda
- Cornelis Sabine
- Cornet Alexander Daniel
- Corpuz Arianne Joy
- Cortegiani Andrea
- Corvaisier Grégory
- Couffignal Camille
- Couffin-Cadiergues Sandrine
- Courtois Roxane
- Cousse Stéphanie
- Cowan Juthaporn
- Cregan Rachel
- Crowl Gloria
- Crump Jonathan
- Cruz Claudina
- Csete Marc
- Cullen Ailbhe
- Cummings Matthew
- Curley Gerard
- Curlier Elodie
- Curran Colleen
- Custodio Paula
- D'Alessandro Umberto
- D'Aragon Frédérick
- D'Ortenzio Eric
- da Silva Filipe Ana
- Da Silva Fernanda Dias
- Da Silveira Charlene
- Dabaliz Al-Awwab
- Dagens Andrew
- Dagens Andrew
- Dahl John Arne
- Dahly Darren
- Daley Peter
- Dalloul Zaina
- Dalton Heidi
- Dalton Jo
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- Damas Juliana
- Dame Joycelyn
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- Daneman Nick
- Dantas Jorge
- de Loughry Gillian
- de Mendoza Diego
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- de Piero Maria
- De Rosa Rosanna
- De Rose Cristina
- de Silva Thushan
- de Vries Peter
- Deacon Jillian
- Dean David
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- DeBenedictis Bianca
- Debray Marie-Pierre
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- Dechert William
- Decours Romain
- Defous Eve
- Delacroix Isabelle
- Delamou Alexandre
- Delaveuve Eric
- Delavigne Karen
- Delfos Nathalie M.
- Deligiannis Ionna
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- Depuydt Pieter
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- Diallo Alpha
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- Diamantis Sylvain
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- Diaz Juan Jose
- Diaz Priscila
- Diaz Rodrigo
- Dibba Bakary K.
- Didier Kévin
- Diehl Jean-Luc
- Dieperink Wim
- Dilanthi Priyadarshani Gamage Dona
- Dimet Jérôme
- Dinot Vincent
- Diop Fara
- Diouf Alphonsine
- Dishon Yael
- Djadda Cedric
- Djossou Félix
- Docherty Annemarie B.
- Doherty Helen
- Dominguez Carmen Infante
- Dondorp Arjen M.
- Donnelly Christl A.
- Donohue Sean
- Donohue Yoann
- Doran Peter
- Dorival Céline
- Doshi Yash
- Douangdala Phouvieng
- Douglas James Joshua
- Douma Renee
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- Dow Denisse Bazan
- Downey Joanne
- Downing Mark
- Drake Thomas
- Driscoll Aoife
- Duah Ibrahim Kwaku
- Dubee Vincent
- Dubos François
- Dubot-Pérès Audrey
- Ducancelle Alexandre
- Duculan Toni
- Dudman Susanne
- Duggal Abhijit
- Dunand Paul
- Dunning Jake
- Dunning Jake
- Duplaix Mathilde
- Durante-Mangoni Emanuele
- Durham Lucian
- Dussol Bertrand
- Duthoit Juliette
- Duval Xavier
- Dyrhol-Riise Anne Margarita
- Ean Sim Choon
- Ebo Ada
- Echeverria-Villalobos Marco
- Edelstein Michael
- Egan Siobhan
- Eggesbø Linn Margrete
- Ehzaz Khadeja
- Eira Carla
- Ekow Harrison Samuel Bernard
- El Sanharawi Mohammed
- El Sayed Marwan
- Elabid Mohammed
- Elagili Mohamed Bashir
- Elapavaluru Subbarao
- Elbahnasawy Mohammad
- Elboshra Sohail
- Elharrar Brigitte
- Elhefnawy Enan Abdulrahman Ahmed
- Eliza Mohamed Nik Nur
- Ellerbroek Jacobien
- Ellingjord-Dale Merete
- ELMagrahi Hamida
- Elmubark Mohammad Muatasm
- Elotmani Loubna
- Eloundou Lauren
- Eloy Philippine
- Elsayed Soliman Mohamed Osama
- Elshaikhy Basma
- Elshazly Tarek
- Elsokni Wafa
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- Embarek Hussein
- Enderle Isabelle
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- Faheem Amna
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- Fairfield Cameron J.
- Fakar Zul
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- Farooq Ahmed
- Fateena Hanan
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- Fatima Salem
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- Fayed Mohamed
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- Fernandes Henrique Mateus
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- Fernandes Marília Andreia
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- Ferraz Mário
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- Finlayson William
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- Florio Letizia Lucia
- Flynn Brigid
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- Forson Paa Kobina
- Forsyth Simon
- Foster Denise
- Foti Giuseppe
- Fotso Berline
- Fourn Erwan
- Fowler Robert A.
- Fraher Marianne
- Franch-Llasat Diego
- França Rafael Freitas de Oliveira
- Fraser Christophe
- Fraser John F.
- Freire Marcela Vieira
- French Craig
- Friedrich Caren
- Fritz Ricardo
- Fry Stéphanie
- Fuentes Nora
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- Mohd Noordin Nurul Amani
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- Olliaro Piero L.
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- Ong David S. Y.
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- Opavsky Anne
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- Payen Jean-François
- Peake Sandra L.
- Peariasamy Kalaiarasu
- Peek Giles J.
- Peelman Florent
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- Pejkovska Mare
- Pelosi Paolo
- Peltan Ithan D.
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- Preiser Jean-Charles
- Prinssen Anton
- Pritchard Mark G.
- Pritchard Mark G.
- Proença Lucia
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- Pulicken Mathew
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- Sarmiento Iam Claire E.
- Sarton Benjamine
- Satya Ankana
- Satyapriya Sree
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- Schermer Tjard
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- Schroll Stephan
- Schwameis Michael
- Schwartz Gary
- Scott Janet T.
- Scott-Brown James
- Sedillot Nicholas
- Seitz Tamara
- Selvanayagam Jaganathan
- Selvarajoo Mageswari
- Semedi Bambang Pujo
- Semple Malcolm G.
- Senian Rasidah Bt
- Senneville Eric
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- Su Richa
- Subekti Decy
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- Suen Jacky Y.
- Sukumar Prasanth
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- Summers Charlotte
- Supic Dubravka
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- Suwarti Atie
- Svistunov Andrey
- Sweeney Lisa Mc
- Syahrin Sarah
- Sylverken Augustina
- Syrigos Konstantinos
- Sztajnbok Jaques
- Szuldrzynski Konstanty
- Søraas Arne
- Tabrizi Shirin
- Taccone Fabio S.
- TagElser Mohammed Ali Maha
- Tagherset Lysa
- Taib Shahdattul Mawarni
- Taleb Sara
- Talla Cheikh
- Talsma Jelmer
- Tamisier Renaud
- Tamlihat Younes Ait
- Tampubolon Maria Lawrensia
- Tan Kim Keat
- Tan Yan Chyi
- Tanaka Hiroyuki
- Tanaka Taku
- Taniguchi Hayato
- Taqdees Huda
- Taqi Arshad
- Tardivon Coralie
- Tarhabat Ali
- Tattevin Pierre
- Taufik M Azhari
- Tawfik Hassan
- Tee Tze Yuan
- Teixeira João
- Tejada Sofia
- Tellier Marie-Capucine
- Teoh Sze Kye
- Teotonio Vanessa
- Terrier Olivier
- Terzi Nicolas
- Tessier-Grenier Hubert
- Tey Adrian
- Téoulé François
- Thakur Anand
- Tham Zhang Duan
- Thangavelu Suvintheran
- Theron Elmi
- Thibault Vincent
- Thiberville Simon-Djamel
- Thill Benoît
- Thirumanickam Jananee
- Tho Leong Chin
- Thompson Niamh
- Thompson Shaun
- Thomson David
- Thomson Emma C.
- Thorpe Mathew
- Thurai Surain Raaj Thanga
- Thwaites Ryan S.
- Tierney Paul
- Tieroshyn Vadim
- Timashev Peter S.
- Timsit Jean-François
- Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan Bharath Kumar
- Tirupakuzhi Vijayaraghavan Bharath Kumar
- Tissot Noémie
- Toal Fiona
- Toki Maria
- Tonby Kristian
- Tonnii Sia Loong
- Torre Marta
- Torres Antoni
- Torres Margarida
- Torres-Zevallos Hernando
- Tounkara Aboubacar
- Towers Michael
- Traoré Fodé Amara
- Trapani Tony
- Tromeur Cécile
- Trontzas Ioannis
- Trouillon Tiffany
- Truong Jeanne
- Tual Christelle
- Tubiana Sarah
- Tuite Helen
- Turgeon Alexis F.
- Turmel Jean-Marie
- Turtle Lance C. W.
- Tveita Anders
- Twardowski Pawel
- Uchiyama Makoto
- Udayanga PG Ishara
- Udy Andrew
- Ullah Arslan Rahat
- Ullrich Roman
- Uribe Alberto
- Usman Asad
- Usuf Effua
- Uva Maria Sousa
- Uyeki Timothy M.
- Vaillant Michel
- Vajdovics Cristinava
- Val-Flores Luís
- Valentini Piero
- Van de Velde Stijn
- van den Berge Marcel
- van der Feltz Machteld
- van der Palen Job
- van der Valk Paul
- Van Der Vekens Nicky
- Van der Voort Peter
- Van Der Werf Sylvie
- van Gulik Laura
- Van Hattem Jarne
- van Netten Carolien
- van Veen Ilonka
- Vanel Noémie
- Vanoverschelde Henk
- Varrone Michael
- Vasconcelos Malte Kohns
- Vasudayan Shoban Raj
- Vauchy Charline
- Vecham Pavan Kumar
- Veeran Shaminee
- Veislinger Aurélie
- Vencken Sebastian
- Ventura Sara
- Verbon Annelies
- Vidal José Ernesto
- Vieira César
- Vijayan Deepak
- Villar Judit
- Villeneuve Pierre-Marc
- Villoldo Andrea
- Vishwanathan Gayatri
- Visseaux Benoit
- Visser Hannah
- Vitiello Chiara
- Vongsouvath Manivanh
- Vonkeman Harald
- Vuotto Fanny
- Wahab Noor Hidayu
- Wahab Suhaila Abdul
- Wahid Nadirah Abdul
- Wainstein Marina
- Walsh Laura
- Wang Chih-Hsien
- Webb Steve
- Wei Jia
- Wei Jia
- Weil Katharina
- Wen Tan Pei
- Wesam Hassi
- Wesselius Sanne
- West T. Eoin
- Wham Murray
- Whelan Bryan
- White Nicole
- Wicky Paul Henri
- Wiedemann Aurélie
- Wijaya Surya Otto
- Wille Keith
- Willems Sue
- Williams Bailey
- Williams Patricia J.
- Williams Virginie
- Wils Evert-Jan
- Wils Evert-Jan
- Wittman Jessica
- Wong Calvin
- Wong Teck Fung
- Wong Xin Ci
- Wong Yew Sing
- Wright Natalie
- Xian Lim Saio
- Xynogalas Ioannis
- Yamazaki Masaki
- Yang Toh Jordan Zhien
- Yarad Elizabeth
- Yazdanpanah Yazdan
- Yelnik Cécile
- Yeoh Chian Hui
- Yerkovich Stephanie
- Yiaye Touxiong
- Yokoyama Toshiki
- Yonis Hodane
- Yousif Obada
- Yuliarto Saptadi
- Zaaqoq Akram
- Zabbe Marion
- Zabert Gustavo E.
- Zacharowski Kai
- Zahid Masliza
- Zahran Maram
- Zambon Maria
- Zambrano Miguel
- Zanella Alberto
- Zaynah Nurul
- Zayyad Hiba
- Zoufaly Alexander
- Zucman David
- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 30/05/2024
- Field of study
Background: COVID-19 is primarily known as a respiratory illness; however, many patients present to hospital without respiratory symptoms. The association between non-respiratory presentations of COVID-19 and outcomes remains unclear. We investigated risk factors and clinical outcomes in patients with no respiratory symptoms (NRS) and respiratory symptoms (RS) at hospital admission. Methods: This study describes clinical features, physiological parameters, and outcomes of hospitalised COVID-19 patients, stratified by the presence or absence of respiratory symptoms at hospital admission. RS patients had one or more of: cough, shortness of breath, sore throat, runny nose or wheezing; while NRS patients did not. Results: Of 178,640 patients in the study, 86.4 % presented with RS, while 13.6 % had NRS. NRS patients were older (median age: NRS: 74 vs RS: 65) and less likely to be admitted to the ICU (NRS: 36.7 % vs RS: 37.5 %). NRS patients had a higher crude in-hospital case-fatality ratio (NRS 41.1 % vs. RS 32.0 %), but a lower risk of death after adjusting for confounders (HR 0.88 [0.83-0.93]). Conclusion: Approximately one in seven COVID-19 patients presented at hospital admission without respiratory symptoms. These patients were older, had lower ICU admission rates, and had a lower risk of in-hospital mortality after adjusting for confounders
Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Abbafati Cristiana
- Abbas Jaffar
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasi Madineh Akram
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdelmasseh Michael
- Abdelwahab Ahmed
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abdurehman Ame Mehadi
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abedi Aidin
- Abedi Armita
- Abegaz Tadesse M
- Abeldaño Zuñiga Roberto Ariel
- Abhilash E S
- Abiodun Olugbenga Olusola
- Aboagye Richard Gyan
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abrigo Michael R M
- Abtahi Dariush
- Abu Rumeileh Samir
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME
- Abu-Zaid Ahmed
- Aburuz Salahdein
- Acuna Juan Manuel
- Adair Tim
- Addo Isaac Yeboah
- Adebayo Oladimeji M
- Adegboye Oyelola A
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Aden Bashir
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adetunji Charles Oluwaseun
- Adeyeoluwa Temitayo Esther
- Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel
- Adha Rishan
- Adibi Amin
- Adikusuma Wirawan
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afework Abel
- Afolabi Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika
- Afraz Ali
- Afyouni Shadi
- Afzal Saira
- Agasthi Pradyumna
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agodi Antonella
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Muayyad M
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmadi Keivan
- Ahmadzade Amir Mahmoud
- Ahmadzade Mohadese
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Muktar Beshir
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Ajumobi Olufemi
- Akalu Gizachew Taddesse
- Akara Essona Matatom
- Akinosoglou Karolina
- Akkala Sreelatha
- Akyirem Samuel
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al Homsi Ammar
- Al Qadire Mohammad
- AL-Ahdal Tareq Mohammed Ali
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Eyadhy Ayman
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled
- Al-Jumaily Adel
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Maweri Sadeq Ali Ali
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Ala Moein
- Aladelusi Timothy Olukunle
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Alam Khurshid
- Alam Manjurul
- Alam Zufishan
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Aldridge Robert W
- Alemi Sharifullah
- Alhabib Khalid F
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Ali Abid
- Ali Akhtar
- Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir
- Ali Hassam
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Ali Zahid
- Alian Samakkhah Shohreh
- Alicandro Gianfranco
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Aligol Mohammad
- Alimi Rasoul
- Aliyi Ahmednur Adem
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Almahmeed Wael
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Almidani Omar
- Alomari Mahmoud A
- Alonso Nivaldo
- Alqahtani Jaber S
- Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
- Altaf Awais
- Altirkawi Khalid A
- Alvi Farrukh Jawad
- Alwafi Hassan
- Aly Hany
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Amare Azmeraw T
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amhare Abebe Feyissa
- Amin Tarek Tawfik
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Aminian Dehkordi Javad
- Amiri Sohrab
- Amu Hubert
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Amzat Jimoh
- Ancuceanu Robert
- Anderlini Deanna
- Andrade Pedro Prata
- Andrei Catalina Liliana
- Andrei Tudorel
- Angappan Dhanalakshmi
- Anil Abhishek
- Anjum Afifa
- Antony Catherine M
- Antriyandarti Ernoiz
- Anuoluwa Iyadunni Adesola
- Anwar Sumadi Lukman
- Anyasodor Anayochukwu Edward
- Appiah Seth Christopher Yaw
- Aqeel Muhammad
- Arab-Zozani Morteza
- Arabloo Jalal
- Arabzadeh Bahri Razman
- Arafat Mosab
- Aravkin Aleksandr Y
- Araújo Ana Margarida
- Aremu Abdulfatai
- Ariffin Hany
- Aripov Timur
- Armocida Benedetta
- Arooj Mahwish
- Artamonov Anton A
- Artanti Kurnia Dwi
- Arulappan Judie
- Aruleba Idowu Thomas
- Aruleba Raphael Taiwo
- Arumugam Ashokan
- Asaad Malke
- Asgary Saeed
- Ashemo Mubarek Yesse
- Ashraf Muhammad
- Asika Marvellous O
- Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
- Atout Maha Moh'd Wahbi
- Atreya Alok
- Attia Sameh
- Aujayeb Avinash
- Avan Abolfazl
- Awotidebe Adedapo Wasiu
- Ayala Quintanilla Beatriz Paulina
- Ayanore Martin Amogre
- Ayele Getnet Melaku
- Ayuso-Mateos Jose L
- Ayyoubzadeh Seyed Mohammad
- Azadnajafabad Sina
- Azhar Gulrez Shah
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- Badar Muhammad
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- Baghdadi Soroush
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- Barati Shirin
- Barchitta Martina
- Bardhan Mainak
- Barker-Collo Suzanne Lyn
- Barone-Adesi Francesco
- Barqawi Hiba Jawdat
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- Basharat Zarrin
- Bashir Asma'u I J
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- Basnyat Buddha
- Bassat Quique
- Basso João Diogo
- Basu Saurav
- Batra Kavita
- Batra Ravi
- Baune Bernhard T
- Bayati Mohsen
- Bayileyegn Nebiyou Simegnew
- Beaney Thomas
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- Bejarano Ramirez Diana Fernanda
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- Bermudez Amiel Nazer C
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- Bhagat Devidas S
- Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth
- Bhala Neeraj
- Bhalla Ashish
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- Bhargava Ashish
- Bhaskar Sonu
- Bhat Vivek
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- Bhatti Manpreet S
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- Bhutta Zulfiqar A
- Bikbov Boris
- Binmadi Nada
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- Borodo Safiya Bala
- Borschmann Rohan
- Botero Carvajal Alejandro
- Bouaoud Souad
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- Boyko Edward J
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- Burugina Nagaraja Sharath
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- Butt Zahid A
- Caetano dos Santos Florentino Luciano
- Cai Tianji
- Calina Daniela
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- Campos-Nonato Ismael R
- Cao Chao
- Cardenas Carlos Alberto
- Carr Sinclair
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- Carvalho Márcia
- Castaldelli-Maia Joao Mauricio
- Castañeda-Orjuela Carlos A
- Castelpietra Giulio
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- Catapano Alberico L
- Cattaruzza Maria Sofia
- Caye Arthur
- Cederroth Christopher R
- Cembranel Francieli
- Cenderadewi Muthia
- Cercy Kelly M
- Cerin Ester
- Cevik Muge
- Chacón-Uscamaita Pamela R Uscamaita
- Chahine Yaacoub
- Chakraborty Chiranjib
- Chan Jeffrey Shi Kai
- Chang Chin-Kuo
- Charalampous Periklis
- Charan Jaykaran
- Chattu Vijay Kumar
- Chatzimavridou-Grigoriadou Victoria
- Chavula Malizgani Paul
- Cheema Huzaifa Ahmad
- Chen An-Tian
- Chen Haowei
- Chen Lingxiao
- Chen Meng Xuan
- Chen Simiao
- Cherbuin Nicolas
- Chew Derek S
- Chi Gerald
- Chirinos-Caceres Jesus Lorenzo
- Chitheer Abdulaal
- Cho So Mi Jemma
- Cho William C S
- Chong Bryan
- Chopra Hitesh
- Choudhary Rahul
- Chowdhury Rajiv
- Chu Dinh-Toi
- Chukwu Isaac Sunday
- Chung Eric
- Chung Eunice
- Chung Sheng-Chia
- Cini Karly I
- Clark Cain C T
- Coberly Kaleb
- Columbus Alyssa
- Comfort Haley
- Conde Joao
- Conti Sara
- Cortesi Paolo Angelo
- Costa Vera Marisa
- Cousin Ewerton
- Cowden Richard G
- Criqui Michael H
- Cruz-Martins Natália
- Culbreth Garland T
- Cullen Patricia
- Cunningham Matthew
- Cámera Luis Alberto
- Cárdenas Rosario
- D'Amico Emanuele
- da Silva e Silva Daniel
- Dadana Sriharsha
- Dadras Omid
- Dai Zhaoli
- Dalal Koustuv
- Dalli Lachlan L
- Damiani Giovanni
- Daneshvar Sara
- Darwesh Aso Mohammad
- Das Jai K
- Das Saswati
- Dash Nihar Ranjan
- Dashti Mohsen
- Davis Weaver Nicole
- Davletov Kairat
- De Leo Diego
- Debele Aklilu Tamire
- Degenhardt Louisa
- Dehbandi Reza
- Deitesfeld Lee
- Delgado-Enciso Ivan
- Delgado-Ortiz Laura
- Demant Daniel
- Demessa Berecha Hundessa
- Demetriades Andreas K
- Deng Xinlei
- Denova-Gutiérrez Edgar
- Deribe Kebede
- Dervenis Nikolaos
- Des Jarlais Don C
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- Desai Rupak
- Deuba Keshab
- Devanbu Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan
- Dey Sourav
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- Dhimal Mandira Lamichhane
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- Dhingra Sameer
- Dias da Silva Diana
- Diaz Daniel
- Dima Adriana
- Ding Delaney D
- Dirac M Ashworth
- Dixit Abhinav
- Dixit Shilpi Gupta
- do Prado Camila Bruneli
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- Driscoll Tim Robert
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- Slepak Erica Leigh N
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- Soleimani Hamidreza
- Soliman Sameh S M
- Solmi Marco
- Solomon Yonatan
- Song Yimeng
- Sorensen Reed J D
- Soriano Joan B
- Soyiri Ireneous N
- Spartalis Michael
- Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T
- Starnes Joseph R
- Starodubov Vladimir I
- Starodubova Antonina V
- Stefan Simona Cătălina
- Stein Dan J
- Steinbeis Fridolin
- Steiropoulos Paschalis
- Stockfelt Leo
- Stokes Mark A
- Stortecky Stefan
- Stranges Saverio
- Stroumpoulis Konstantinos
- Suleman Muhammad
- Suliankatchi Abdulkader Rizwan
- Sultana Abida
- Sun Jing
- Sunkersing David
- Susanty Sri
- Swain Chandan Kumar
- Sykes Bryan L
- Szarpak Lukasz
- Szeto Mindy D
- Szócska Miklós
- Tabaee Damavandi Payam
- Tabatabaei Malazy Ozra
- Tabatabaeizadeh Seyed-Amir
- Tabatabai Shima
- Tabb Karen M
- Tabish Mohammad
- Taborda-Barata Luis M
- Tabuchi Takahiro
- Tadesse Birkneh Tilahun
- Taheri Abkenar Yasaman
- Taheri Soodejani Moslem
- Taheri Amirmasoud
- Taherkhani Amir
- Taiba Jabeen
- Tajbakhsh Ardeshir
- Talaat Iman M
- Talukder Ashis
- Tamuzi Jacques Lukenze
- Tan Ker-Kan
- Tang Haosu
- Tang Hong K
- Tat Nathan Y
- Tat Vivian Y
- Tavakoli Oliaee Razieh
- Tavangar Seyed Mohammad
- Taveira Nuno
- Tebeje Tsion Mulat
- Tefera Yibekal Manaye
- Teimoori Mojtaba
- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
- Temsah Reem Mohamad Hani
- Teramoto Masayuki
- Tesfaye Solomon Hailemariam
- Thangaraju Pugazhenthan
- Thankappan Kavumpurathu Raman
- Thapa Rajshree
- Thapar Rekha
- Thomas Nihal
- Thrift Amanda G
- Thum Chern Choong Chern
- Tian Jing
- Tichopad Ales
- Ticoalu Jansje Henny Vera
- Tiruye Tenaw Yimer
- Tohidast Seyed Abolfazl
- Tonelli Marcello
- Touvier Mathilde
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Tram Khai Hoan
- Tran Nghia Minh
- Trico Domenico
- Trihandini Indang
- Tromans Samuel Joseph
- Truong Vien T
- Truyen Thien Tan Tri Tai
- Tsermpini Evangelia Eirini
- Tumurkhuu Munkhtuya
- Tung Kang
- Tyrovolas Stefanos
- Ubah Chukwudi S
- Udoakang Aniefiok John
- Udoh Arit
- Ulhaq Inam
- Ullah Saeed
- Ullah Sana
- Umair Muhammad
- Umar Tungki Pratama
- Umeokonkwo Chukwuma David
- Umesh Anushri
- Unim Brigid
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Upadhyay Era
- Urso Daniele
- Vacante Marco
- Vahdani Amir Mohammad
- Vaithinathan Asokan Govindaraj
- Valadan Tahbaz Sahel
- Valizadeh Rohollah
- Van den Eynde Jef
- Varavikova Elena
- Varga Orsolya
- Varma Siddhartha Alluri
- Vart Priya
- Varthya Shoban Babu
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Veerman Lennert J
- Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy
- Venugopal Deneshkumar
- Verghese Nicholas Alexander
- Verma Madhur
- Verma Pratibha
- Veroux Massimiliano
- Verras Georgios-Ioannis
- Vervoort Dominique
- Vieira Rafael José
- Villafañe Jorge Hugo
- Villani Leonardo
- Villanueva Gabriela Ines
- Villeneuve Paul J
- Violante Francesco S
- Visontay Rachel
- Vlassov Vasily
- Vo Bay
- Vollset Stein Emil
- Volovat Simona Ruxandra
- Volovici Victor
- Vongpradith Avina
- Vos Theo
- Vujcic Isidora S
- Vukovic Rade
- Wado Yohannes Dibaba
- Wafa Hatem A
- Waheed Yasir
- Wamai Richard G
- Wang Cong
- Wang Denny
- Wang Fang
- Wang Shu
- Wang Song
- Wang Yanzhong
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Ward Paul
- Watson Stefanie
- Weaver Marcia R
- Weerakoon Kosala Gayan
- Weiss Daniel J
- Weldemariam Abrha Hailay
- Wells Katherine M
- Wen Yi Feng
- Werdecker Andrea
- Westerman Ronny
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Wijeratne Tissa
- Wilson Shadrach
- Wojewodzic Marcin W
- Wool Eve E
- Woolf Anthony D
- Wu Dongze
- Wulandari Ratna Dwi
- Xiao Hong
- Xu Bin
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Yadav Lalit
- Yaghoubi Sajad
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yao Yao
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yesera Gesila Endashaw
- Yesodharan Renjulal
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yip Paul
- Yiğit Arzu
- Yiğit Vahit
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yu Chuanhua
- Zadey Siddhesh
- Zadnik Vesna
- Zafari Nima
- Zahedi Mohammad
- Zahid Muhammad Nauman
- Zahir Mazyar
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zakzuk Josefina
- Zamagni Giulia
- Zaman Burhan Abdullah
- Zaman Sojib Bin
- Zamora Nelson
- Zand Ramin
- Zandi Milad
- Zandieh Ghazal G Z
- Zanghì Aurora
- Zare Iman
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zeariya Mohammed G M
- Zeng Youjie
- Zhai Chunxia
- Zhang Chen
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Hongwei
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhang Zhaofeng
- Zhang Zhenyu
- Zhao Hanqing
- Zhao Yang
- Zhao Yong
- Zheng Peng
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Bin
- Zhu Zhaohua
- Ziaeefar Pardis
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zumla Alimuddin
- Zweck Elric
- Zyoud Samer H
- Šekerija Mario
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/03/2024
- Field of study
BackgroundEstimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period.Methods22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution.FindingsGlobal all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations.InterpretationGlobal adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic