Multisystem imaging manifestations of covid-19, part 1: Viral pathogenesis and pulmonary and vascular system complications

© RSNA, 2020. Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) results in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which was declared an official pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11, 2020. The infection has been reported in most countries around the world. As of August 2020, there have been over 21 million cases of COVID-19 reported worldwide, with over 800 000 COVID-19–associated deaths. It has become appar-ent that although COVID-19 predominantly affects the respiratory system, many other organ systems can also be involved. Imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis of all manifestations of the disease, as well as its related complications, and proper utilization and interpretation of imaging examinations is crucial. With the growing global COVID-19 outbreak, a comprehensive understanding of the diagnostic imaging hallmarks, imaging features, multi-systemic involvement, and evolution of imaging findings is essential for effective patient management and treatment. To date, only a few articles have been published that comprehensively describe the multisystemic imaging manifestations of COVID-19. The authors provide an inclusive system-by-system image-based review of this life-threatening and rapidly spreading infection. In part 1 of this article, the authors discuss general aspects of the disease, with an emphasis on virology, the pathophysiology of the virus, and clinical presentation of the disease. The key imaging features of the varied pathologic manifestations of this infection that involve the pulmonary and peripheral and central vascular systems are also described. Part 2 will focus on key imaging features of COVID-19 that involve the cardiac, neurologic, abdominal, dermatologic and ocular, and musculoskeletal systems, as well as pediatric and pregnancy-related manifestations of the virus. Vascular complications pertinent to each system will be also be discussed in part 2

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.]

More than smell - COVID-19 is associated with severe impairment of smell, taste, and chemesthesis

Recent anecdotal and scientific reports have provided evidence of a link between COVID-19 and chemosensory impairments, such as anosmia. However, these reports have downplayed or failed to distinguish potential effects on taste, ignored chemesthesis, and generally lacked quantitative measurements. Here, we report the development, implementation, and initial results of a multilingual, international questionnaire to assess self-reported quantity and quality of perception in 3 distinct chemosensory modalities (smell, taste, and chemesthesis) before and during COVID-19. In the first 11 days after questionnaire launch, 4039 participants (2913 women, 1118 men, and 8 others, aged 19-79) reported a COVID-19 diagnosis either via laboratory tests or clinical assessment. Importantly, smell, taste, and chemesthetic function were each significantly reduced compared to their status before the disease. Difference scores (maximum possible change ±100) revealed a mean reduction of smell (-79.7 ± 28.7, mean ± standard deviation), taste (-69.0 ± 32.6), and chemesthetic (-37.3 ± 36.2) function during COVID-19. Qualitative changes in olfactory ability (parosmia and phantosmia) were relatively rare and correlated with smell loss. Importantly, perceived nasal obstruction did not account for smell loss. Furthermore, chemosensory impairments were similar between participants in the laboratory test and clinical assessment groups. These results show that COVID-19-associated chemosensory impairment is not limited to smell but also affects taste and chemesthesis. The multimodal impact of COVID-19 and the lack of perceived nasal obstruction suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus strain 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may disrupt sensory-neural mechanisms. © 2020 The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved

American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) extract affects human prostate cancer cell growth via cell cycle arrest by modulating expression of cell cycle regulators

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world, and its prevalence is expected to increase appreciably in the coming decades. As such, more research is necessary to understand the etiology, progression and possible preventative measures to delay or to stop the development of this disease. Recently, there has been interest in examining the effects of whole extracts from commonly harvested crops on the behaviour and progression of cancer. Here, we describe the effects of whole cranberry extract (WCE) on the behaviour of DU145 human prostate cancer cells in vitro. Following treatment of DU145 human prostate cancer cells with 10, 25 and 50 μg ml⁻¹ of WCE, respectively for 6 h, WCE significantly decreased the cellular viability of DU145 cells. WCE also decreased the proportion of cells in the G2-M phase of the cell cycle and increased the proportion of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle following treatment of cells with 25 and 50 μg ml⁻¹ treatment of WCE for 6 h. These alterations in cell cycle were associated with changes in cell cycle regulatory proteins and other cell cycle associated proteins. WCE decreased the expression of CDK4, cyclin A, cyclin B1, cyclin D1 and cyclin E, and increased the expression of p27. Changes in p16(INK4a) and pRBp107 protein expression levels also were evident, however, the changes noted in p16(INK4a) and pRBp107 protein expression levels were not statistically significant. These findings demonstrate that phytochemical extracts from the American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) can affect the behaviour of human prostate cancer cells in vitro and further support the potential health benefits associated with cranberries

Simulating cement microstructural evolution during calcium leaching

Calcium leaching is one of the important degradation mechanisms causing dissolution of the crystalline phases such as, AFm, portlandite increasing capillary porosity. Further it leads to decalcification of an amorphous C-S-H phase causing increase in the gel porosity and in turn degrading the long term performance of concrete structures. In this paper a lattice Boltzmann based pore-scale reactive transport approach in the context of simulating the evolution of microstructure of a hardened cement paste during calcium leaching is presented. This approach is based on fundamental principles of chemical thermodynamics and mass transport. The example presented illustrates influence of location of mineral grains and surface area on overall dissolution rate and pore structure evolution.Structural EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience

Lattice Boltzmann based multicomponent reactive transport model coupled with geochemical solver for scale simulations

A Lattice Boltzmann (LB) based reactive transport model intended to capture reactions and solid phase changes occurring at the pore scale is presented. The proposed approach uses LB method to compute multi component mass transport. The LB multi-component transport model is then coupled with the well-established geochemical reaction code PHREEQC which solves for thermodynamic equilibrium in mixed aqueous-solid phase system with homogenous and heterogeneous reactions. This coupling enables us to update solid phases volumes based on dissolution or precipitation using static update rules which, on pore scale, affects the change of potentially pore network geometry. Unlike conventional approach, heterogeneous reactions are conceptualized as volumetric reactions by introducing additional source term in the fluid node next to solid node, and not as flux boundaries. To demonstrate the validity of this approach several examples are presented in this paper.Structural EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience

COMPARISON OF EFFECTS OF ATENOLOL, CARVEDILOL AND NEBIVOLOL ON STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETES ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR COMPARISON OF EFFECTS OF ATENOLOL, CARVEDILOL AND NEBIVOLOL ON STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETES ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR COM

Abstract The present study was carried out to study the effect of atenolol, nebivolol on cardiovascular complications associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus in rats. Single i.p. Injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) produced type 1 diabetes in male wistar rats.Atenolol (10mg/kg/day), nebivolol (2mg/kg/day) were administered for biochemical and cardiac parameters were measured. STZ produced hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, bradycardia and cardiac hypertrophy. Chronic treatment with carvedilol and nebivolol produced levels, improvement in oxidative stressand does not altered serum triglyceride, cholesterol and HDL levels. Atenolol,significantly incr triglyceride levels and does not improve oxidative stress. cardiovascular parameter were controlled by all the drug treatment. In conclusion, Nebivolol and Carvedilol significantlyimproved glycemic in animals with diabetes mellitus associated cardiovascular complications and this improvement was significantly better than that obtained with atenolol. and Carvedilol have no dismetabolic effects and they have redu newly diagnosed diabetes compared to atenolol. be beneficial agents as compared to atenolol.Carvedilol and nebivolol beta-blocker for the patient with diabetes complications. Research Article ISSN: 2277-8713 IJPRBS COMPARISON OF EFFECTS OF ATENOLOL, CARVEDILOL AND NEBIVOLOL ON STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETES ASSOCIATED WITH CARDIOVASCULAR , PIYUSH M.PATEL 3 Abstract The present study was carried out to study the effect of atenolol, carvediloland on cardiovascular complications associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) produced type 1 tenolol (10mg/kg/day), carvedilol (10mg/kg/day) and mg/kg/day) were administered for 8 weeks after which various biochemical and cardiac parameters were measured. STZ produced hyperglycemia, ardia and cardiac hypertrophy. Chronic produced significant reduction in glucose does not altered serum triglyceride, Atenolol,significantly increasedglucose, cholesterol and and does not improve oxidative stress. Blood pressure and other controlled by all the drug treatment. In conclusion, Nebivolol and Carvedilol significantlyimproved glycemic control and oxidative stress associated cardiovascular complications and this improvement was significantly better than that obtained with atenolol. Nebivolol and Carvedilol have no dismetabolic effects and they have reduced the incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes compared to atenolol. Carvedilol and nebivololappears to .Carvedilol and nebivolol is the ideal blocker for the patient with diabetes and associated cardiovascula

Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders in Older Adults During Hospitalization: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the effect of the presence and timing of a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order on short-term clinical outcomes, including mortality. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study with propensity score matching to enable direct comparison of DNR and no-DNR groups. SETTING: Large, academic tertiary-care center. PARTICIPANTS: Hospitalized medical patients aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included discharge disposition, length of stay, 30-day readmission, restraints, bladder catheters, and bedrest order. RESULTS: Before propensity score matching, the DNR group (n=1,347) was significantly older (85.8 vs 79.6, p CONCLUSION: Our study underscores the strong association between presence of a DNR order and mortality. Further studies are necessary to better understand the presence and timing of DNR orders in hospitalized older adults