Competências para atuação em vigilância sanitária: abordagem metodológica

Introduction: The adoption of the skills model in the world of work is related to the use, control, training and evaluation of the performance of the  workforce, which, based on the the Law of Guidelines and Bases of National Education, redirected the pedagogical practice organized in disciplines towards a practice aimed at building skills. In health, the new educational framework has been  aligned with the demands of  professional practices, the concept of health defined by the Unified Health System and the quality required in  health actions provided to individuals and society, which include care under the responsibility of surveillance  sanitary. Objective: To present the methodological  approach used to elaborate the referential of specific professional competences to act in  health surveillance and to point out possibilities of application of the produced material. Method: The method used consists of six stages: the first four stages performed by means of documentary analysis; fifth stage  through five workshops; sixth step, validation. Results: A set of seven  specific professional competences was pointed out to work in the areas of health surveillance defined for the proposal of the referential. For each competency, the actions and knowledge that should be developed by professionals were identified. Conclusions: The methodology allowed for greater  visibility of the practices developed by health surveillance professionals, the creation of a competence framework in line with the mission of health surveillance, strategies and macro choices, values and principles raised as transversal to the competencies. The competence reference presented is in line with the competence profile of the health surveillance manager and, after validation, will subsidize the organization of permanent and continuing education programs for professionals.Introdução: A adoção do modelo de competências no mundo do trabalho está relacionada ao uso, ao controle, à formação e à avaliação do desempenho da força de trabalho, o  que, a partir da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (LDB), reorientou a prática pedagógica organizada em disciplinas para uma prática voltada para a construção de competências. Na saúde, o novo referencial da educação tem sido alinhado às demandas das práticas profissionais, à concepção de saúde definida pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) e à qualidade requerida nas ações de saúde prestadas aos indivíduos e à sociedade, que incluem os cuidados sob responsabilidade da vigilância sanitária. Objetivo: Apresentar a abordagem metodológica utilizada para elaborar o referencial de competências profissionais específicas para atuação em vigilância sanitária e apontar possibilidades de aplicação do material produzido. Método: O método utilizado é constituído por seis etapas: as quatro primeiras etapas realizadas por meio de análise documental; a quinta etapa por meio de cinco oficinas de trabalho; e a sexta etapa, validação. Resultados: Foi apontado um conjunto de sete competências profissionais específicas para atuação nas áreas da  vigilância sanitária  definidas para a proposta do referencial. Foram identificados, para cada competência, as ações e os  saberes que devem ser desenvolvidos pelos profissionais. Conclusões: A metodologia possibilitou maior visibilidade das práticas desenvolvidas pelos profissionais da vigilância sanitária, a conformação de um referencial de competência sintonizado com a missão da vigilância sanitária, estratégias e macroescolhas, valores e princípios levantados como transversais às competências. O referencial de competências apresentado alinha-se às do perfil de competência do gestor da vigilância sanitária e, após validado, subsidiará a organização de programas de educação permanente e continuada  para os profissionais

Aspectos facilitadores e desafios para a implementação de um modelo de educação permanente para a Vigilância Sanitária

Introduction: Competencies development occurs through learning involving the acquisition of knowledge, skills and attitudes and the central challenge that emerges for organizations is to provide formal and informal learning opportunities, integrated into training, development and education programs. Objective: To identify facilitating aspects and challenges for the implementation of a permanent education model for Health Surveillance. Method: The methodology used was based on an evaluation model that  includes general characterization of the external and internal context, needs and guiding components of the structuring of training processes and technical analysis of the needs assessment, planning and execution and the effects of the training and development program. Results: The facilitating aspects identified were: legal competency to promote studies and research within the scope of the SNVS; norms that emphasize the valorization of professional development; the realization of local, regional and federal forums, which specify strategies, challenges, thematic axes and training areas for the SNVS; and Anvisa’s role as a coordinator of the System,  promoting educational activities in states and municipalities. The challenges pointed out were: improvement of the articulation and integration of SNVS entities with other health sectors, of Anvisa’s performance aimed at other SNVS entities; uniformity in the execution of actions; managers’ commitment to risk analysis and innovation of work processes. Conclusions: The processes for assessing needs and planning training strategies present great opportunities for improvement, especially when the various aspects considered relevant by the literature in the areas of training, development and education are used as references.Introdução: O desenvolvimento de competências ocorre por meio da aprendizagem e envolve a aquisição de conhecimentos, habilidades e atitudes, e o desafio central que emerge para as organizações é disponibilizar oportunidades formais e informais de aprendizagem, integradas em programas de treinamento, desenvolvimento e educação.  Objetivo: Identificar aspectos facilitadores e desafios para a implementação de um modelo de educação permanente para a Vigilância Sanitária. Método: Baseou-se em modelo de avaliação que contempla caracterização geral do contexto externo e interno, necessidades e dos componentes norteadores da estruturação dos processos formativos e análise técnica da avaliação de necessidades, do planejamento e execução e dos efeitos do programa de treinamento e desenvolvimento. Resultados: Os aspectos facilitadores identificados: competência legal de fomento aos estudos e pesquisas no âmbito do Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (SNVS); normativos que ressaltam a valorização do desenvolvimento profissional; a realização de fóruns locais, regionais e federais, que especificam estratégias, desafios, eixos temáticos e áreas de formação para o SNVS; e a atuação da Agência Nacional  de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa) como ente coordenador do Sistema, promovendo ações  educativas em estados e municípios. Os desafios apontados: aprimoramento da articulação e integração dos entes do SNVS com outros setores da saúde; da atuação da Anvisa voltada para os demais entes do SNVS; da uniformidade na execução das ações; do comprometimento dos gestores com a análise de riscos e inovação dos processos de trabalho. Conclusões: Os processos para avaliação de necessidades e planejamento das estratégias de capacitação apresentam grandes oportunidades para aprimoramento, especialmente quando utiliza como referencial os diversos aspectos considerados relevantes pela literatura nas áreas detreinamento, desenvolvimento e educação

Editorial

Uma série de desafios surgem diuturnamente para a vigilância sanitária, como recentemente, a pandemia COVID-19 pelo SARS-CoV-2. O enfrentamento destes desafios, além da execução das atividades rotineiras intrínsecas à vigilância sanitária, requer a implementação de ferramentas de gestão, que facilitem o planejamento, a execução e a avaliação, de forma a favorecer o ganho na eficiência e na eficácia, favorecendo a transformação dos processos executados pela vigilância, que tem como objetivo a promoção e proteção da saúde dos cidadãos e da sociedade. Nesse contexto, este número temático da revista Vigilância Sanitária em Debate: Sociedade, Ciência & Tecnologia (Visa em Debate) é inédito na produção do conhecimento e incentiva a institucionalização das práticas avaliativas no Sistema Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (SNVS): da proposta teórico-metodológica à vivência prática, trazendo uma série de experiências e resultados de trabalhos desenvolvidos no campo da avaliação. &nbsp

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans—anteaters, sloths, and armadillos—have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data