Immunization against primary, transplanted and spontaneous murine leukaemia using a live Moloney sarcoma virus vaccine.

The purpose of this study was to use an immunization protocol with Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV-M) as active immunogen against exogenous and endogenous leukaemia. The s.c. route was chosen since it offered advantages over the i.m. route: the primary sarcomas were smaller, the regression faster, there were fewer recurrences and there was good persistent immunity. Strong protection was obtained against primary leukaemias induced by Friend leukaemia virus (FLV), Moloney leukaemia virus (MLV), Rauscher leukaemia virus (RLV), Precerutti-Law leukaemia virus (PLLV/T2), and H179A leukaemia virus. It was not possible to protect against leukaemia induced by Gross leukaemia virus (GLV). With transplantable leukaemias the results varied: partial protection was observed against H110 leukaemia (induced with human material) and R14 leukaemia (induced by X-irradiation) whilst no protection was obtained against P277 leukaemia (induced by Moloney leukaemia virus). As for spontaneous leukaemias, immunized BALB/c mice showed an increased incidence over the controls, while in F1 (Swiss x AKR) mice the incidence was similar but the latent period was shorter. Furthermore, in long-term observations the MSV-M-immunized mice showed an increased mortaltiy, which could be related to (1) new phenotypic mixtures between MSV-M and leukaemia viruses; (2) reactivation of MSV-M sarcoma-genesis with age, and (3) genotype susceptibility to MSV-M

Response of female Cydia molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to plant derived volatiles

Peach shoot volatiles were attractive to mated female oriental fruit moth, Cydia molesta (Busck), in a dual choice arena. No preference was observed between leaf odours from the principle host plant, peach, and the secondary host plant, apple. Twenty-two compounds were identified in headspace volatiles of peach shoots using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Green leaf volatiles accounted for more than 50% of the total emitted volatiles. A bioassay-assisted fractionation using different sorbent polymers indicated an attractant effect of compounds with a chain length of 6-8 carbon atoms. The major compounds of this fraction were tested either singly or in combinations for behavioural response of females. Significant bioactivity was found for a three-component mixture of (Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and benzaldehyde in a 4:1:1 ratio. This synthetic mixture elicited a similar attractant effect as the full natural blend from peach shoots as well as the bioactive fractio

Combined Endo-restorative Treatment of a Traumatized Central Incisor: A Five-year Follow-up

Purpose: The management of complicated crown-root fractures is challenging for endodontic restoration. The present case describes a patient who sustained trauma to the maxillary right central incisor. Materials and Methods: Clinical and radiographic examination showed a complicated crown-root fracture and incomplete root development with periapical radiolucency and inadequate endodontic treatment with overfilling. Orthograde retreatment with MTA apical closure combined with a microsurgical approach to remove of extruded material was performed. Coronal sealing was accomplished with a direct adhesive restoration and marginal relocation. Results: A 5-year follow-up showed complete healing of the periapical lesion and correct preservation of function and esthetic parameters. Conclusion: A modern minimally invasive treatment protocol allows the maximum conservation of residual dental tissues

The role of circumstances in explaining health and income related inequalities in European countries

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The effect of ultrasonic access cavity preparation on dentinal inner walls: a micro-CT study on cadaveric samples

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to evaluate the occurrence of coronal dentinal micro-cracks after access cavity refinement using high-speed burs and ultrasonic tips by means of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) analysis.MethodsIn this study, 18 mandibular cadaveric incisors were divided into two groups according to the protocol of the preparation of the conventional access cavity. The diamond bur 802 # 12 was used until the perforation of the pulp roof. Then, the Endo-Z bur was used for the group #1 and the ultrasonic tip Start-X # 1 for the group #2 to finish and refine the access cavity. The preparation time of each access cavity has been recorded. The teeth underwent a micro-CT scan before and after the preparation of the access cavity. Fisher's exact test, the Chi-square test, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Mann-Whitney test, and the Student's test were used for statistical evaluation.ResultsThe percentage of teeth with new micro-cracks is not significantly different between the two groups (-p-value < 0.5). The number of newly formed micro-cracks and extension size were not significantly different between the two groups. The direction of extension of the micro- cracks was occluso-apical. The average duration of the access cavity is significantly smaller with the Endo-Z system (-p- value < 0.001). The roughness of walls surfaces has no statistically difference between the two groups.ConclusionThe use of ultrasound, although slower, is considered safe in the creation of dentinal micro-cracks, in the preparation of the access cavity